A study on optimal hierarchy in multi-level hierarchical mobile IPv6 networks

Mobility management is a key issue to achieve uninterrupted Internet services in IP based network. In IPv6, the mobility management is realized by its mobile version namely the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). The MIPv6 is further extended to Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) to reduce handoff latency suffered by mobile nodes and signaling load incurred due to movement if nodes within the micro mobility region defined by HMIPv6. The HMIPv6 is considered as first widely accepted layered architecture for mobility management for IPv6 network. Influenced by the benefits of HMIPv6, many researchers have suggested extension of MIPv6 into multiple layers. However, there is very little work on finding optimal levels of hierarchy in such layered architecture. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a multilayer (N-layered with N as 5) MIPv6 architecture through experimental testbed. We have observed handoff latency, signaling overhead and tunneling cost and figured out the optimal levels of hierarchy that provides the best acceptable results for all the observed parameters. Since, HMIPv6 outperforms MIPv6 in terms of handoff latency and signaling cost, so we compare our results with HMIPv6. Testbed observation depicts that three levels of hierarchy in MIPv6 architecture provides optimal performance with 27 % reduction in handoff latency and 67 % reduction in signaling overhead compared to single layer architecture like Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) protocol.

In this paper, a new approach is proposed to reduce handoff operation in IEEE 802.16e network. Traditional mobile approaches, such as mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6), can support smoothly handoff. These approach, ,unfortunately, suffer large handoff delay and packet lost in macro mobility for mobile users. With the aid of the partner node, DAD operation can be pre-executed by the partner node before the mobile node initialize the handoff request, we propose a cross-layer partner based fast handoff mechanism based on HMIPv6 in IEEE 802.16e network, called as P_HMIPv6 protocol. The P_HMIPv6 protocol is a cross-layer, layer 2 and layer 3, approach. The partner station (PS), which is a new component with relay ability and adopted by our protocol, is a static mobile station (MS). With the aid of the PSs, care-of address (CoA) can be pre-acquired and DAD operation can be pre-executed by the PS before the MS initials the layer 2 handoff. The simulation results show that P_HMIPv6 protocol actually achieves the performance improvements in the handoff delay time and the packet loss.

This paper proposes a low-cost global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called LC-GM2, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well-known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) mobility management protocol and Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol Procedure (GPMIP), the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on Fluid-flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results show that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee the lowest total costs.

Though some studies involving general micro-mobility exist, micro-mobility research concerning a mobile node (MN) moving between Mobile Anchor Points (MAP) is lacking. In Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), a MN sends a binding update (BU) message to a MAP when the MN performs a handoff. This scheme reduces the handoffs and BUs performance costs. However, the total signaling cost of HMIPv6 rapidly increases with the number of corresponding nodes (CN) for a MN moving among MAPs. In this paper, we propose a scheme based on logical topology with autonomous configuration allowing a MN to move around between MAPs without performing a BU. We perform the performance evaluation for packet delivery and location update costs through a novel analytic approach. We show that the proposed scheme is approximately two times better than the existing one in terms of the total signaling costs through performance analysis. Furthermore, our scheme also reduces the location management cost effectively.

Internet engineering task force (IETF) has proposed hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) in order to reduce a frequent location registration of a mobile node in mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). All traffics toward a mobile node must be transmitted through a MAP in HMIPv6. This brings unnecessary packet latency because of the increased processing cost of packet at the MAP. At this point, the processing cost of packet at the MAP is influenced by the packet arrival rate for a mobile node, cell mobility rate and the number of mobile nodes in MAP domain. In this paper, we analyze the MAP's performance considering the above elements. For this, we compare total cost of HMIPv6 with total cost of MIPv6 as MAP's capability after we define Markov chain model for performance analysis. Also, we define network's total profit as total cost of MIPv6 minus total cost of HMIPv6. Then, we can find optimal capability of MAP such that total profit has maximum value. Also, we use the blocking probability by the MAP's capability as performance estimation element. As a conclusion, we can-observe both HMIPv6's performance by the MAP's capability and optimal capability of the MAP, and blocking probability form a relationship of trade off between them.

Proxy mobile Internet protocol version 6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which allows nodes to remain service connectivity while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. PMIPv6 is different from the host-based mobility management protocols (mobile Internet protocol version (MIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), and fast handover in hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6)), whose signaling are transferred among some network entities except mobile node (MN). This paper focuses on the analytical modeling of performance analysis for PMIPv6 and other protocols using IEEE802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks as the wireless access network. The performances of these protocols are evaluated by some metrics like handover latency, service disruption time, and binding update cost. Numerical results show that PMIPv6 has better performance.

As the number of mobile users is increasing day by day, we need to pay attention to support mobility and its management. Mobile IP is used to maintain mobility information when a mobile user moves from one location to the other while its permanent address remains unchanged. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is introduced to overcome the problems of MIPv4 and bring improvements in the performance of the protocol. MIPv6 performs well for micro-mobility but suffers for macro-mobility. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is developed to separate micro-mobility and macro-mobility. But HMIPv6 could not out-perform for macro-mobility when a mobile node moves from one MAP domain to the other. Many schemes are proposed to reduce handover latency and bring efficiency for macro-mobility, but still this problem affects the performance of HMIPv6. In this paper, we carry out a survey of different binding update schemes for inter-domain mobility management in HMIPv6. At the end, a detailed comparison is given for all the discussed schemes.

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has long been prevailing in the realm of effective micromobility management. The HMIPv6 protocol, associated with mobile IPv6, supports route optimization to resolve 'triangle-routing' problem, and enables local route registration within a MAP domain to reduce the amount of network-wide signaling traffic. But most of the researches on micromobility related protocol were focused on access networks with tree topology, which have severely limited flexibility and scalability of access networks. In this paper, a novel local route optimization scheme is proposed to facilitate applying HMIPv6 to access networks with various topologies. By dynamically optimizing route to the mobile anchor point according to access network topologies, the new scheme could significantly reduce signaling overhead, handoff latency and packet loss.

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) guarantees to reduce handoff latency, because the MN only registers the new addresses at mobility anchor point (MAP) when the MN moves around access routers (ARs) in the same MAP domain. HMIPv6 still has packet loss problem when the MN moves from one MAP to another. In this paper, a novel location update scheme which further reduces signaling traffic for location update by employing virtual MAP (VMAP) on top of overlapped MAP in HMIPv6, is proposed. This proposed scheme significantly improves performance compared to HMIPv6, in terms of location update rate per user. Also it makes the mobile nodes (MNs) moving around the boundary ARs of adjacent MAP's become to move within a VMAP. It is certain that this scheme reduce the network resources efficiently by reason of removing the location update. In conclusion, this scheme greatly reduces the packet loss and delay, due to Inter-MAP handoff not occurring.

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and its variants provide mobility support to the mobile nodes within an IP network. Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is an improvement on legacy MIPv6 which uses layered approach to provide low cost signaling in the environments where handovers take place frequently. Because HMIPv6 is a host-assisted handover mechanism, the wireless link of the mobile node acts as a serious bottleneck on its performance. This paper seeks to use the newly developed notion of software-defined networks (SDN) to modify HMIPv6. The idea is to use the SDN concepts during the handover process to minimize the involvement of the mobile node.

The mobility support protocols are separated by two categories, such as host-based mobility support protocols and network-based mobility support protocols. Mobile IPv6, Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are the type of host-based mobility support protocol and Proxy Mobile IPv6 is the type of network-based mobility support protocol. In the mean while, different network domains that support individual mobility support protocols need a way to interact between each other. In this paper, we focus on the interaction between Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. We propose the Hybrid Proxy Mobile IPv6 Indication mechanism that helps to indicate the type of protocol selected by the network or the mobile node. We devise several interaction scenarios and then present performance evaluation results based on the devised scenarios.

To improve handoff performance of the network-based Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), two types of enhanced handoff schemes have been presented; fast handover for PMIPv6 (F PMIPv6) and route optimization handover (ROH). The F PMIPv6 is committed to reduce handoff latency and is efficient to perform handoff signaling. However, it causes high packet delivery cost from additional tunneling at the LMA. The ROH minimizes packet delivery cost by allowing direct route of MAG to-MAG but introduces high handoff signaling cost. Due to the tradeoff between handoff signaling and packet delivery cost, both schemes cannot guarantee a better performance for a diverse mobile environment where a mobile node (MN) has a different session arrival and mobility rate. Thus, we propose an adaptive PMIPv6 handoff (APHO) scheme to reduce the overall data overhead and improve the throughput over a wide range of session-to-mobility ratio (SMR). The APHO consists of mobility aware APHO (M-APHO) and session-aware S-APHO (S-APHO), which are determined by comparing the SMR and pre-defined threshold. By analyzing the performance of FHO, ROH, and APHO, we confirm that the APHO has a better performance than the other schemes over a wide range of SMR.

This paper proposes metrics based on QoS preferences of MNs, and QoS abilities of MAPs, in order to perform a simulative evaluation of the Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) network implementation with QoS-aware dynamic MAP selection. The chosen metric meets the desired level of QoS, while retaining MAP load balance, while the DiffServ mechanism ensured the required QoS for HMIPv6 network implementation with QoS-aware dynamic MAP selection.

Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) introduces a mobility anchor point (MAP) that localizes the signaling traffic and hence reduces the handoff latency. In addition to processing binding update messages from mobile nodes (MNs) on behalf of MNs' home agents (HAs), the MAP performs data traffic tunneling destined to or originated from MNs, both of which will burden the MAP substantially as the network size grows. To provide scalable and robust mobile Internet services to a large number of visiting MNs, multiple MAPs will be deployed. In such an environment, how to select an appropriate MAP has a vital effect on the overall network performance. In this paper, we propose the multiple level MAP selection scheme in the form of binary tree structure. Then, we give the optimal threshold value calculation formula, which is used to select the MAP for MN. We compare its performance quantitatively in terms of signaling overhead. It can be shown that the multiple level MAP selection scheme is better than the furthest and the nearest MAP selection schemes in some area, since the this scheme can select the serving MAP depending on the MN's mobility.