Performance analysis of proxy mobile IPv6 based on IEEE802.16e

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is proposed as a new network-based local mobility protocol which does not involve the Mobile Node (MN) in mobility management. PMIPv6, which uses link-layer attachment information, reduces the movement detection time and eliminates duplicate address detection procedures in order to provide faster handover than Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). To eliminate packet loss during the handover period, the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) buffering scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the LMA buffers lost packets of the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and the MN during the handover and recovers them after handover. A new Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) handler is defined which efficiently manages the LMA buffer. The ARQ handler relays ARQ result between the MAG and the MN to the LMA. The LMA removes any buffered packets which have been successfully delivered to the MN. The ARQ handler recovers the packet loss during the handover using buffered packets in the LMA. The ARQ information, between the MAG and LMA, is inserted in the outer header of IP-in-IP encapsulated packets of a standard PMIPv6 tunnel. Since the proposed scheme simply adds information to the standard operation of an IP-in-IP tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, it can be implemented seamlessly without modification to the original PMIPv6 messages and signaling sequence. Unlike other Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) based enhancement for PMIPv6, the proposed scheme does not require any handover related information before the actual handover.

The mobility support protocols are separated by two categories, such as host-based mobility support protocols and network-based mobility support protocols. Mobile IPv6, Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are the type of host-based mobility support protocol and Proxy Mobile IPv6 is the type of network-based mobility support protocol. In the mean while, different network domains that support individual mobility support protocols need a way to interact between each other. In this paper, we focus on the interaction between Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. We propose the Hybrid Proxy Mobile IPv6 Indication mechanism that helps to indicate the type of protocol selected by the network or the mobile node. We devise several interaction scenarios and then present performance evaluation results based on the devised scenarios.

This paper proposes a low-cost global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called LC-GM2, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well-known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management protocol and Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol Procedure (GPMIP), the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on Fluid-flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results show that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee the lowest total costs.

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a presentative protocol which supports global IP mobility. MIPv6 causes a long handover latency that a mobile node (MN) doesnpsilat send or receive packets. This latency can be reduced by using Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). PMIPv6 is a protocol which network supports IP mobility without participation of the MN, and is studied in Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group of IETF. There is much packet loss during handover in PMIPv6, although PMIPv6 reduces handover latency. In this paper, to reduce packet loss in PMIPv6 we propose Packet Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6) with authentication. In PL-PMIPv6 a previous mobile access gateway (pMAG) registers to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of a new MAG (nMAG) during layer 2 handoff. Then, the nMAG buffers packets during handover after registration. Therefore, PL-PMIPv6 can reduce packet loss than them in MIPv6 and PMIPv6. Also, we use Authentication,Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to authenticate the MN and to receive MNpsilas profiles securely. We shows performance of PL-PMIPv6 through comparison of packet loss during handover of MIPv6, PMIPv6 and PL-PMIPv6.

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and resources. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design, keeping in mind that these initiatives also offer the potential for new and novel mobility management schemes. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domains (VMD), and describe mobility management using the VMD approach in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. The results from a comparative performance study of VMD with mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 using simulations show the potential for efficient mobility management under new Internet architectures.

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network localized mobility management protocol that is independent of global mobility management protocols. In a single mobility domain (LMD), the mobile node (MN) is not involved in any IP mobility-related signaling and uses only its PMIPv6 home address for all its communication. Subsequently, when the MN moves into another LMD, the MN must change its PMIPv6 home address. In such a circumstance, host-based mobility signaling is activated. Thus, the nature of the network-based mobility of the PMIPv6 cannot be retained. Additionally, if the MN does not support global mobility, it cannot maintain communication with its correspondent node (CN). In this paper, we propose a solution for global mobility support in PMIPv6 networks, called G-PMIPv6 that allows current communication sessions of a MN without mobility protocol stacks to be maintained, even when the MN moves into another LMD. Thus, G-PMIPv6 retains the advantages of the PMIPv6 for global mobility support. We then evaluate and compare network performance between our proposed solution and PMIPv6.

This paper evaluates Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol Version 6 (PMIPv6) multicast fast reroute operations using quantitative analysis. The motivation is to cater the fast growth of mobile data traffic consumption and its networking technologies. Hence it is significance to enhancing the present techniques. Multicast enabled PMIPv6 is a mobile multicast networking management protocol that is highly acceptable in handling mobile data traffic. This paper briefly highlights the methodology, architecture and processes involved to produce the quatitative equations for each parameter. The quantitative parameters discussed are packet loss cost and handover latency.

One of the key requirements of the LTE core network is to provide seamless mobility and session continuity at the IP layer across multiple access networks - 3GPP and non-3GPP. Although this can be achieved in LTE networks using Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), two key limitations still exists - handover latency and high packet loss. In this paper, we provided our proposed, designed and implemented novel protocol known as Proxy Mobile IPv6 Plus (PMIPv6+) aimed at addressing handover latency while reducing signaling traffic in the current standardized PMIPv6 implementations. Our experimental tests and performance analysis shows that PMIPv6+ reduces handover latency by 50% while also reducing the packet loss by almost 95% as compared to legacy PMIPv6.

This paper presents the Virtual Mobility Domain concept built to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered internetworking model. The proposed mobility management scheme is distinct from others by not using IP addressing, the classic IP routing protocols and providing collaborative mobility management mechanism. We investigate the handoff performance of the proposed scheme when it is deployed in varying tiers of an Autonomous System. The comparative OPNET simulation study shows that, in most cases, the proposed scheme manages a handoff in 99%, 98% and 38% less time and with 80%, 32% and 25% less signaling overhead as compared to Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6, respectively (see Table II).

Mobility management is a key issue to achieve uninterrupted Internet services in IP based network. In IPv6, the mobility management is realized by its mobile version namely the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). The MIPv6 is further extended to Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) to reduce handoff latency suffered by mobile nodes and signaling load incurred due to movement if nodes within the micro mobility region defined by HMIPv6. The HMIPv6 is considered as first widely accepted layered architecture for mobility management for IPv6 network. Influenced by the benefits of HMIPv6, many researchers have suggested extension of MIPv6 into multiple layers. However, there is very little work on finding optimal levels of hierarchy in such layered architecture. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a multilayer (N-layered with N as 5) MIPv6 architecture through experimental testbed. We have observed handoff latency, signaling overhead and tunneling cost and figured out the optimal levels of hierarchy that provides the best acceptable results for all the observed parameters. Since, HMIPv6 outperforms MIPv6 in terms of handoff latency and signaling cost, so we compare our results with HMIPv6. Testbed observation depicts that three levels of hierarchy in MIPv6 architecture provides optimal performance with 27 % reduction in handoff latency and 67 % reduction in signaling overhead compared to single layer architecture like Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) protocol.

The efficient mobility management is a key factor to the success of mobile multimedia applications. In particular, the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has proposed a new protocol named PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) in which mobility management is not delegated to the terminal, as done by the Mobile IP, but to the entities belonging to the network provider. This paper describes and evaluates an implementation of PMIPv6. The performance study is carried out through an IEEE 802.11 testbed considering QoS (Quality of Service) and QoE (Quality of Experience) metrics in order to evaluate the PMIPv6 support for multimedia traffic. Furthermore, we propose an optimization based on the received signal strength by the terminal in order to anticipate the handoff procedure.

Client-based Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the most well known mobility management protocol, and the fast emerging proxy-based Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) offers an alternative. Some inherent problems such as route optimization in these protocols have not been really solved. Although various proposals tried to tackle the route optimization problem, none of them has achieved a real success. Furthermore, most of them are not comprehensive solutions for coexisting MIPv6/PMIPv6 mobile environment. In this paper, we proposed a novel unified route optimization scheme - Traffic Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU) to accommodate various mobility management issues. We evaluated our proposed scheme through simulations, and numerical results show that TDPBU can significantly improve the overall performance of mobility management protocols. Index Terms—Route Optimization, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), Traffic-Driven Pseudo Binding Update (TDPBU), Network Mobility (NEMO).

An enhanced fast handover with seamless mobility support for next-generation wireless networks

The fast handover Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) offers a handover preparation mechanism for a mobile node (MN) to reduce the handover latency over wireless network. However, FMIPv6 mainly deals with one MN instead of multiple MNs. In the wireless network, a group of MNs may move from the same previous network to the next network. In this paper, a group-based fast handover (GB-FH) control scheme is proposed to resolve the aforementioned problem. For the proposed GB-FH scheme, one MN initiates a handover preparation and other neighboring MNs can join the handover preparation using the “hitch-and-ride” concept, which means that when one MN is preparing for a handover, its neighbours can join the on-going handover preparation. Through the use of the shared invocation of the handover preparation procedure, (1) the handover preparation delay and handover latency can be reduced for about 20% and 8% respectively comparing with FMIPv6, (2) handover control messages can be reduced for about 57% comparing with FMIPv6 and (3) the contention of the wireless channel for multiple MNs can be improved due to the use of fewer control messages.

Internet engineering task force (IETF) has proposed hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) in order to reduce a frequent location registration of a mobile node in mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). All traffics toward a mobile node must be transmitted through a MAP in HMIPv6. This brings unnecessary packet latency because of the increased processing cost of packet at the MAP. At this point, the processing cost of packet at the MAP is influenced by the packet arrival rate for a mobile node, cell mobility rate and the number of mobile nodes in MAP domain. In this paper, we analyze the MAP's performance considering the above elements. For this, we compare total cost of HMIPv6 with total cost of MIPv6 as MAP's capability after we define Markov chain model for performance analysis. Also, we define network's total profit as total cost of MIPv6 minus total cost of HMIPv6. Then, we can find optimal capability of MAP such that total profit has maximum value. Also, we use the blocking probability by the MAP's capability as performance estimation element. As a conclusion, we can-observe both HMIPv6's performance by the MAP's capability and optimal capability of the MAP, and blocking probability form a relationship of trade off between them.