Performance Analysis of Multilayer MIPv6 Architecture through Experimental Testbed

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has long been prevailing in the realm of effective micromobility management. The HMIPv6 protocol, associated with mobile IPv6, supports route optimization to resolve 'triangle-routing' problem, and enables local route registration within a MAP domain to reduce the amount of network-wide signaling traffic. But most of the researches on micromobility related protocol were focused on access networks with tree topology, which have severely limited flexibility and scalability of access networks. In this paper, a novel local route optimization scheme is proposed to facilitate applying HMIPv6 to access networks with various topologies. By dynamically optimizing route to the mobile anchor point according to access network topologies, the new scheme could significantly reduce signaling overhead, handoff latency and packet loss.

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is an enhanced mobile IPv6 in order to reduce signaling overhead and to support seamless handoff in IP-based wireless/mobile networks. To support more scalable services, HMIPv6 can be organized as a multilevel hierarchy architecture (i.e, tree structure). However, since the multi-level HMIPv6 results in additional packet processing overhead, it is necessary to consider the overall cost and to find the optimal level to minimize the overall cost. In this paper, we investigate this problem, namely the design of a multi-level HMIPv6 with optimal hierarchy. To do this, we formulate the location update cost and the packet delivery cost in the multi-level HMIPv6. Based on the formulated cost functions, we present the optimal hierarchy level in the multi-level HMIPv6 to minimize the total cost. In addition, we investigate the effects of session-to-mobility ratio (SMR) on the total cost and the optimal hierarchy. The numerical results, which show various relationships among network size, optimal hierarchy, and SMR, can be utilized to design an optimal HMIPv6 network.

Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols

In this paper, a new approach is proposed to reduce handoff operation in IEEE 802.16e network. Traditional mobile approaches, such as mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6), can support smoothly handoff. These approach, ,unfortunately, suffer large handoff delay and packet lost in macro mobility for mobile users. With the aid of the partner node, DAD operation can be pre-executed by the partner node before the mobile node initialize the handoff request, we propose a cross-layer partner based fast handoff mechanism based on HMIPv6 in IEEE 802.16e network, called as P_HMIPv6 protocol. The P_HMIPv6 protocol is a cross-layer, layer 2 and layer 3, approach. The partner station (PS), which is a new component with relay ability and adopted by our protocol, is a static mobile station (MS). With the aid of the PSs, care-of address (CoA) can be pre-acquired and DAD operation can be pre-executed by the PS before the MS initials the layer 2 handoff. The simulation results show that P_HMIPv6 protocol actually achieves the performance improvements in the handoff delay time and the packet loss.

Proxy mobile Internet protocol version 6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which allows nodes to remain service connectivity while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. PMIPv6 is different from the host-based mobility management protocols (mobile Internet protocol version (MIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), and fast handover in hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6)), whose signaling are transferred among some network entities except mobile node (MN). This paper focuses on the analytical modeling of performance analysis for PMIPv6 and other protocols using IEEE802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks as the wireless access network. The performances of these protocols are evaluated by some metrics like handover latency, service disruption time, and binding update cost. Numerical results show that PMIPv6 has better performance.

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and resources. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design, keeping in mind that these initiatives also offer the potential for new and novel mobility management schemes. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domains (VMD), and describe mobility management using the VMD approach in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. The results from a comparative performance study of VMD with mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 using simulations show the potential for efficient mobility management under new Internet architectures.

This paper presents the Virtual Mobility Domain concept built to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered internetworking model. The proposed mobility management scheme is distinct from others by not using IP addressing, the classic IP routing protocols and providing collaborative mobility management mechanism. We investigate the handoff performance of the proposed scheme when it is deployed in varying tiers of an Autonomous System. The comparative OPNET simulation study shows that, in most cases, the proposed scheme manages a handoff in 99%, 98% and 38% less time and with 80%, 32% and 25% less signaling overhead as compared to Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6, respectively (see Table II).

As the number of mobile users is increasing day by day, we need to pay attention to support mobility and its management. Mobile IP is used to maintain mobility information when a mobile user moves from one location to the other while its permanent address remains unchanged. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is introduced to overcome the problems of MIPv4 and bring improvements in the performance of the protocol. MIPv6 performs well for micro-mobility but suffers for macro-mobility. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is developed to separate micro-mobility and macro-mobility. But HMIPv6 could not out-perform for macro-mobility when a mobile node moves from one MAP domain to the other. Many schemes are proposed to reduce handover latency and bring efficiency for macro-mobility, but still this problem affects the performance of HMIPv6. In this paper, we carry out a survey of different binding update schemes for inter-domain mobility management in HMIPv6. At the end, a detailed comparison is given for all the discussed schemes.

Internet engineering task force (IETF) has proposed hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) in order to reduce a frequent location registration of a mobile node in mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). All traffics toward a mobile node must be transmitted through a MAP in HMIPv6. This brings unnecessary packet latency because of the increased processing cost of packet at the MAP. At this point, the processing cost of packet at the MAP is influenced by the packet arrival rate for a mobile node, cell mobility rate and the number of mobile nodes in MAP domain. In this paper, we analyze the MAP's performance considering the above elements. For this, we compare total cost of HMIPv6 with total cost of MIPv6 as MAP's capability after we define Markov chain model for performance analysis. Also, we define network's total profit as total cost of MIPv6 minus total cost of HMIPv6. Then, we can find optimal capability of MAP such that total profit has maximum value. Also, we use the blocking probability by the MAP's capability as performance estimation element. As a conclusion, we can-observe both HMIPv6's performance by the MAP's capability and optimal capability of the MAP, and blocking probability form a relationship of trade off between them.

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and its variants provide mobility support to the mobile nodes within an IP network. Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is an improvement on legacy MIPv6 which uses layered approach to provide low cost signaling in the environments where handovers take place frequently. Because HMIPv6 is a host-assisted handover mechanism, the wireless link of the mobile node acts as a serious bottleneck on its performance. This paper seeks to use the newly developed notion of software-defined networks (SDN) to modify HMIPv6. The idea is to use the SDN concepts during the handover process to minimize the involvement of the mobile node.

The mobility support protocols are separated by two categories, such as host-based mobility support protocols and network-based mobility support protocols. Mobile IPv6, Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are the type of host-based mobility support protocol and Proxy Mobile IPv6 is the type of network-based mobility support protocol. In the mean while, different network domains that support individual mobility support protocols need a way to interact between each other. In this paper, we focus on the interaction between Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. We propose the Hybrid Proxy Mobile IPv6 Indication mechanism that helps to indicate the type of protocol selected by the network or the mobile node. We devise several interaction scenarios and then present performance evaluation results based on the devised scenarios.

The ever growing number of Internet subscribers through mobile devices has led to the requirement of better mobility management protocols. Mobile IP version 6 (MIPv6) by IETF supports IPv6 mobility by providing mobile nodes with uninterrupted Internet connectivity and services. MIPv6 provides network layer mobility but handoff from one network to another network causes handoff latency. Due to this latency some packets may be lost or delayed in transfer affecting the performance of transport layer. In this paper, we present a low-latency handoff scheme for MIPv6. The scheme requires access point to facilitate movement detection and access router to implement tentative addresses pool and neighbor cache table for faster address configuration with faster duplicate address detection. The performance analysis shows that proposed scheme provides with lower latency and packet loss as well as improved signaling cost and packet delivery cost.

This paper proposes a low-cost global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called LC-GM2, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well-known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management protocol and Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol Procedure (GPMIP), the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on Fluid-flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results show that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee the lowest total costs.

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) guarantees to reduce handoff latency, because the MN only registers the new addresses at mobility anchor point (MAP) when the MN moves around access routers (ARs) in the same MAP domain. HMIPv6 still has packet loss problem when the MN moves from one MAP to another. In this paper, a novel location update scheme which further reduces signaling traffic for location update by employing virtual MAP (VMAP) on top of overlapped MAP in HMIPv6, is proposed. This proposed scheme significantly improves performance compared to HMIPv6, in terms of location update rate per user. Also it makes the mobile nodes (MNs) moving around the boundary ARs of adjacent MAP's become to move within a VMAP. It is certain that this scheme reduce the network resources efficiently by reason of removing the location update. In conclusion, this scheme greatly reduces the packet loss and delay, due to Inter-MAP handoff not occurring.

As the number of Mobile IP users is expected to grow, the signaling overhead associated with mobility management in the mobile Internet is bound to grow. And since the wireless link has far less bandwidth resources and limited scalability compared to the wired network link, the signaling overhead associated with mobility management has a severe effect on the wireless link. In this paper, we propose IP-Grouping scheme. In the proposed scheme, Access Routers (ARs) with a large number of handoff are grouped into a Group Zone. The signaling cost in the wireless link can be greatly reduced as the current Care-of Address (CoA) of Mobile Node (MNs) is not changed whenever the handoffs occur between ARs within the same Group Zone. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6). We present the analysis and simulation results for IP-Grouping and HMIPv6, and show that IP-Grouping reduces the wireless signaling overhead under various system conditions and supports the mobility of a large number of MNs.