Binding Update Schemes for Inter-domain Mobility Management in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6: A Survey

Mobility management is a key issue to achieve uninterrupted Internet services in IP based network. In IPv6, the mobility management is realized by its mobile version namely the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). The MIPv6 is further extended to Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) to reduce handoff latency suffered by mobile nodes and signaling load incurred due to movement if nodes within the micro mobility region defined by HMIPv6. The HMIPv6 is considered as first widely accepted layered architecture for mobility management for IPv6 network. Influenced by the benefits of HMIPv6, many researchers have suggested extension of MIPv6 into multiple layers. However, there is very little work on finding optimal levels of hierarchy in such layered architecture. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a multilayer (N-layered with N as 5) MIPv6 architecture through experimental testbed. We have observed handoff latency, signaling overhead and tunneling cost and figured out the optimal levels of hierarchy that provides the best acceptable results for all the observed parameters. Since, HMIPv6 outperforms MIPv6 in terms of handoff latency and signaling cost, so we compare our results with HMIPv6. Testbed observation depicts that three levels of hierarchy in MIPv6 architecture provides optimal performance with 27 % reduction in handoff latency and 67 % reduction in signaling overhead compared to single layer architecture like Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) protocol.

In this paper, a new approach is proposed to reduce handoff operation in IEEE 802.16e network. Traditional mobile approaches, such as mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6), can support smoothly handoff. These approach, ,unfortunately, suffer large handoff delay and packet lost in macro mobility for mobile users. With the aid of the partner node, DAD operation can be pre-executed by the partner node before the mobile node initialize the handoff request, we propose a cross-layer partner based fast handoff mechanism based on HMIPv6 in IEEE 802.16e network, called as P_HMIPv6 protocol. The P_HMIPv6 protocol is a cross-layer, layer 2 and layer 3, approach. The partner station (PS), which is a new component with relay ability and adopted by our protocol, is a static mobile station (MS). With the aid of the PSs, care-of address (CoA) can be pre-acquired and DAD operation can be pre-executed by the PS before the MS initials the layer 2 handoff. The simulation results show that P_HMIPv6 protocol actually achieves the performance improvements in the handoff delay time and the packet loss.

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is an enhanced mobile IPv6 in order to reduce signaling overhead and to support seamless handoff in IP-based wireless/mobile networks. To support more scalable services, HMIPv6 can be organized as a multilevel hierarchy architecture (i.e, tree structure). However, since the multi-level HMIPv6 results in additional packet processing overhead, it is necessary to consider the overall cost and to find the optimal level to minimize the overall cost. In this paper, we investigate this problem, namely the design of a multi-level HMIPv6 with optimal hierarchy. To do this, we formulate the location update cost and the packet delivery cost in the multi-level HMIPv6. Based on the formulated cost functions, we present the optimal hierarchy level in the multi-level HMIPv6 to minimize the total cost. In addition, we investigate the effects of session-to-mobility ratio (SMR) on the total cost and the optimal hierarchy. The numerical results, which show various relationships among network size, optimal hierarchy, and SMR, can be utilized to design an optimal HMIPv6 network.

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and resources. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design, keeping in mind that these initiatives also offer the potential for new and novel mobility management schemes. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domains (VMD), and describe mobility management using the VMD approach in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. The results from a comparative performance study of VMD with mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 using simulations show the potential for efficient mobility management under new Internet architectures.

Proxy mobile Internet protocol version 6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which allows nodes to remain service connectivity while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. PMIPv6 is different from the host-based mobility management protocols (mobile Internet protocol version (MIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), and fast handover in hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6)), whose signaling are transferred among some network entities except mobile node (MN). This paper focuses on the analytical modeling of performance analysis for PMIPv6 and other protocols using IEEE802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks as the wireless access network. The performances of these protocols are evaluated by some metrics like handover latency, service disruption time, and binding update cost. Numerical results show that PMIPv6 has better performance.

Internet engineering task force (IETF) has proposed hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) in order to reduce a frequent location registration of a mobile node in mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). All traffics toward a mobile node must be transmitted through a MAP in HMIPv6. This brings unnecessary packet latency because of the increased processing cost of packet at the MAP. At this point, the processing cost of packet at the MAP is influenced by the packet arrival rate for a mobile node, cell mobility rate and the number of mobile nodes in MAP domain. In this paper, we analyze the MAP's performance considering the above elements. For this, we compare total cost of HMIPv6 with total cost of MIPv6 as MAP's capability after we define Markov chain model for performance analysis. Also, we define network's total profit as total cost of MIPv6 minus total cost of HMIPv6. Then, we can find optimal capability of MAP such that total profit has maximum value. Also, we use the blocking probability by the MAP's capability as performance estimation element. As a conclusion, we can-observe both HMIPv6's performance by the MAP's capability and optimal capability of the MAP, and blocking probability form a relationship of trade off between them.

RSVP is considered the Integrated Services (IntServ) standard in providing QoS guarantees while Mobile IP is the standardized IETF proposal to facilitate terminal mobility in wireless IP networks. Since the former provides QoS guarantees and the later offers IP mobility, one would think that simply superimposing the two technologies would yield an optimum solution. This however is evidently not the case since RSVP was initially designed with static nodes in mind. This paper attempts to highlight the key issues involved with such an interaction by providing a testbed to quantitatively analyse how RSVP and MIPv6 hosts would likely to interact under different congestion scenarios. This paper also evaluates the potential effects and/or advantages of applying Mobile IPv6 enhancements such as Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Fast Handovers. As speculated, simply deploying default RSVP over MIPv6 does not yield an optimum result. More importantly, we show that in high congestion scenarios the IP-in-IP encapsulation introduced by HMIPv6 creates additional end-to-end packet delay and a slightly higher packet loss than MIPv6; thereby degrading the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). Based on our findings, MIPv6 with Fast Handovers (FMIPv6) operates best with RSVP due to minimal loss of packets during handoffs in addition to a smaller IP header when compared to HMIPv6. Finally we summarise the basic requirements needed to achieve an optimum QoS solution

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has long been prevailing in the realm of effective micromobility management. The HMIPv6 protocol, associated with mobile IPv6, supports route optimization to resolve 'triangle-routing' problem, and enables local route registration within a MAP domain to reduce the amount of network-wide signaling traffic. But most of the researches on micromobility related protocol were focused on access networks with tree topology, which have severely limited flexibility and scalability of access networks. In this paper, a novel local route optimization scheme is proposed to facilitate applying HMIPv6 to access networks with various topologies. By dynamically optimizing route to the mobile anchor point according to access network topologies, the new scheme could significantly reduce signaling overhead, handoff latency and packet loss.

This paper presents the Virtual Mobility Domain concept built to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered internetworking model. The proposed mobility management scheme is distinct from others by not using IP addressing, the classic IP routing protocols and providing collaborative mobility management mechanism. We investigate the handoff performance of the proposed scheme when it is deployed in varying tiers of an Autonomous System. The comparative OPNET simulation study shows that, in most cases, the proposed scheme manages a handoff in 99%, 98% and 38% less time and with 80%, 32% and 25% less signaling overhead as compared to Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6, respectively (see Table II).

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) guarantees to reduce handoff latency, because the MN only registers the new addresses at mobility anchor point (MAP) when the MN moves around access routers (ARs) in the same MAP domain. HMIPv6 still has packet loss problem when the MN moves from one MAP to another. In this paper, a novel location update scheme which further reduces signaling traffic for location update by employing virtual MAP (VMAP) on top of overlapped MAP in HMIPv6, is proposed. This proposed scheme significantly improves performance compared to HMIPv6, in terms of location update rate per user. Also it makes the mobile nodes (MNs) moving around the boundary ARs of adjacent MAP's become to move within a VMAP. It is certain that this scheme reduce the network resources efficiently by reason of removing the location update. In conclusion, this scheme greatly reduces the packet loss and delay, due to Inter-MAP handoff not occurring.

IP mobility can be handled at different layers of the protocol stack. Mobile IP has been developed to handle mobility of Internet hosts at the network layer. As an alternative solution, a number of transport layer mobility protocols have been proposed. However, the location management schemes used in these transport layer solutions are not suitable for frequent mobile handovers due to user's high mobility. In this paper, we propose HiSlGMA, a hierarchical location management scheme for transport layer mobility schemes. We used an analytical model to evaluate HiSlGMA using signaling cost as the performance measure, followed by comparison of the signalling cost of HiSlGMA and hierarchical mobile IPv6 (an enhancement of Mobile IP) and existing transport layer mobility solutions.

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and its variants provide mobility support to the mobile nodes within an IP network. Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is an improvement on legacy MIPv6 which uses layered approach to provide low cost signaling in the environments where handovers take place frequently. Because HMIPv6 is a host-assisted handover mechanism, the wireless link of the mobile node acts as a serious bottleneck on its performance. This paper seeks to use the newly developed notion of software-defined networks (SDN) to modify HMIPv6. The idea is to use the SDN concepts during the handover process to minimize the involvement of the mobile node.

Fast handover protocol provides seamless handover in mobile IPv6 networks by reducing handover latency. One assumption in fast handover is that the MN (Mobile Node) or the network could know or predict the new AR (Access Router) before data transport from the previous AR to the MN is disrupted. In order to achieve this capability, the complexity of predicting the new AR and the diversity of the wireless link technologies should be considered. While it is difficult to know or predict the new AR exactly, a better solution is required to find a reasonable set of candidate ARs (i.e., neighbor ARs) that are likely to be the new AR after a handover. This paper introduces a solution to support a fast handover mechanism using multi-tunnels between MAP (Mobility Anchor Point) and neighbor ARs in HMIPv6 (Hierarchical Mobile IPv6) network. It includes the concepts of Proxy Mobile IP for creation of CoA (Care of Address) and DAD (Duplicate Address Detection). In this protocol, the MN can handover without receiving any information about the new AR and this eliminates difficulties to know or predict exactly the new AR which is not specified in standard fast handover scheme. It decouples layer-2 and layer-3 handover and efficiently reduces handover latency through the minimized number of wireless signaling messages and pre-DAD. It also saves periods of service disruption and prevents packet loss in the case of ping-pong movement of the high-speed MN. The performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated by simulations under variable conditions.

The mobility support protocols are separated by two categories, such as host-based mobility support protocols and network-based mobility support protocols. Mobile IPv6, Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are the type of host-based mobility support protocol and Proxy Mobile IPv6 is the type of network-based mobility support protocol. In the mean while, different network domains that support individual mobility support protocols need a way to interact between each other. In this paper, we focus on the interaction between Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6. We propose the Hybrid Proxy Mobile IPv6 Indication mechanism that helps to indicate the type of protocol selected by the network or the mobile node. We devise several interaction scenarios and then present performance evaluation results based on the devised scenarios.

Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols