A lightweight reliability mechanism proposed for datagram congestion control protocol over wireless multimedia sensor networks

In wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) a sensor node may have different types of sensor which gather different kinds of data. To support quality of service (QoS) requirements for multimedia applications having a reliable and fair transport protocol is necessary. One of the main objectives of the transport layer in WMSNs is congestion control. We observe that the information provided may have different levels of importance and argue that sensor networks should be willing to spend more resources in disseminating packets carrying more important information. In WMSN event-driven applications, it is critical to report the detected events in the area, resulting in sudden bursts of traffic due to occurrence of spatially-correlated or multiple events, causing loss of data. Also, nodes have very limited power due to hardware constraints. Packet losses and retransmissions resulting from congestion, cost precious energy and shorten the lifetime of sensor nodes. Till now, in WMSNs, Congestion control techniques are based on detection of congestion and recovery, but they cannot eliminate or prevent the occurrence of congestion. Collision is a symptom of congestion in the wireless channel and can result in a time-variant channel capacity. The main intention of this protocol is to be used as a mechanism for reducing congestion in the network by free resources to set accurate rates and priority data needs. If two nodes send their packets in the shortest path to the parent node in a crowded place, a source node must prioritize the data and uses data that have lower priorities of a suitable detour nodes consisting of low or non- active consciously. Proposed algorithm is applied to the nodes near the base station (which convey more traffic) after the congestion detection mechanism detected the congestion. The results obtained from simulation test done by NS-2 simulator indicate that the proposed model is more innovative and presents better performance in compare with CCF, PCCP and DCCP protocols.

Improvements in nanotechnology have introduced contemporary sensory devices that are capable of gathering multimedia data in form of images, audio and video. Wireless multimedia sensor networks handles such type of heterogeneous traffic. Since these networks are an emergent of wireless sensor networks, they inherit constraints that exist in these traditional networks. This paper is a survey of characteristics and requirements of wireless multimedia sensor networks and approaches to mitigating existing challenges in these networks. Further presents a review of recent research on multipath routing protocols and multi-channel media access protocols that offer quality of service assurances in handling multimedia data. The survey shows that there still exist bottlenecks in current routing solutions when applied to wireless multimedia sensor networks due to the nature of traffic involved as well as inherent characteristics, requirements and constraints. The findings are useful in the discovery of solutions to the challenges and issues. The authors further suggest approaches and plausible solutions to the problems in order to assist in the development of protocols that achieve quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor networks.

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are getting used in numerous applications nowadays. Many robust energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to handle multimedia traffic-intensive data like images and videos in WMSNs. It is a common trend in the literature to facilitate a WMSN with numerous sinks allowing cluster heads (CHs) to distribute the collected data to the adjacent sink node for delivery overhead mitigation. Using multiple sink nodes can be expensive and may incur high complexity in routing. There are many single-sink cluster-based routing protocols for WMSNs that lack in introducing optimal path selection among CHs. As a result, they suffer from transmission and queueing delay due to high data volume. To address these two conflicting issues, we propose a data aggregation mechanism based on reinforcement learning (RL) for CHs (RL-CH) in WMSN. The proposed method can be integrated to any of the cluster-based routing protocol for intelligent data transmission to sink node via cooperative CHs. Proposed RL-CH protocol performs better in terms of energy-efficiency, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. It gains 17.6% decrease in average end-to-end delay and 7.7% increase in PDR along with a network lifetime increased to 3.2% compared to the evolutionary game-based routing protocol which has been used as baseline.

Wireless multimedia sensor networks with sensing and processing abilities of multimedia data have recently emerged as one of the most important technologies for high quality monitoring. The routing scheme for multimedia data is an important research issue addressed in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a disjointed multipath routing scheme for real-time data transmission in wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses a hybrid routing protocol based on Bluetooth and Zigbee in order to overcome the limitation of low bandwidth in conventional sensor networks. The proposed scheme also performs disjointed multipath routing based on competition to alleviate the delay of routing path setup. To show the superiority of our proposed scheme, we compare it with the existing scheme through performance evaluation. Our experimental results show that our proposed scheme reduces the end-to-end delay by about 30% and the routing path setup costs by about 22% over the existing scheme. Our scheme also increases data reception rates by about 690% over the existing scheme on average.

Multimedia applications are routed from source nodes via neighboring nodes to a sink in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). However, the existing routing protocols in the WMSNs do not fulfill the quality of service (QoS) constraint yet for multimedia transmission. The WMSNs have specific characteristics such as multi-hop way, limited node capability and varying bandwidth, which can affect the quality of service of multimedia applications during the routing process. The best quality of service (QoS) is required by the multimedia applications consisting of high throughput, low end-to-end delay and low packet drop rate. A routing optimization based on the cross-layer design is proposed for multimedia transmission in the WMSNs. The cross-layer design utilizes H.264/Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and IEEE 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) and has been implemented in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) simulation. The NS2 simulation indicates that the H.264/SVC video application has an average delay of 0.02 sec. Thus, the routing optimization has accomplished to deliver multimedia application successfully via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN).

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.

Applying multimedia to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) adds more challenges due to WSN resource constraints and the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for multimedia transmission. Different multimedia applications may have different QoS requirements, so routing protocols designed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) should be conversant of these requirements and challenges in order to ensure the efficient use of resources to transfer multimedia packets in an utmost manner. The majority of solutions proposed for WMSN depends on traditional layered based mechanisms which are inefficient for multimedia transmission. In this paper we propose a cross-layer Ant based Routing Protocol for WMSN (CARPM) by using modified ant colony optimization (ACO) technique to enhance the routing efficiency. The proposed protocol uses an improved ACO to search for the best path that are satisfied with the multimedia traffic requirements. While making best decision the weightage is given to energy consumption, and queuing delay. The proposed cross layer scheme works between the routing, MAC, and physical layers. Since, the remaining power and timestamp metrics are exchanged from physical layer to network layer. Dynamics duty cycle assignment is proposed at MAC layer which changes according to traffic rate. The presented algorithm is simulated using NS2 and is proven to satisfy its goals through a series of simulations.

Mobile sink has been a significant means to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). However, the mobility of the sink makes the modeling of the WMSNs lifetime a more complex issue. Considering the new properties introduced by a mobile sink, this paper proposed a novel model to define the lifetime of WMSNs with a mobile sink based on energy by taking into account the heterogeneity, network delay, delay jitter, data rate, and data accuracy. Tunable coefficients were introduced into the model for the balance of energy consumption and functions in the network. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Congestion in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) may cause packet loss, buffer overflow and increases queueing delay, which has a significant negative impact on the network performance and reliability. This problem imposes more resource constraints that involve energy consumption and buffer size to meet additional requirements such as desired buffer size and limited amount of packet loss. One of the fundamental issues of congestion problem in such networks is the queue management. In fact, handling congestion without considering flexible buffer management and queueing methods, stay insignificant against dropping rate and packet loss. Consequently, a novel congestion control approach is needed to overcome these problems. In this paper, a new queue management mechanism called: Priority Queue Management based Explicit Congestion Control (PQMECC) is proposed and modeled using Stochastic Automata Networks, which are appropriate for modeling and analyzing complex systems with interacting components and complex synchronization. The congestion control technique used in PQMECC is based on priority, load repartition mechanism and explicit congestion notification which is generated only if the congestion reaches the threshold value.

Big Data Model Simulation on a Graph Database for Surveillance in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

We have proposed preprocessing techniques for high-efficiency data compression in wireless multimedia sensor networks. To do this, we analyzed the characteristics of multimedia data under the environment of wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed preprocessing techniques consider the characteristics of sensed multimedia data to perform the first stage preprocessing by deleting the low priority bits that do not affect the image quality. The second stage preprocessing is also performed for the undeleted high priority bits. By performing these two-stage preprocessing techniques, it is possible to reduce the multimedia data size in large. To show the superiority of our techniques, we simulated the existing multimedia data compression scheme with/without our preprocessing techniques. Our experimental results show that our proposed techniques increase compression ratio while reducing compression operations compared to the existing compression scheme without preprocessing techniques.

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has limited resources such as energy, computation and transmission capacity. These resources are not sufficient for transmitting large amount of data collected by the sensor nodes. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) generates large amount of data that requires more energy and transmission capacity as compared to scalar data. So it is desired to perform in-network data compression in WMSN. In this paper the authors have used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique for data compression. PCA can be efficiently used in wireless multimedia sensor network to reduce the energy consumption, reduce the network load and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that PCA based compression conserves energy of sensor nodes and prolongs the lifetime of WMSN.

In recent years, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) attract great attention. Generally, WMSNs node is equipped with only one single camera for visual observation. In order to achieve wider view-angle, existing solutions, such as node rotation and view-angle adjustment, always cause high cost, high energy consumption and non-real-time response. In this paper, we propose a feasible solution by utilizing four wide-angle cameras to form omni-directional visual sensing for WMSNs node. The omni-directional probability sensing model is analyzed and defined. With DSP processor, we carry out the system architecture in details. Energy consumption is analyzed by comparing with rotatable camera. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that omni-directional vision with multiple cameras is introduced for WMSNs node to monitor the surrounding environment in real time. Experiment results show that the proposed omni-directional sensing can achieve better performance on deployment and energy cost than traditional WMSNs node.