A Laser Protection Security System ESP8266

The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has spurred the development of intelligent home systems that optimize energy use and enhance user convenience. One essential component of a smart home environment is an adaptive lighting system that can operate based on environmental conditions. This study aims to design and implement a microcontroller-based automatic lighting system that responds to variations in ambient light intensity and supports further integration with IoT-based monitoring. The system is built using an Arduino Atmega328P microcontroller, a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor for illumination detection, and a relay module to control the electrical load. This research employs an experimental design that includes system analysis, hardware assembly, software development, and performance testing. The LDR sensor was tested under bright and dark conditions, producing consistent readings, with an average threshold of 450–500 analog units for light and below 300 units for dark. The system successfully activated the lamp in 100% of dark-condition trials (n=10) and turned it off correctly in all bright-condition trials (n=10). Response time measurements showed that the system processed changes in light intensity in less than 1 second, ensuring real-time adaptability. The findings demonstrate that the proposed design operates reliably, optimizes electricity usage, and reduces the need for manual intervention. This study contributes to the development of affordable, energy-efficient, innovative lighting systems. It provides a practical foundation for future work, including full IoT integration with wireless modules for remote control and monitoring.

Design of one axis three position solar tracking system for paraboloidal dish solar collector

Abstract: Background: In General, optical powered glasses are used to have good focus and clear vision. But, this practice may also bring noticeable variation in light intensity which in turn affects neural behavior. These changes can be interpreted from the EEG recordings. Thus, in this present study, the grounds for amendments in different physiological variables due to light intensity through optical glasses experienced by the subject have been reviewed and verified. Experiment: Changes in light intensity through optical powered glasses have been demonstrated using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) test for various cases. From this study, it was found that positive powered optical glass increases the light intensity falling on an eye, while negative powered optical glass reduces light intensity. Case Study: A case study was performed using experimental and subjective analysis were made to confirm that misfocused or unclear vision bring changes in frontal frequency and makes subject fatigue and eyes strain which is prone to severe headache and development of seizures. Recommendations: It is to be noted by the EEG practitioner to confirm that, whether optical powered glasses used by the subject is to be match with refractive error of an eye. If not, the frontal frequency gets increased and may suspect as seizures or other any abnormality. Key words: Electroencephalogram, Light, Light Dependent Resistor, Optical glass, Neurophysiology.

All forms of energy can be traced back to the sun's energy. The sun's rays can be utilized in a variety of ways, of which the generation of electricity and thermal energy are the major ones. Photovoltaic (PV) cells have become the industry standard in the solar power sector. Elements such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed have a great impact on solar cell performance. The panel loses most of the energy it receives by converting it into heat, which is always dissipated. The reason for carrying out the research is to analyze the PV system performance upon tracking the sun. An Arduino Nano microcontroller, a servo motor, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor, etc., were all part of the system. The amount of radiation detected by the LDR sensor was used to determine the servo motor's output speed. The proposed system was tested experimentally, and the results exhibited a 32.5% increase in power gain over the fixed solar panel, which is 7.3% more than the existing model. Additionally, this study provides a graphical comparison of the output voltage and efficiency with the existing system.

Introduction. Smart Home technology encompasses a range of intelligent devices designed for residential use. These devices present numerous opportunities to transform our lifestyles in the future. Smart Home technology has made significant contributions to enhancing safety and reliability while potentially altering our daily habits. In contemporary society, mobile phones serve purposes beyond mere communication. As technology evolves, the functionality of mobile phones expands, allowing them to be utilized for various applications. Currently, a wide array of applications and hardware is available in the market that can be integrated without necessitating further advancements in existing smartphones. Through network connectivity, mobile phones can facilitate the management of smart home systems, enabling users to control devices and receive alerts regarding potential theft or unauthorized access. The purpose of the paper is to establish a smart home system that allows for remote control of electronic devices and provides notifications of intrusions or movements in restricted areas. The devices are managed via mobile phones using the Short Message Service (SMS), with alerts also sent as SMS messages detailing activities occurring within the vicinity. 39 Results. A smart home system was developed that allows remote control of household electronic devices using a mobile phone. Control of the devices was facilitated through the transmission of instructions via SMS, with alerts also being delivered in the same manner. A Hall Effect proximity sensor was employed to detect unauthorized entry, while a passive infrared sensor was utilized to monitor movement in restricted zones. Additionally, a temperature sensor functioned as a heat detector, and an LED light was incorporated to demonstrate the management of electronic devices. The Arduino Uno Board served as the microcontroller, and the SIM900 GPRS/GSM module was utilized for communication between the microcontroller and the mobile device. Notably, the mobile phone did not require any specialized applications or hardware; any mobile phone capable of sending and receiving SMS could function as a mobile station. Conclusion. Thus, the developed Smart Home system demonstrated its effectiveness. The microcontroller unit effectively responds to commands issued by the mobile phone, adapting to the application's requirements and activating an alarm in critical situations. Additionally, the application successfully facilitates the remote management of electronic devices.

Indonesia is an endemic area for the spread of one of the most popular ornamental fish, namely the largest betta fish in the world. In exploring their hobbies such as raising ornamental fish such as betta fish, efficient and automatic tools are more needed by betta fish farmers in aquariums today, when they have no free time or are drained by other work. This study aims to be a more automatic and efficient tool for everyone to feed fish, provide lighting, and drain aquarium water automatically, so that owners of ornamental fish do not have to worry about what ornamental fish need in the aquarium. The feeding system, in this case uses an Arduino-based control that controls the servo motor as an open and close system as the exit of fish feed into the aquarium. Aquarium lighting system, in this system uses a light sensor type LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). Automatic aquarium drain system, controlled by Arduino with water pump output. In the research, the LDR sensor will give a signal to the relay and give output to the 220 V lamp, that is, if the light intensity is below 028.7 Lux, which is above half past 6 pm and will turn off the 220 volt lamp if the light intensity is above 203.4 Lux, which is above 6 am. The servo motor will operate twice a day for feeding according to the betta fish feed needs, which is 2 times a day. The water pump will work every 4 days to drain the water automatically according to the turbidity of the water based on the time and number of betta fish in the aquarium.

The world is full of automation and the people living in this world are surrounded with automated systems. Industries, business sectors, even homes are being automated. Operating various home appliances conveniently along with saving energy are the prominent factors possessed by Smart Home. A quick increase is seen in people's needs in order to develop the social economy of appliances present in a house. If we look at the existing system, we have Google home and Amazon echo which provide functionalities such as switching on/off appliances remotely from anywhere. This paper primarily focuses on a smart home system which allows users to control any electrical appliance using their smart phone google assistant. Apart from this the system also helps in keeping a track on air quality, sound and light intensity, temperature and humidity of home. It also provides analysis of the aforesaid parameters using various graphical methods. It starts the appliance itself on detecting human motion and notifies the user about the same so in case if there is an intrusion the user will come to know about the same. It also takes care of user’s safety as it informs about gas leakage and fire detection preventing any major damage. The need for integration is seen in society, as the idea of a Smart home system is still a new research area. Convenience, security, time management, and connectivity act as prominent factors to motivate and build a system like Smart Home. This paper hence provides a detailed inspection on the architecture, procedures, technologies required for a smart home system. The best protocols and technical solution acquired in the IOT Based Smart Home Assistant are discussed in the paper.

The smart home concept has constantly gained popularity over the past decades following the advent of technology. However, concerns on flexibility and infrastructure requirements discourage the widespread implementation of this concept. This project aims to improve the overall experience of a smart home by integrating the Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 wireless communication standard into a standard smart home sensory network. The tasks of the project were centred on the development of a Wi-Fi integrated smart home system with a PIC® microcontroller and a Wi-Fi module as the core components. Additional components such as light-dependent resistor (LDR), temperature sensor, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and DC motor were included to mimic a real life home environment. A custom designed Android graphical user interface (GUI) application was also developed to enable automated and manual control of the modelled smart home. The final smart home prototype presented the integration of Wi-Fi into a smart home network that grants users with greater flexibility while preserving the existing smart home experience.

Photosystem II (PSII) core and light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) proteins in plant chloroplasts undergo reversible phosphorylation upon changes in light intensity (being under control of redox-regulated STN7 and STN8 kinases and TAP38/PPH1 and PSII core phosphatases). Shift of plants from growth light to high light results in an increase of PSII core phosphorylation, whereas LHCII phosphorylation concomitantly decreases. Exactly the opposite takes place when plants are shifted to lower light intensity. Despite distinct changes occurring in thylakoid protein phosphorylation upon light intensity changes, the excitation balance between PSII and photosystem I remains unchanged. This differs drastically from the canonical-state transition model induced by artificial states 1 and 2 lights that concomitantly either dephosphorylate or phosphorylate, respectively, both the PSII core and LHCII phosphoproteins. Analysis of the kinase and phosphatase mutants revealed that TAP38/PPH1 phosphatase is crucial in preventing state transition upon increase in light intensity. Indeed, tap38/pph1 mutant revealed strong concomitant phosphorylation of both the PSII core and LHCII proteins upon transfer to high light, thus resembling the wild type under state 2 light. Coordinated function of thylakoid protein kinases and phosphatases is shown to secure balanced excitation energy for both photosystems by preventing state transitions upon changes in light intensity. Moreover, proton gradient regulation5 (PGR5) is required for proper regulation of thylakoid protein kinases and phosphatases, and the pgr5 mutant mimics phenotypes of tap38/pph1. This shows that there is a close cooperation between the redox- and proton gradient-dependent regulatory mechanisms for proper function of the photosynthetic machinery.

Environmental saving potentials of a smart home system from a life cycle perspective: How green is the smart home?

To investigate the effect of light intensity on flavonoid biosynthesis, grapevine calluses were subjected to high light (HL, 250 μmol m−2 s−1) and dark (0 μmol m−2 s−1) in comparison to 125 μmol m−2 s−1 under controlled conditions (NL). The alteration of flavonoid profiles was determined and was integrated with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptional changes of the flavonoid pathway genes. Results revealed that dark conditions inhibited flavonoid biosynthesis. Increasing light intensity affected flavonoids differently—the concentrations of flavonols and anthocyanins as well as the expressions of corresponding genes were less affected, whereas flavan-3-ol concentrations were predominantly increased, which caused enhanced trans-flavan-3-ol concentrations. Moreover, genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) exhibited different response patterns to light intensity changes—VviLAR1 expression increased with an increased light intensity, whereas VviLAR2 expression was insensitive. We further confirmed that the known transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulating flavan-3-ol biosynthesis utilized VviLAR1 as a target gene in grapevine calluses. In addition, VviLAR1 promoter activity was more sensitive to light intensity changes than that of VviLAR2 as determined using a transgenic Arabidopsis leaf system. These results suggested that light intensity had the most prominent effect on trans-flavan-3-ols in grapevine calluses and demonstrated that the two LAR genes had different response patterns to light intensity changes.

Phytoplankton experience strong and abrupt variations in light intensity. How cells cope with these changes influences their competitiveness in a highly dynamical environment. While a considerable amount of work has focused on photoacclimation, it is still unknown whether processes specific of phytoplankton groups (e.g. calcification and silicification) influence their response to changing light. Here we show that the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi respond to an abrupt increase in irradiance by increasing carbon fixation rates, decreasing light absorption through the decrease of light-harvesting pigments and increasing energy dissipation through the xanthophyll cycle. In addition, E. huxleyi rapidly increases calcium carbonate precipitation in response to elevated light intensity, thereby providing an additional sink for excess energy. Differences between the 2 species also emerge with regard to the magnitude and timing of their individual responses. While E. huxleyi show a pronounced decrease in chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin cellular contents following increased light intensity, P. tricornutum has a faster increase in diadinoxanthin quota, a slower decrease in Fv/Fm (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence) and a stronger increase in organic carbon fixation rate during the first 10 min. Our findings provide further evidence of species-specific responses to abrupt changes in light intensity, which may partly depend on the phytoplankton functional groups, with coccolithophores having a supplementary path (calcification) for the rapid dissipation of excess energy produced after an abrupt increase in light intensity. These differences might influence competition between coexisting species and may therefore have consequences at the community level.

This research focuses on the design and implementation of an intelligent lighting system that automatically adjusts the intensity of a bulb based on the surrounding ambient light using an Arduino microcontroller and a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). The proposed system aims to optimize energy consumption, enhance user comfort, and contribute to sustainable energy usage. The LDR serves as a sensor to measure the intensity of ambient light, producing a voltage signal proportional to the surrounding illumination. This signal is processed by the Arduino, which controls the bulb's brightness using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via a driver circuit. The system ensures that the bulb emits minimal light in bright environments and increases brightness in darker conditions, thus maintaining a consistent level of illumination. Experimental results demonstrate the system's responsiveness, accuracy, and ability to significantly reduce unnecessary energy consumption. The paper concludes with an analysis of potential applications, such as smart homes, offices, and streetlights, and suggests future enhancements, including integration with IoT platforms for remote monitoring and control.

The development of the Internet and artificial intelligence promotes smart home systems been used widespreadly in modern society, which effectively improves people's life quality. However, limitations in functionality, closed ecosystem, and high costs make smart home systems are very impractical for the elderly. This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the smart home development globally, summarizes the characteristics of smart home systems in different regions in the world, then considers the background of Chinese future aging population, and points out the trend of smart home technology in China. This article systematically evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of smart home systems in Europe and Asia. As a response to the aging population situation in China, this research proposes the "Smart Network" residential system, an integrated all-house smart home framework. This system aims at providing a cost-effective solution for the elderly and those people with limited self-care ability. It achieves the goal through excellent compatibility and an efficient intelligent platform, demonstrating the potential to enhance the life quality by incorporating localized those care needs of old age, intelligent environment adaptation, and predictive fall detection systems.

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is an innovative technology that revolves around communication through the utilization of the visible light spectrum.Li-Fi primarily employs existing light sources, such as LEDs, to convey data by modulating the LED's light output.A photodetector device, capable of detecting changes in light intensity, receives and interprets the transmitted data.Consequently, this technology achieves dual purposes: illumination and communication simultaneously.The present project involves the practical implementation of Li-Fi, where data is transmitted up to a distance of 2 -3 meter, achieving a data rate of 115200 bits per second with a speed of 14 kbps.