SMART AQUARIUM BASED MICROCONTROLLER

The development of internet technology has now penetrated the world of business and trade which makes it easier for online trading transactions. Ajo Beta UMKM which is engaged in selling betta ornamental fish, usually sells betta fish directly to customers at their homes and sometimes sells around by motorbike. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic when this was impossible to do because it was very risky in the spread of the Covid-19 virus, so this affected the sales and business turnover of Ajo Beta's UMKM. The research conducted is a qualitative research to determine the extent of the analysis of the development of E-Commerce applications on the Ajo Beta fish UMKM using the SWOT (Strengthen, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) method. Based on the research that has been done, the results of the SWOT matrix analysis are obtained with the conclusion that it is necessary to develop an E-Commerce application to be able to carry out sales transactions electronically that has product catalog features, delivery via courier, good, effective and efficient customer data management, fish market place betta fish for other ornamental fish UMKM, promotion of ornamental Ajo Betta fish regularly with discount packages and betta fish contest features.

The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has spurred the development of intelligent home systems that optimize energy use and enhance user convenience. One essential component of a smart home environment is an adaptive lighting system that can operate based on environmental conditions. This study aims to design and implement a microcontroller-based automatic lighting system that responds to variations in ambient light intensity and supports further integration with IoT-based monitoring. The system is built using an Arduino Atmega328P microcontroller, a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor for illumination detection, and a relay module to control the electrical load. This research employs an experimental design that includes system analysis, hardware assembly, software development, and performance testing. The LDR sensor was tested under bright and dark conditions, producing consistent readings, with an average threshold of 450–500 analog units for light and below 300 units for dark. The system successfully activated the lamp in 100% of dark-condition trials (n=10) and turned it off correctly in all bright-condition trials (n=10). Response time measurements showed that the system processed changes in light intensity in less than 1 second, ensuring real-time adaptability. The findings demonstrate that the proposed design operates reliably, optimizes electricity usage, and reduces the need for manual intervention. This study contributes to the development of affordable, energy-efficient, innovative lighting systems. It provides a practical foundation for future work, including full IoT integration with wireless modules for remote control and monitoring.

All forms of energy can be traced back to the sun's energy. The sun's rays can be utilized in a variety of ways, of which the generation of electricity and thermal energy are the major ones. Photovoltaic (PV) cells have become the industry standard in the solar power sector. Elements such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed have a great impact on solar cell performance. The panel loses most of the energy it receives by converting it into heat, which is always dissipated. The reason for carrying out the research is to analyze the PV system performance upon tracking the sun. An Arduino Nano microcontroller, a servo motor, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor, etc., were all part of the system. The amount of radiation detected by the LDR sensor was used to determine the servo motor's output speed. The proposed system was tested experimentally, and the results exhibited a 32.5% increase in power gain over the fixed solar panel, which is 7.3% more than the existing model. Additionally, this study provides a graphical comparison of the output voltage and efficiency with the existing system.

Design of one axis three position solar tracking system for paraboloidal dish solar collector

The ornamental fish culture industry has emerged as a significant sector within global trade, with the breeding and farming of fish species for decorative purposes contributing to both economic growth and environmental challenges. This study investigates the sustainability and economic viability of ornamental fish farming, focusing on farming practices, market trends and environmental impacts. The research explores various farming methods, ranging from traditional pond-based systems to more sustainable indoor tank farming, and assesses the influence of certifications and regulations on promoting responsible practices. A mixed - methods approach is employed, combining qualitative insights from surveys and interviews with quantitative data from farm records. The findings reveal significant variability in farming practices, with more sustainable methods such as water recycling and waste management correlated with higher economic profitability and better environmental performance. Market trends show high demand for species like Goldfish and Koi Fish, while niche species like Betta Fish and Neon Tetra benefit from emerging urban markets and online platforms. However, the industry faces challenges such as high water consumption, seasonal demand fluctuations, and competition from international producers. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable farming practices, obtaining certifications, and leveraging technological advancements to ensure the long-term economic success and environmental stewardship of the ornamental fish farming sector. Recommendations for policymakers include promoting sustainable technologies, enhancing market access, and supporting regulatory compliance to foster a more sustainable and economically viable industry.. KEYWORDS :Ornamental Fish Culture, Sustainability, Economic Viability, Farming methods, Goldfish, Betta fish, Neon tetra, Farming practices, Market trends

Transcriptome analyses of betta fish (Betta splendens) provide novel insights into fin regeneration and color-related genes

<p><em>Ornamental fish are usually kept in ponds or aquariums, in maintaining ornamental fish, irregular feeding can cause fish to get sick or even die. The factor that causes ornamental fish to be late for feeding is when the owner travels for a long time, with the presence of internet of things technology, it allows feeding to be done anywhere by utilizing the internet network. This system works using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, so that it can move a servo motor to control the release of feed, then monitor the remaining feed using an ultrasonic sensor and ESP32 cam to see leftover fish feed that falls to the surface of the aquarium water. The results of the study show that the system that has been created can run as expected, ESP8266 is successfully connected to WiFi and blynk IoT so that it is able to drive servo motors and the results of ultrasonic sensor readings and ESP32 cam can be displayed on the blynk application. </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Ornamental Fishes Feed; Internet of Things; ESP8266; Blynk; ESP32 Cam</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Ikan hias biasa dipelihara pada kolam atau akuarium, dalam memelihara ikan hias pemberian pakan yang tidak teratur dapat menyebabkan ikan sakit atau bahkan mati. Faktor yang menyebabkan ikan hias telat diberi pakan yaitu ketika pemilik bepergian dalam waktu yang lama, dengan hadirnya teknologi internet of things memungkinkan pemberian pakan dapat dilakukan dimanapun dengan memanfaatkan jaringan internet. Pada sistem ini bekerja menggunakan mikrokontroler <em>NodeMCU ESP8266</em>, sehingga dapat menggerakan motor servo untuk kendali keluarnya pakan, kemudian monitoring sisa pakan menggunakan sensor ultrasonik dan ESP32 <em>cam</em> untuk melihat sisa pakan ikan yang jatuh ke permukaan air akuarium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang telah dibuat dapat berjalan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, ESP8266 berhasil terkoneksi dengan WiFi dan blynk IoT sehingga mampu menggerakkan motor servo dan hasil pembacaan sensor ultrasonik dan ESP32 cam dapat ditampilkan pada aplikasi <em>blynk</em>.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci:</strong> <em>Pakan</em> <em>Ikan Hias; Internet of Things; ESP8266; Blynk; ESP32 Cam</em><em> </em><em></em></p>

: The Laser Protection Security System based on ESP8266 is an IoT-enabled solution designed to safeguard restricted areas by detecting unauthorized intrusions using a laser beam and photo sensor mechanism. The system functions by projecting a laser across the secured zone onto a light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photodiode sensor, which continuously monitors the presence of the laser beam. When the beam is interrupted by an object or individual, the sensor detects a change in light intensity, prompting the ESP8266 microcontroller to trigger an alert. Alerts are provided through sound (buzzer) and visual (LED) indicators, and remote notifications can be sent via Wi-Fi to connected devices or apps (such as Telegram or Blynk). This project combines laser-based detection with the wireless capabilities of ESP8266 for real-time monitoring and remote management, offering a scalable, low-cost, and energy-efficient security solution easily integrated into smart home or industrial systems. The system is highly accurate, responds rapidly to intrusions, and can be expanded for broader coverage. However, its effectiveness depends on clear line-of-sight and stable Wi-Fi connectivity, and it requires regular calibration to maintain reliability. Keyword: Nodemcu ESP8266 board Laser module, LDR sensor module, LED bulb, 100 Ohm resistor, Buzzer, Breadboard Jumper wires.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of erythrosine for ornamental fish. Erythrosine is a sensory additive belonging to the functional group colourants. In 2015, the FEEDAP Panel calculated the safe concentration in complete feed of ornamental fish to be 59 mg/kg complete feed. Considering that erythrosine contains 56.5% iodine, the safe level in feed of ornamental fish was recalculated taking into account the currently authorised maximum content of total iodine in complete feed and resulted to be 35 mg erythrosine/kg complete feed. The applicant submitted a new tolerance study in rainbow trout to demonstrate the safety of erythrosine for ornamental fish at doses higher than 59 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel noted that the study shows several limitations: (i) blood biochemistry was not measured, although required according to the guidance on the assessment of the safety of feed additives for the target species (ii) a low number of replicates (3 per treatment) which does not permit to obtain a reliable estimate and may not be sufficient to evidence differences between the groups (with no indication on the a priori power of the study design), and (iii) the use level group was not included in the study design. Owing to these three limitations, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to change its previous conclusions that the safe level of erythrosine in ornamental fish is 59 mg/kg complete feed. This safe level is reduced to 35 mg erythrosine/kg complete feed, when considering the iodine content of erythrosine and the currently authorised maximum content of total iodine in complete feed for fish.

Now day ornamental fish enthusiasts are increasing, this is in line with the increasing number of people who have a hobby of keeping ornamental fish. In maintaining ornamental fish, several things must be considered to maintain the health of the fish, including water quality, changes in water temperature, and feeding. Therefore, to maintain the health of ornamental fish, a system is needed to monitor the aquarium's condition in real-time. This research aims to design a system that can monitor the aquarium's condition and provide feed automatically. Monitoring is carried out by utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which allows the information collected to be accessed in real-time through the Smart Aquarium application. The research method used in this research is analysis with a qualitative approach. The results showed that this automatic monitoring and feeding system can maintain health and reduce the risk of death of ornamental fish in the aquarium. The main concept of this system is monitoring water temperature conditions, water ph levels, and water turbidity, and doing automatic feeding. In addition, this system also has a feature that can see the current conditions in the aquarium. This system can make it easier for ornamental fish owners to monitor the conditions of the aquarium and can provide peace of mind when leaving the aquarium for some time.

Cultivating freshwater fish is a promising business in the long term. One type of freshwater fish that is widely cultivated by people is catfish. Catfish is a type of freshwater fish that does not require a lot of care, so it is very profitable and has high economic value. The problem that often occurs in catfish farming is that when feeding fish, farmers are often late in providing fish food, which causes catfish to die and experience cannibalism or eat other species. Based on the problems that occurred, research was carried out at Agrowisata Tekno 44 which aimed to implement an automatic catfish feeding device through the Internet of Things (IoT) based Blynk system which can be controlled using an LCD Keypad Shield which can provide a warning if the feed approaches a predetermined minimum limit. Addition of Mega+Wifi R3 Atmega 2560+ESP 8266 which functions as a link between the automatic fish feed and the Blynk application. The research method used in writing this article is a literature study by comparing the results of ultrasonic sensor measurements with a measuring tool in the form of a vernier caliper, and an interview method with cultivators to obtain information about feeding. Scheduled measurements at a specified time to obtain maximum results, an ultrasonic sensor was added to the fish feed container which functions to determine the contents of the volume of the RTC fish feed container which is used to store time information from the automatic fish feed tool, Push Button to measure the amount feed, the servo motor is used to open and close the fish food container that will exit into the fish pond. Testing the ultrasonic sensor with a vernier caliper to measure the distance that detects fish food in the fish food container produces a measurement ratio with a difference of 0.1 from the comparison between the measurements of the ultrasonic sensor and the vernier caliper. The results of testing carried out for 7 days with automatic fish feeding running according to a predetermined schedule, namely 06.00 and 18.00 with a success rate of 100% accuracy. And the success of the feed weight was 95.6% with an average accuracy of 96%, meaning that the fish did not lack food due to the lack of feed received.

Abstract: Background: In General, optical powered glasses are used to have good focus and clear vision. But, this practice may also bring noticeable variation in light intensity which in turn affects neural behavior. These changes can be interpreted from the EEG recordings. Thus, in this present study, the grounds for amendments in different physiological variables due to light intensity through optical glasses experienced by the subject have been reviewed and verified. Experiment: Changes in light intensity through optical powered glasses have been demonstrated using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) test for various cases. From this study, it was found that positive powered optical glass increases the light intensity falling on an eye, while negative powered optical glass reduces light intensity. Case Study: A case study was performed using experimental and subjective analysis were made to confirm that misfocused or unclear vision bring changes in frontal frequency and makes subject fatigue and eyes strain which is prone to severe headache and development of seizures. Recommendations: It is to be noted by the EEG practitioner to confirm that, whether optical powered glasses used by the subject is to be match with refractive error of an eye. If not, the frontal frequency gets increased and may suspect as seizures or other any abnormality. Key words: Electroencephalogram, Light, Light Dependent Resistor, Optical glass, Neurophysiology.

Pakan mempunyai peranan sangat penting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangbiakan dalam budidaya ikan, dengan sistem pemberian pakan ikan pada umumnya masih berorientasi pada sumber daya manusia yang sifatnya masih manual. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat memudahkan seseorang dalam melakukan pemeliharaan ikan khususnya dalam pemberian pakan, yaitu dengan menerapkan sistem pemberian pakan otomatis yang berbasis mikrokontroller Arduino Mega. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membuat alat pelontar pakan ikan otomatis berbasis mikrokontroller arduino mega dan mengetahui kinerja sistem dari alat pelontar pakan ikan otomatis berbasis mikrokontroller arduino mega. Rancangan melibatkan penggunaan komponen seperti keypad, LCD, sensor HC-SR04, sensor RTC, buzzer, motor servo, motor DC, loadcell, dan relay untuk mengontrol dan mengukur berat pakan serta mengatur frekuensi pemberian pakan. Sistem yang dibangun menghasilkan prototipe dengan dimensi diameter 37 cm, lebar 40 cm, dan tinggi 95 cm dan dimensi pelontarnya yaitu panjang 15 cm, lebar 15 cm, dan tinggi 26 cm. Sistem ini berhasil membantu pengguna dalam memberi pakan ikan secara otomatis dan terjadwal. ABSTRACT Fish feeding plays a crucial role in the growth and reproduction of fish in aquaculture. However, the conventional feeding systems still rely heavily on manual intervention. To handle this, the automated fish feeding system based on the Arduino Mega microcontroller offers a practical solution. This research aims to design and develop an automatic fish feeding device using the Arduino Mega microcontroller and evaluate its performance. The design involves the integration of components such as a keypad, LCD, HC-SR04 sensor, RTC sensor, buzzer, servo motor, DC motor, load cell, and relay to control and measure the feed’s weight and regulate the feeding frequency. The constructed system resulted in a prototype with dimensions of 37 cm in diameter, 40 cm in width, and 95 cm in height, with the feeder’s dimensions measuring 15 cm in length, 15 cm in width, and 26 cm in height. The system effectively assists users in providing automated and scheduled fish feeding.

Erythrosine (E 127), an approved colourant in food, is intended to be used in feedingstuffs for cats, dogs, ornamental fish and reptiles without quantitative limitation. Since the additive is only applied for non food-producing animals, the assessment of safety was limited to the target species and the user. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the maximum use level indicated by the applicant (500 mg/kg complete feed) is not safe for the target species cats and ornamental fish. Based on data from a two-year study in dogs, with a limited range of endpoints, and applying a safety factor of 10, 1000 mg erythrosine/kg complete feed could be derived as the maximum safe concentration. No conclusion could be drawn on the safety of erythrosine for reptiles. However, since erythrosine contains 56.5 % iodine, compliance with the maximum iodine content established in the EU for feed of different animal species would limit the maximum erythrosine content to 35 mg/kg complete feed for ornamental fish and 18 mg/kg complete feed for the other target species. Erythrosine was not irritant to skin or eyes in rabbits. It was not a skin sensitiser in guinea pigs and mice and was also negative in human skin patch testing. However, dermatological reactions, including photosensitivity, erythroderma and desquamation, have been attributed to erythrosine. Since 90 % of the particles have a diameter < 10 μm, an exposure of the lower respiratory tract was considered a hazard. No inhalation toxicity studies were available. A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of erythrosine in adding colour to feedingstuffs appeared necessary considering the variety of feed materials used in the relevant complementary and complete feedingstuffs and the very limited food use. An assessment of efficacy with respect to the variables mentioned was not possible due to the absence of data.

Optimization of cadmium sulfide light-dependent resistor (CdS-LDR) sensor is one of the suitable circuit elements to be used as the sun-pointing sensor. The sun-pointing sensor is used in solar energy tracking systems to capture maximum power by photovoltaic (PV) cells or systems at the time of uniform or partial irradiance of the sun and effect of shade during clouds. PV cells or modules’ generating power is affected due to partial shading. The PV cells are able to produce maximum power, as long as the sun’s irradiance is projected perpendicular to the panel’s surface. Optimization of light-dependent resistor CdS-LDR sensor is designed based on the intensity of the sun. A relation is obtained between intensity and photo-resistance of CdS-LDR sensor with coefficient of regression ( $${R}^{2}$$ ) value of 0.99. Maximum intensity of the sun is captured using CdS-LDR sensor which is designed with characteristic curve of intensity and photo-resistance using power algorithm. Minimum dull intensity of the sunlight is used to place the panel in initial position. In addition to that cloud effects with sudden transients are also analyzed using temperature humidity index term. The power gained by optimized dual axis solar tracking (DAST) system is 50.63% with reference to fixed panel. The generated power of DAST system is also analyzed under shading effect of cloud. Data are collected for every 2–3 s of time interval from 6:32:00 to 17:38:33 using real-time virtual instrumentation Parallax Data Acquisition tool.