Automated Moving Object Classification in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.

In recent years, there has been intense research and considerable progress in solving numerous wireless sensor networking challenges. However, the key problem of enabling real-time quality-aware multimedia transmission over wireless sensor networks is largely unexplored. The large amount of data generated by most multimedia applications (compared to traditional scalar sensor networks), along with the higher QoS requirements make it difficult to meet the low energy use requirements of practical sensor networks. We explore the use of compressed sensing (aka “compressive sampling”) to reduce the energy required to encode and transmit high quality video in a severely resource-constrained environment. In this chapter, we will examine some of the major challenges of wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) implementation. Specifically, we examine what it would take to develop a WMSN that has similar performance (and restrictions) as a traditional scalar wireless sensor network (WSN). We then examine how we can use the new paradigm of compressed sensing (CS) to solve many of these problems.KeywordsSensor NodeWireless Sensor NetworkDiscrete Cosine TransformVideo QualityCompress SenseThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has limited resources such as energy, computation and transmission capacity. These resources are not sufficient for transmitting large amount of data collected by the sensor nodes. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) generates large amount of data that requires more energy and transmission capacity as compared to scalar data. So it is desired to perform in-network data compression in WMSN. In this paper the authors have used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique for data compression. PCA can be efficiently used in wireless multimedia sensor network to reduce the energy consumption, reduce the network load and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that PCA based compression conserves energy of sensor nodes and prolongs the lifetime of WMSN.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) abiding a huge quantity of inexpensive, low consumption and intense sensor nodes and sole or additional decline or base stations. Those nodes are tiny in dimension and can carry out numerous significant affairs, as well as event sensing, in order processing, and data communication. Owed to different compensation such as simplicity of consumption, comprehensive transmission range, and identity association, WSNs have been interchanging the conventional networks. The promising and innovative network of wirelessly connected devices, which consist of video, audio streams, scalar sensor data and others, is Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). The multimedia data depends on superiority to overhaul (Qos) parameters, like await, channel utilization, network life time throughput and distortion etc is the main aim to optimized delivery of these networks. In multimedia network each packets are communicated with each other so not on time incoming packets and lots of packets are evenly. In WMSNs challenging task to guarantee resource constrained, high data rate, and soft delay limit beside with energy reduced. In this paper, we provide Survey on comparison of different protocol of Wireless sensor network and wirelesss multimedia sensor network like Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks (GPSR), Real-time and Energy Aware Qos routing protocol (REAR), Temporary ordered routing Algorithm (TORA) and Dynamic source routing (DSR). This different protocols with WMSN are compared in requisites of throughput, end-to-end delay, network life time.

Applying multimedia to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) adds more challenges due to WSN resource constraints and the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for multimedia transmission. Different multimedia applications may have different QoS requirements, so routing protocols designed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) should be conversant of these requirements and challenges in order to ensure the efficient use of resources to transfer multimedia packets in an utmost manner. The majority of solutions proposed for WMSN depends on traditional layered based mechanisms which are inefficient for multimedia transmission. In this paper we propose a cross-layer Ant based Routing Protocol for WMSN (CARPM) by using modified ant colony optimization (ACO) technique to enhance the routing efficiency. The proposed protocol uses an improved ACO to search for the best path that are satisfied with the multimedia traffic requirements. While making best decision the weightage is given to energy consumption, and queuing delay. The proposed cross layer scheme works between the routing, MAC, and physical layers. Since, the remaining power and timestamp metrics are exchanged from physical layer to network layer. Dynamics duty cycle assignment is proposed at MAC layer which changes according to traffic rate. The presented algorithm is simulated using NS2 and is proven to satisfy its goals through a series of simulations.

Amalgamation of low power IoT devices in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has enhanced the usage of WSNs as it lessens the requirements of total power consumption. Most such IoT devices comparatively employ short-range radio access technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to transfer sensor data. When a WSN is situated in a remote region such that neither regular human monitoring is plausible nor Internet coverage is readily available, it requires an alternative method to gather data from sensor nodes. Hence, in this research, an attempt was made to improve the data collection process and monitor the parametric performance of a low power IoT WSN aided by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The impact of physical parameters related to different sensor node arrangements was investigated to effectively utilize the total flying time of the drone. Subsequently, adjustments were proposed for improvements by referring to previous literature. The Hamiltonian path defined in Graph Theory was applied to reduce the traverse distance of the drone further by tracing the sensor nodes within the grid area systematically. A prototype was implemented using commercially available devices to demonstrate the feasibility and the functionality of the proposed solution. Our results show that the proposed system increases the data collection performance by 23% compared to referenced architecture.

One of the remarkable challenges in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is how to route the collected data and transfer them in the nodes. Due to the high rate of packet loss, guaranteeing reliable and efficient packet transfer and delivery is considered to be one of the hot issues in the area of WSNs. Indeed, due to energy limitation of nodes in WSNs, reliability and energy are regarded as critical parameters in these networks. In this paper, a method has been proposed for optimizing the parameters of reliability and energy consumption in multimedia WSNs. In the proposed protocol, Increasing the Delivery Ratio with Network Coding (IDRNC) a network coding mechanism has been used for transmitting data which enhances the reliability of the network. Furthermore, reducing the number of transmissions and receptions in network nodes results in the reduction of energy consumption. In the proposed protocol, the transmitted packets are first coded and transmitted to the sink through the shortest route. In the middle of the route, in case packets are lost, median nodes can detect and recover the lost packet through the coded packet. The simulation results indicated that the method proposed in this study operates better than the LIEMRO method with respect to the following features: system efficiency, average remaining energy of the network, the number of lost packets and reliability. Keywords: Multipath Routing, Network Coding, Reliability, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)

Wireless multimedia sensor networks with sensing and processing abilities of multimedia data have recently emerged as one of the most important technologies for high quality monitoring. The routing scheme for multimedia data is an important research issue addressed in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a disjointed multipath routing scheme for real-time data transmission in wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses a hybrid routing protocol based on Bluetooth and Zigbee in order to overcome the limitation of low bandwidth in conventional sensor networks. The proposed scheme also performs disjointed multipath routing based on competition to alleviate the delay of routing path setup. To show the superiority of our proposed scheme, we compare it with the existing scheme through performance evaluation. Our experimental results show that our proposed scheme reduces the end-to-end delay by about 30% and the routing path setup costs by about 22% over the existing scheme. Our scheme also increases data reception rates by about 690% over the existing scheme on average.

The appearance of wireless sensor networks has attracted worldwide attention. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) consist of wirelessly interconnected sensor nodes organised arbitrarily or deterministically in an environmental area which can gather, distribute and route information in different application areas. Power consumption in these networks is the foremost problem. WSNs are a recent generation of sensor networks, have an ample range of applications, their expansion and application will convey about extensive impact in human life and construction of all areas. Some of the applications include disaster management, landslide detection, glacial monitoring, wildlife tracking, healthcare, military applications, environmental monitoring, security surveillance, industrial process control and a large number of applications to robotics and Internet of Things (IOT) projects. This paper will demonstrate the elementary description of WSN followed by different energy-efficient power consumption protocols. Here we have performed the comparative performance analysis of different energy-efficient protocols. In our work we have compared MODLEACH with TSEP followed by TSEP with RELSEP.

Improvements in nanotechnology have introduced contemporary sensory devices that are capable of gathering multimedia data in form of images, audio and video. Wireless multimedia sensor networks handles such type of heterogeneous traffic. Since these networks are an emergent of wireless sensor networks, they inherit constraints that exist in these traditional networks. This paper is a survey of characteristics and requirements of wireless multimedia sensor networks and approaches to mitigating existing challenges in these networks. Further presents a review of recent research on multipath routing protocols and multi-channel media access protocols that offer quality of service assurances in handling multimedia data. The survey shows that there still exist bottlenecks in current routing solutions when applied to wireless multimedia sensor networks due to the nature of traffic involved as well as inherent characteristics, requirements and constraints. The findings are useful in the discovery of solutions to the challenges and issues. The authors further suggest approaches and plausible solutions to the problems in order to assist in the development of protocols that achieve quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor networks.

In this paper, a Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture for Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is presented. The proposed architecture differentiates critical real-time data from real-time multimedia data by defining six traffic classes along with their forwarding behaviour. Since Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are application-specific, DiffServ for WMSNs approaches bandwidth allocation as an optimization problem. The goal is to assign bandwidth to different traffic classes in order to maximize the utilization of the whole system (subject to the overall system constraints). The proposed architecture is evaluated under different forwarding paradigms such as single-hop, multi-hop, and cluster-based. Analytical results show that DiffServ for WMSN can provide service differentiation w.r.t. the characteristics and bandwidth requirement of the traffic class.

Last decade witnessed the rapid development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). More recently, the availability of inexpensive hardware such as CMOS cameras and microphones that are able to ubiquitously capture multimedia content from the environment has fostered the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). Nodes in such networks require significant amount of processing power to interpret the collected sensor data. Most of the currently available wireless multimedia sensor nodes are equipped with ARM7 core microcontrollers. On the other hand, ARM9 and ARM11 cores are viable alternatives, which deliver deterministic high performance and flexibility for demanding and cost-sensitive embedded applications. Thus, we evaluated the performance of the ARM9 and the ARM11 cores in terms of processing power and energy consumption. Our test results showed that the ARM11 core performed 3 to 4 times faster than the ARM9 core.

Mobile target tracking consists in detecting and locating targets in a surveillance region. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) can provide more information about the moving target than classical Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), but their process and the transmission of multimedia data are costly which reduces the network's lifetime. In this paper, we propose a low-cost new solution for tracking a mobile target called EAOT (Energy Aware Object Tracking). It consists of a distributed cooperative algorithm that runs in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks composed of both scalar and multimedia sensors. The scalar sensors (MS) are equipped with a motion detector; their role is to detect the target and then activate the camera sensors (CS) through message exchanges. We conducted simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism in terms of tracking accuracy, number of exchanged messages, energy consumption, and spatial average deviation. The results are compared to two existing solutions: one based on simple camera sensors which always run in active mode and the other one based on the optimal camera node selection (OCNS) to track the target. The obtained results show that for the same number of nodes, EAOT consumes between 2.6% and 44% less energy than OCNS depending on the distribution of MS/CS.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.

As an emerging technology, edge computing will enable traditional sensor networks to be effective and motivate a series of new applications. Meanwhile, limited battery power directly affects the performance and survival time of sensor networks. As an extension application for traditional sensor networks, the energy consumption of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) is more prominent. For the image compression and transmission in WMSNs, consider using solar energy as the replenishment of node energy; a distributed image compression scheme based on solar energy harvesting is proposed. Two level clustering management is adopted. The camera node-normal node cluster enables camera nodes to gather and send collected raw images to the corresponding normal nodes for compression, and the normal node cluster enables the normal nodes to send the compressed images to the corresponding cluster head node. The re-clustering and dynamic adjustment methods for normal nodes are proposed to adjust adaptively the operation mode in the working chain. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed image compression scheme can effectively balance the energy consumption of the network. Compared with the existing image transmission schemes, the proposed scheme can transmit more and higher quality images and ensure the survival of the network.