A Liquid Democracy Enabled Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System

Conventional electronic voting systems use a centralized scheme. A central administration of these systems manages the entire voting process and has partial or total control over the database and the system itself. This creates some problems, accidental or intentional, such as possible manipulation of the database and double voting. Many of these problems have been solved thanks to permissionless blockchain technologies in new voting systems; however, the classic consensus method of such blockchains requires specific computing power during each voting operation. This has a significant impact on power consumption, compromises the efficiency and increases the system latency. However, using a permissioned blockchain improves efficiency and reduces system energy consumption, mainly due to the elimination of the typical consensus protocols used by public blockchains. The use of smart contracts provides a secure mechanism to guarantee the accuracy of the voting result and make the counting procedure public and protected against fraudulent actions, and contributes to preserving the anonymity of the votes. Its adoption in electronic voting systems can help mitigate part of these problems. Therefore, this paper proposes a system that ensures high reliability by applying enterprise blockchain technology to electronic voting, securing the secret ballot. In addition, a flexible network configuration is presented, discussing how the solution addresses some of the security and reliability issues commonly faced by electronic voting system solutions.

In today’s digital environment, the voting system has moved from paper based to a digital system. A digital e-voting system has many properties such as transparency, decentralization, irreversibility, and non-repudiation. The growth in the digital e-voting system raises many security and transparency issues. In this paper, we used the blockchain technology in the digital electronic voting system to solve the security issues and ful?ll the system requirements. It offers new opportunities to deploy a secure e-voting system in any organization or country. The solution is far better as compared to other solutions because it is a decentralized system, containing the results in the form of bit-coins, having different locations. We will also analyze the security of our proposed voting system, which shows our protocol is more secure as compared to other solutions. The paper proposes a novel electronic voting system based on block chain that addresses some of the limitations in existing systems and evaluates some of the popular blockchain frameworks for the purpose of constructing a blockchain based e-voting system. In particular, we evaluate the potential of distributed ledger technologies through the description of a case study namely, the process of an election, and the implementation of a blockchain based application, which improves the security and decreases the cost of hosting a nation wide election.

Electronic voting system is the process of polling votes and counting votes. In most of the countries voting may now be done electronically, there are still several difficulties involved, including the expense of paper, how ballots are organized, the possibility of varying results when tallying the votes, and others. Duplicate votes pose a significant concern as they can be fraudulently cast by individuals. To focus on this issue, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is employed to enhance the voting procedure in a secured manner. A directed acyclic graph is used by the Internet of Things Application (IOTA), a promising distributed ledger system. Faster transaction confirmation, high scalability and zero transaction fees are achieved via the Directed Acyclic Graph structure. In both IOTA tangle and blockchain technology, the public cast duplicate votes. The unauthorized user can create duplicate votes in the blockchain as well as IOTA tangle. This can be focused in this proposed method. The double spending problem can be solved by using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA). This Optimization problem produces an improved result for resolving double spending in e-voting systems.

In a democratic regime, voting is crucial to making collective decisions. Unfortunately, although this activity has great significance and value, little effort has been made to improve the way we vote. Paper ballots are still the most used method, although this method is relatively simple, brings many inconveniences, and represents a contradiction to the modern world and its advances. This paper mostly focuses on a review study of blockchain-based voting systems. It aims at identifying the strategies and the guidelines as well as provides a comprehensive end-to-end electronic voting system based on blockchain, with the help of cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs to improve privacy. The novelty of this paper is that we tackle the limitations of electronic voting systems found in the literature, including cost, identity management, and scalability problems. Our purpose is to provide key elements for organizations on how to design their proper electronic voting system based on blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology provides a stable spot in electronic voting systems by providing a transparent platform for an election which prevents the failures faced by the traditional electronic voting systems and makes it a more accurate and secure platform for voting. However, little attention has been paid to the possible impacts of new technological disruptions on politics and the electoral systems. The main goal of this paper is to design a framework for electronic voting systems using Blockchain technology. To achieve this goal, the paper outlines these three objectives: (1) to explore and identify the challenges in existing voting systems, (2) to identify the methods that could enhance the security and privacy of the electoral voting systems using Blockchain technology, and (3) to design a framework for electronic voting systems that use Blockchain technology in order to address the flaws in current voting systems. A mixed approach is applied in this study to explore the opportunities and challenges of the Blockchain voting system, and design the framework accordingly.

Traditionally, electronic voting has relied on a centralized method of administration. The database and the system are both under the jurisdiction of the system's central administration, which oversees the voting process. As a result, issues like database manipulation and duplicate voting may arise, whether accidentally or purposefully. Permissionless blockchain technology has helped overcome many of these issues; however, since the basic consensus technique of such blockchains demands particular computer resources for each voting operation, they are not ideal for new voting systems. Power consumption, efficiency, and system latency all suffer as a result. These issues may be alleviated in part if electronic voting technologies are used. By using corporate blockchain technology, this research presents an electronic voting system that is very reliable and secures the secret vote. It also discusses some of the frequent security and dependability challenges of electronic voting system solutions, such as a flexible network setup.

Comparative Study of Blockchain Techniques in Electronic Voting System

Over the last decade, information technology has contributed significantly to the evolution of financial markets, without, however, revolutionising the way in which financial institutions interact with one another. This may be about to change, as some market players are now predicting that new database technologies, such as blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), could be the source of an imminent revolution. This paper analyses the main features of DLTs that could influence their potential adoption by financial institutions and discusses how the use of these technologies could affect the European post-trade market for securities. The original protocol underlying DLTs has its roots in the anarchic world of virtual currencies, which operate outside the conventional financial system. The public debate on DLTs has also been very much focused on the revolutionary potential of the technology. This paper concludes that, irrespective of the technology used and the market players involved, certain processes that feature in the post-trade market for securities will still need to be performed by institutions. DLTs could, however, stimulate a reorganisation of financial markets, which could in turn: (i) reduce reconciliation costs, (ii) streamline the post-trade value chain, and (iii) allow more efficient use to be made of collateral and regulatory capital. It should, nevertheless, be remembered that research into DLTs and their uses is at an early stage. The scope for financial institutions to adopt DLTs and their potential impact on mainstream financial markets are still unclear. This paper discusses three potential models of how market players could adopt DLTs for performing core post-trade functions. The DLT could be adopted either: (i) in clusters, (ii) collectively, or (iii) peer to peer. The evaluation of the three adoption models assumes that they are all equally compatible with the regulatory framework. It shows that, assuming this to be the case, they would each have different advantages and costs.

The current electoral system faces various challenges such as vote rigging, hacking of electronic voting machines, and election manipulation, leading to a lack of faith in the system among citizens. The adoption of an electronic voting system based on block chain technology could potentially address these issues. This paper proposes a model of e-voting based on popular block chain frameworks that provide block chain as a service, which maintains participant confidentiality while still being open to public scrutiny. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the theme, demonstrating the usefulness of block chain technology in the design of a secure and transparent e-voting system. Distributed ledger technology is a powerful tool in the world of information technology, with the potential to revolutionize various applications. Block chain offers advantages such as cryptological underpinnings and transparency, making it a disruptive technology in modern times. The proposed e-voting system based on block chain technology offers the potential to improve the resilience of e-voting systems, and ensure the integrity of the election results. Overall, this paper provides insights into the potential of block chain technology to tackle the challenges facing the current electoral system and improve the transparency and security of e-voting systems. Key Word: Iblock chain, confidentiality, Distributed ledger, transparency, security, metamask, solidity, Ethereum, Decentralization, testnet, Hardhat, Dapp, Consensus, immutability, blocks.

This paper presents an application for a voting system that uses blockchain technology. As is known, blockchain technology has a wide range of applications. What makes it suitable for a voting system is that it can prevent fraud. Another advantage of using blockchain technology for a voting system is that it offers unlimited system availability: the system’s operation is not affected by certain factors, such as power outages, updates or network connection.

There are currently different views in the scientific community on how the distributed ledger technology (DLT) relates to the blockchain technology. Some view them as synonyms, whereas others view DLT as the umbrella term for all blockchain related technologies. This paper approaches this topic by deriving definitions and core characteristics of DLT and blockchain technology. By using these definitions and an additional market research, a categorization for DLT and blockchain can be created. This categorization will operate as an additional component for IT-architects to decide on appropriate DLT solutions for their specific distributed ledger use cases.

Academic staff from the Mathematics Education Centre (MEC), Loughborough University began using Electronic Voting Systems (EVS) to teach Mathematics to undergraduate Engineering students in the 2007/2008 academic year. Staff members from other departments at the University, such as Geography, Chemical Engineering and Information Skills, have also been using EVS. This study was designed to investigate the views of affected staff about the use of EVS in lectures and associated pedagogic implications. The results show that EVS is generally seen as an effective teaching tool, as its use can enhance student engagement by increasing their participation in class, give lecturers valuable feedback on student understanding, make the classroom more ‘fun’, and enable lecturers to change teaching practice and curriculum in response to student feedback. However, there are technical and pedagogical issues to be overcome in realising the full potential of EVS.

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), including but not limited to Blockchain, have become key enablers of digital transformation across sectors. Their core attributes — immutability, traceability, decentralization, and tamper resistance — make them well-suited for secure and transparent data management. While initially linked to cryptocurrencies, DLTs are now applied in diverse domains such as identity verification, supply chain management, secure voting, and digital asset certification.In parallel, rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in Generative AI, are reshaping how data is generated, interpreted and applied. AI enables new forms of automation and decision-making, but it also introduces risks related to misinformation, digital fraud and security vulnerabilities. The convergence of DLT and AI offers a promising framework to address these challenges. As decentralized trust infrastructures, DLTs can enhance the transparency and integrity of AI systems by validating identities, certifying data provenance and securing sensitive assets such as contracts, medical records and intellectual property.This integration fits within the broader BIBI paradigm – Blockchain, AI, Big Data and the Internet of Things (IoT), where DLTs provide the foundation for secure, distributed coordination and auditability. Coupled with AI, they enable automated decision-making over large-scale, heterogeneous data, particularly from IoT devices, with applications in manufacturing, logistics and health care. This synergy also unlocks advanced functionalities, including decentralized identity, verifiable credentials and trusted automation, facilitating use cases such as tokenized assets and secure digital certification.Nevertheless, several technical and ethical challenges remain. The increasing computational demands of AI raise concerns about energy consumption, an issue already encountered in early DLT deployments. Energy-efficient consensus mechanisms, such as Proof-of-Stake and Byzantine Fault Tolerance, offer valuable insights for developing more sustainable AI infrastructures. Another key challenge is interoperability, as most DLT platforms operate in isolation. Enhancing interoperability would enable seamless data and asset exchange across heterogeneous ledgers, contributing to a more integrated and user-centric digital ecosystem.Looking forward, the convergence of DLT and AI holds significant potential for intelligent smart contracts, advanced traceability in critical sectors such as food safety and health care, and the development of digital twins for real-time simulation and optimization of organizational processes. This cross-disciplinary innovation can drive not only technological and economic growth but also democratic access to trusted, privacy-preserving, and sustainable digital systems.The Special Issue “Distributed Ledger Technologies and Artificial Intelligence” aims to offer a dedicated forum for researchers exploring the intersection of these two rapidly evolving fields. A total of 13 submissions were received, and following a rigorous double-blind peer review process, with at least three reviews per manuscript, three articles were selected for publication.The first article, “Energy: Reducing Latency in IoT DLTs for AI-Driven Real-Time Solutions” (Moya Perez et al., 2025), addresses the challenges of integrating IoT networks with DLT and AI, focusing on latency and energy efficiency. The authors propose Energy, a novel consensus algorithm designed for public DAG-based DLTs, which reduces or eliminates Proof-of-Work requirements. Experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements in low-payload scenarios common in IoT, enabling real-time AI model updates and efficient, secure data flow in large-scale environments.The second paper, “eFLEET: A Framework in Federated Learning for Enhanced Electric Transportation” (Ruiz de Gauna et al., 2025), presents a federated learning approach for optimizing autonomous electric vehicle routing in urban settings. Using traffic image analysis through computer vision and a DAG-based privacy layer, the framework selects optimal routes based on real-time and predictive data. The experiments show how the system improves traffic planning, enhances scalability and contributes to energy efficiency and pollution reduction in smart cities.The third contribution, “Enhancing the Viewing, Browsing and Searching of Knowledge Graphs with Virtual Properties” (Dibowski, 2024), introduces virtual properties as a user-interface enhancement for knowledge graph exploration. Defined using SHACL and evaluated via SPARQL queries, virtual properties enrich class scopes beyond direct neighbors. Successfully implemented at Bosch for over 100,000 users, this novel approach improves usability and expressiveness in knowledge-driven applications and sets a new direction for SHACL-based UI development.The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the authors who submitted their contributions and to the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and rigorous evaluations. The authors also extend their appreciation to Professor Honghao Gao, Editor-in-Chief of IJWIS (Emerald), for his support in the publication of this special issue. The authors believe the selected papers represent cutting-edge research in this area and will be of great interest to the DLT and AI research communities.

We all know that voting is the primary factor to change the country’s future. Earlier, EVM, i.e., Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) were used to conduct voting across various cities and villages. But there were many issues in this system such as missing names in voter lists, misplaced votes, fake votes and so on. To tackle this problem an electronic decentralized system can be integrated, so one of these decentralized technologies is Blockchain technology. Blockchain-based electronic voting systems are a promising area of research to address the issue with traditional voting methods. The electronic voting system must overcome these issues before it can be used on a large basis. It results in developing a highly secure and transparent E-voting system that can handle all edge cases. This paper presents the results of the basic Blockchain technology implemented to demonstrate the efficient use for the E- Voting. The implementation of this system presents that the user candidate and Administrator can communicate securely using implemented system. This shows the use of Blockchain in the Applications where security is prime importance.

A phenomenon-based approach is used to learn more about how blockchain technology could improve Ghana’s economic sectors in terms of cost savings, efficiency, and reliability with reduced risks. With our proposed blockchain-enabled frameworks, we describe how blockchains’ Internet-of-Things (IoTs) and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) might reduce transaction, contract, and monitoring-related costs in the Agriculture & Agro-processing sector’s supply chains. We also demonstrate how Smart Contracts (SMCs) and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) can improve time and cost-based efficiencies in local procurements, logistic contract execution, and supply chains across the Mining & Minerals processing sector. With the help of IoTs, DLTs, and SMCs, information asymmetries in the finance sector can be reduced to improve the financing for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The Technological-Organizational-Environmental (TOE) elements remain crucial in the adoption of blockchain technology. As a result, it’s critical to provide adequate frameworks for blockchain adoption.