Secure IP Mobility Management for VANET

Client-based Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the most well known mobility management protocol, and the fast emerging proxy-based Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) offers an alternative. Some inherent problems such as route optimization in these protocols have not been really solved. Although various proposals tried to tackle the route optimization problem, none of them has achieved a real success. Furthermore, most of them are not comprehensive solutions for coexisting MIPv6/PMIPv6 mobile environment. In this paper, we proposed a novel unified route optimization scheme - Traffic Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU) to accommodate various mobility management issues. We evaluated our proposed scheme through simulations, and numerical results show that TDPBU can significantly improve the overall performance of mobility management protocols. Index Terms—Route Optimization, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), Traffic-Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU), Network Mobility (NEMO).

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and resources. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design, keeping in mind that these initiatives also offer the potential for new and novel mobility management schemes. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domains (VMD), and describe mobility management using the VMD approach in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. The results from a comparative performance study of VMD with mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 using simulations show the potential for efficient mobility management under new Internet architectures.

This paper proposes a low-cost global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called LC-GM2, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well-known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management protocol and Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol Procedure (GPMIP), the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on Fluid-flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results show that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee the lowest total costs.

Proxy mobile Internet protocol version 6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which allows nodes to remain service connectivity while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. PMIPv6 is different from the host-based mobility management protocols (mobile Internet protocol version (MIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), and fast handover in hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6)), whose signaling are transferred among some network entities except mobile node (MN). This paper focuses on the analytical modeling of performance analysis for PMIPv6 and other protocols using IEEE802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks as the wireless access network. The performances of these protocols are evaluated by some metrics like handover latency, service disruption time, and binding update cost. Numerical results show that PMIPv6 has better performance.

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is proposed as a new network-based local mobility protocol which does not involve the Mobile Node (MN) in mobility management. PMIPv6, which uses link-layer attachment information, reduces the movement detection time and eliminates duplicate address detection procedures in order to provide faster handover than Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). To eliminate packet loss during the handover period, the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) buffering scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the LMA buffers lost packets of the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and the MN during the handover and recovers them after handover. A new Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) handler is defined which efficiently manages the LMA buffer. The ARQ handler relays ARQ result between the MAG and the MN to the LMA. The LMA removes any buffered packets which have been successfully delivered to the MN. The ARQ handler recovers the packet loss during the handover using buffered packets in the LMA. The ARQ information, between the MAG and LMA, is inserted in the outer header of IP-in-IP encapsulated packets of a standard PMIPv6 tunnel. Since the proposed scheme simply adds information to the standard operation of an IP-in-IP tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, it can be implemented seamlessly without modification to the original PMIPv6 messages and signaling sequence. Unlike other Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) based enhancement for PMIPv6, the proposed scheme does not require any handover related information before the actual handover.

The continuous efforts made towards efficient mobility management in next-generation wireless networks are one of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems. To track host mobility, the IETF has developed some mobility management protocols such as Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IPv6. These protocols set up a tunnel to forward packets to the mobile node while the user is away from its home network. The tunneling method provided by Multi-Protocol Label Switching can be profitably used to take advantage of the Multi-Protocol Label Switching traffic engineering capability to achieve fast-reroute when a mobile node changes its point of attachment to the network. Moreover, service disruption during handoffs causes excessive packet loss that needs to be minimized to support quality of service requirements of emerging applications. We present a performance evaluation and numerical results of the most representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches. We highlight the importance of the tunneling method with special attention to those protocols that have integrated Multi-Protocol Label Switching in its access network.

Two of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems are to achieve seamless mobility management in next generation wireless networks and to manage resources efficiently given the exponential growth that mobile data traffic has experienced over the last few years. To track host mobility, the IETF has made important efforts to develop mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. These protocols establish a tunnel to connect the mobile node with its correspondent node. The tunneling method provided by MPLS can be profitably used to take advantage of MPLS traffic engineering capabilities in order to achieve faster re-routing when a mobile node changes its point of attachment to the network. Moreover, in order to deal with increasing mobile traffic demand, mobility management network architectures are being redesigned towards a more distributed operation. Given these scenarios, service disruption during handoffs continues to cause excessive packet loss that needs minimizing in order to support quality of service requirements for emerging applications. In this paper, a qualitative and quantitative analyses of the most representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches is presented, including recent distributed mobility management approaches.

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a presentative protocol which supports global IP mobility. MIPv6 causes a long handover latency that a mobile node (MN) doesnpsilat send or receive packets. This latency can be reduced by using Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). PMIPv6 is a protocol which network supports IP mobility without participation of the MN, and is studied in Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group of IETF. There is much packet loss during handover in PMIPv6, although PMIPv6 reduces handover latency. In this paper, to reduce packet loss in PMIPv6 we propose Packet Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6) with authentication. In PL-PMIPv6 a previous mobile access gateway (pMAG) registers to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of a new MAG (nMAG) during layer 2 handoff. Then, the nMAG buffers packets during handover after registration. Therefore, PL-PMIPv6 can reduce packet loss than them in MIPv6 and PMIPv6. Also, we use Authentication,Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to authenticate the MN and to receive MNpsilas profiles securely. We shows performance of PL-PMIPv6 through comparison of packet loss during handover of MIPv6, PMIPv6 and PL-PMIPv6.

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network localized mobility management protocol that is independent of global mobility management protocols. In a single mobility domain (LMD), the mobile node (MN) is not involved in any IP mobility-related signaling and uses only its PMIPv6 home address for all its communication. Subsequently, when the MN moves into another LMD, the MN must change its PMIPv6 home address. In such a circumstance, host-based mobility signaling is activated. Thus, the nature of the network-based mobility of the PMIPv6 cannot be retained. Additionally, if the MN does not support global mobility, it cannot maintain communication with its correspondent node (CN). In this paper, we propose a solution for global mobility support in PMIPv6 networks, called G-PMIPv6 that allows current communication sessions of a MN without mobility protocol stacks to be maintained, even when the MN moves into another LMD. Thus, G-PMIPv6 retains the advantages of the PMIPv6 for global mobility support. We then evaluate and compare network performance between our proposed solution and PMIPv6.

The mobility support protocols are separated by two categories, such as host-based mobility support protocols and network-based mobility support protocols. Mobile IPv6, Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are the type of host-based mobility support protocol and Proxy Mobile IPv6 is the type of network-based mobility support protocol. In the mean while, different network domains that support individual mobility support protocols need a way to interact between each other. In this paper, we focus on the interaction between Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. We propose the Hybrid Proxy Mobile IPv6 Indication mechanism that helps to indicate the type of protocol selected by the network or the mobile node. We devise several interaction scenarios and then present performance evaluation results based on the devised scenarios.

This paper presents the Virtual Mobility Domain concept built to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered internetworking model. The proposed mobility management scheme is distinct from others by not using IP addressing, the classic IP routing protocols and providing collaborative mobility management mechanism. We investigate the handoff performance of the proposed scheme when it is deployed in varying tiers of an Autonomous System. The comparative OPNET simulation study shows that, in most cases, the proposed scheme manages a handoff in 99%, 98% and 38% less time and with 80%, 32% and 25% less signaling overhead as compared to Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6, respectively (see Table II).

One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global seamless roaming among various access technologies. Since Mobile IPv6 is considered a mature protocol, mobility management at the network layer is the frequent approach for heterogeneous networks. The tendency of future convergent scalable architectures is splitting the mobility management in two domains, global mobility and localized mobility management. This chapter presents the advantages of MIPv6, a global mobility protocol, and its enhancements. A case study based on MIPv6 for UMTS and WiFi convergence is also presented. Proxy MIPv6, the newest protocol of the MIPv6 family, already included in the roadmap of future 4G networks, will be analyzed as a solution for localized mobility management. The main goal of the chapter is describing the way mobility protocols (MIPv6 and PMIPv6) will be implemented for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution architecture. The chapter ends with the presentation of the interoperation between different network technologies using global and localized mobility management protocols, which provide flexibility, scalability and independence between mobility domains.

This paper evaluates Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol Version 6 (PMIPv6) multicast fast reroute operations using quantitative analysis. The motivation is to cater the fast growth of mobile data traffic consumption and its networking technologies. Hence it is significance to enhancing the present techniques. Multicast enabled PMIPv6 is a mobile multicast networking management protocol that is highly acceptable in handling mobile data traffic. This paper briefly highlights the methodology, architecture and processes involved to produce the quatitative equations for each parameter. The quantitative parameters discussed are packet loss cost and handover latency.

The 3G mobile network IMT-2000, was launched some years ago and multimedia traffic in the mobile Internet has been increasing with the growth of wireless access links. Next-generation networks need to efficiently transport huge volumes of multimedia traffic with high-quality mobility management. We have proposed an IP-based IMT network platform (IP/sup 2/) for the next-generation mobile network architecture and have studied its mobility management scheme, IP/sup 2/ mobility management protocol (IP/sup 2/MM). IP/sup 2/MM is a network-controlled mobility protocol that deploys mobility functions inside the network and conceals IP mobility from the mobile node. It is also designed to satisfy the requirements of mobile operators. In this paper, we introduce an overview of IP/sup 2/MM and show the comparative evaluation results with mobile IPv6. For the evaluation, we implemented both in our experimental system and compared their performance. The results show that IP/sup 2/MM provides better mobility performance than mobile IPv6, and we conclude that IP/sup 2/MM is an effective and feasible mobility protocol for the next-generation networks of mobile operators.

Network Mobility (NEMO), derived from Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) technology, has been evolving and expanding in very rapidity manner across very short period of time. In MIPv6 technology, the Access Router (AR) plays important roles such as provide sessions connectivity and safe-guarding communications protocol. Whereas in NEMO, the routers in the communication chains are essentially the moving targets and hence the Mobile Router (MR). The MR too, inherits the basic functionalities of AR. In the basic MIPv6 and NEMO modus operandi, when the Mobile Network Notes (MNN) roamed away from home link and attached to some other foreign link, the MNNs are also addressable via a secondary address named as Care-of Address (CoA). The MNN essentially registered its primary CoA to the router on its own home link and thus registering the router to be its Home Agent (HA). These communication sets, and the ingredients of the communication will be managed via Binding Updates (BU) and the Binding Acknowledgement (BAck). Since the NEMO is using MIPv6 as the backbone, NEMO also inevitably inherits many design difficulties and problems that the MIPv6 seen. Such as using the Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) with end-to-end tunneling and using nonce value within the BU to serve as part of the authentication process and many more. In this paper, we illustrate the scenario of authentication problems involving NEMO movements and the flaw in security design. With the aim of succeeding IPSec we then propose a much better solution which is the use of Random Number, coupled with PKI concept.