A Low Cost Dual-Band Patch Antenna Array for Future 5G Communication Applications

Graphene based array antennas are becoming more popular for wireless applications due to their ultra slim structure, versatile nature, flexibility, robustness and other advantages as compared to conventional patch antennas. Small size and high gain coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed single element microstrip patch antenna (MPA), 16 elements array antenna and 32 elements array antenna for millimeter wave applications are presented in this paper. The proposed antenna configurations have been designed and simulated using computer simulation technology (CST). Kapton is used as the dielectric substrate having dielectric constant of 3.5 and thickness of 0.075 mm. Graphene is used in the radiating patch as well as ground plane of the antennas whose electrical conductivity is of 1.4286 × 106 S/m2. The thickness of patch and ground plane are of 0.025 mm and 0.05 mm respectively. Each single element antenna has dimension of 1.75×1.5×0.075 mm3 and each array configuration consist of corresponding number of same dimensional single elements. The results of all the proposed antenna configurations have been analyzed in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, VSWR and radiation efficiency. Among all the proposed antennas and analyzed feeding methods, the grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) feed 32 elements array antenna shows the best performance.

The main objective this work is to design and simulate different shaped (S, E, C and Combined S-E-C) compact and planar micro-strip patch antenna (MPA) array for multiband wireless applications. The proposed antennas have been designed and simulated using advanced design system (ADS). Each single element antenna has dimension of 40×30 mm2 and each array consists of corresponding three or four same dimensional single elements. Micro-strip line feed technique and dielectric substrate named quartz having dielectric constant of 4.2, tangent loss of 0.0013 & height of 1.6 mm have been considered in the proposed antennas. The results have been analyzed in terms of return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain & radiation efficiency and finally compared with literature review.

Abstract. The antenna cross polarization suppression (CPS) is of significant importance for the accurate calculation of polarimetric weather radar moments. State-of-the-art reflector antennas fulfill these requirements, but phased array antennas are changing their CPS during the main beam shift, off-broadside direction. Since the cross polarization (x-pol) of the array pattern is affected by the x-pol element factor, the single antenna element should be designed for maximum CPS, not only at broadside, but also for the complete angular electronic scan (e-scan) range of the phased array antenna main beam positions. Different methods for reducing the x-pol radiation from microstrip patch antenna elements, available from literature sources, are discussed and summarized. The potential x-pol sources from probe fed microstrip patch antennas are investigated. Due to the lack of literature references, circular and square shaped X-Band radiators are compared in their x-pol performance and the microstrip patch antenna size variation was analyzed for improved x-pol pattern. Furthermore, the most promising technique for the reduction of x-pol radiation, namely "differential feeding with two RF signals 180° out of phase", is compared to single fed patch antennas and thoroughly investigated for phased array applications with simulation results from CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS). A new explanation for the excellent port isolation of dual linear polarized and differential fed patch antennas is given graphically. The antenna radiation pattern from single fed and differential fed microstrip patch antennas are analyzed and the shapes of the x-pol patterns are discussed with the well-known cavity model. Moreover, two new visual based electromagnetic approaches for the explanation of the x-pol generation will be given: the field line approach and the surface current distribution approach provide new insight in understanding the generation of x-pol component in microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns.

This paper proposed the design of a novel microstrip patch antenna and a two element array. The proposed antenna is linearly polarized and is designed to operate in the Dedicated Short-Range Communications band (DSRC IEEE 802.11p) with the center frequency $(f_{r})$ of 5.9 GHz using Rogers RT 5880 lossy $(\epsilon_{r}=2.2)$ as substrate. The proposed antenna carries low profile, conformity and also exhibits better gain performance. The design is obtained by etching squares and rectangles on the patch symmetrically. The design of feed network for the two element array is obtained based on the implementation of the Wilkinson power divider. Single element antenna and the array maintains a gain of 7.15 dB and 9.61 dB respectively.

The need for wireless connectivity of home, office and portable equipment has pushed for better antenna designs with a larger bandwidth. The microstrip patch antenna is a very popular choice for many wireless communications devices because of its low profile, light weight, and low cost. However, the impedance bandwidth of a conventional microstrip patch antenna is only a couple of percent. Several bandwidth enhancement techniques for microstrip patch antennas have been developed, and, recently, a new feeding method that can dramatically improve the impedance bandwidth of a patch antenna has been proposed, namely, the folded patch feed. A rectangular U-slot patch antenna with a folded patch feed is shown to have an impedance bandwidth of 53.54% (VSWR/spl les/2) (Chiu, C.Y. et al., IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol.2, p.130-2, 2003). We propose to adopt the folded patch feed to an E-shaped patch antenna. Easier fabrication, smaller size and wider impedance bandwidth (73.78%) are achieved compared to the original design reported by Chiu, C.Y. et al. The proposed antenna suitable for mass production.

This paper had been comparing the performance of the normal patch antenna with single complimentary SRR patch antenna. Four different shapes of single complimentary split ring resonator structure had been incorporated into the microstrip patch antenna - square, circular, triangular, and rhombic. This simulation works had been done in CST Microwave Studio simulation software. The operating frequency of this antenna is 2.40 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application. The parameters that considered in these works are return loss, resonant frequency, input impedance, gain, radiation pattern and bandwidth. The focusing parameter is to achieve the best gain performance that obtained from the single complimentary split ring resonator patch antenna. The addition of square SRR onto patch antenna will improve the gain from 6.334 dB to 6.508 dB.

Microstrip patch antennas are mostly due to their versatility in terms of possible geometries that makes them applicable for many different situations. The lightweight construction and the suitability for integration with microwave integrated circuits are two more of their numerous advantages. A single layer, single feed compact slotted patch antenna is thoroughly simulated in this paper. The aim of this work is to design and to implement a microstrip patch antenna array that meets the requirements of a microwave communications system. Resonant frequency has been reduced drastically by cutting `Two hexagonal and a circular' like shape slots from the conventional microstrip patch antenna. For the design of the antenna, simulation tool software IE3D, based on the Method of Moments (MoM) was used. After simulating and optimizing a single element proposed antenna that achieved satisfactory measurement results with also size has been reduced by 80.22% when compared to a Conventional microstrip patch antenna.

This paper presents a novel slotted rectangular dual-band (28/42GHz) patch antenna for fifth generation (5G) network applications. A simple microstrip patch antenna of the size 8×8×0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> has been proposed having impedance bandwidth of 2/9.2 GHz for 28/42 GHz transmission frequency, to resolve the issues of the required compactness, high gain and improved efficiency of the 5G wireless applications. Rogers RO4350 (lossy) is used as a substrate material having dielectric constant and thickness of ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> =3.66 and 0.8 mm, respectively. For the resonant frequencies of 28.2 GHz and 42 GHz, the gain of 6.2 dB is achieved for the entire considered bandwidth and a directional radiation pattern is achieved for millimeter-wave transmission. A defected ground structure (DGS) is formed by placing a rectangular slot under the ground, underneath the feed line of a microstrip patch antenna (MSA) which results in improving of the gain. The comparison of the DGS, full ground, and the effect of the slot technique are shown in detail with simulation results in CST. The results for return loss, VSWR, gain, efficiency, directivity, and current distributions shows that the proposed antenna is well suited for the 5G applications in the millimeter-wave region.

In this paper, two proposed compact broadband and dual-band microstrip patch antenna configurations have been analyzed, investigated and optimized using the Zeland-simulator. The presented antennas resonate at 6.0, 12.0 and 13.0 GHz with bandwidth of more than 600MHz (about 10% of center frequency) for maximum VSWR value less than 2.

This paper presents a single-band Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) with L, T, and other suitable slots, specifically designed for high-gain performance in fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems. Incorporating these innovative slots onto a single rectangular patch antenna yielded substantial improvements in gain and bandwidth, addressing the requirements of 5G applications. The investigation was conducted within the Computer Studio Suite (CST) simulation environment, utilizing simulated structures to identify optimized slot dimensions. The performance and dimensions of the newly modified patch antennas are systematically assessed and compared against those of a previously developed single microstrip patch antenna and an array designed for operation at 28 GHz. The results of the proposed antennas exhibited significant gain and directivity, noticeable bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and efficiency at the selected resonance frequency. The successful implementation of this proposed design holds the potential to greatly simplify the integration of 5G applications into handheld devices.

In recent times, microstrip and patch antenna research has progressed rapidly. The challenges of design and meeting expectations of today's high speed communication have been overcome through advanced research in this field. However, the area of mutual coupling amongst large number of antennas in an array is yet to be explored at its fullest extent. This research paper is focused on a particular structure such as polygon to reduce the mutual coupling in an array of two microstrip patch antenna. Two microstrip patch antennas, located on common substrate in close proximity of each other are designed and simulated for the performance of the system. Next, the system is analyzed for mutual coupling. Through repeated design trials and measurement, the mutual coupling is reduced to about 2 dB. The other performance parameters of the system are estimated at −45 dB of return loss and 6 dBi of gain. The result is simulated and analyzed using advanced software tool.

A single-layer 8×8 microstrip patch antenna array based on differential-feed used for wireless communications is proposed in the paper. In order to realize simple feed network and compact array structure, eccentric feed is adopted in single element. Because differential-feed is employed in this array, the undesired radiation caused by eccentric feed could be cancelled out in the far field which makes a better symmetry of radiation pattern in the E-plane and lower cross-polarization level in the H-plane can be achieved. The simulated cross-polarization level is more than −60dB lower than the co-polarization which is much better than that of normally fed 8×8 patch array. The proposed antenna array has a more symmetric and stable radiation patterns with a maximum available gain of 25.62 dBi across the operating band from 14.4 to 15.7 GHz.

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A combination of UWB technology with MIMO technology is applied for designing and simulating a 18×17.5×1.6mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> sized single element antenna and the two different configurations of 18×35×1.6mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> sized MIMO array that can be utilized for Ultra Wide Band applications. The single element antenna consists of a compact patch with two rectangular slots which is fed by a 50Ω coplanar waveguide line with a common ground. Having better resonance and a gain of 11dB it achieves a 3 to 10.3GHz wide band. By placing two such single elements on the same side and by making one of them perpendicular to the other, two MIMO antenna arrays are created. Both the arrays almost achieve a wide bandwidth from 3 to 10.3GHz with appreciable resonance and gain of 12.5 and 12.8dB respectively. The designing and simulation is done in ANSYS HFSS version 2021 and the parameters like return loss, radiation pattern, gain, current distribution, VSWR, impedance characteristics, ECC etc. are plotted for their performance comparison.

A small conformal ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna has many important commercial and military applications. This stems from a multitude of factors such as cost reduction, space, payload, and, most importantly, the number of antenna systems. A common approach to reducing the number of antennas on a platform is to use a single broadband element, such as a spiral antenna. However, the issue is complicated by the fact that a single antenna element may need to operate over more than 10:1 bandwidth, such as 20 MHz to 2000 MHz. To cover such a vast frequency range with a single antenna using conventional designs would require a large physical size to achieve a desirable gain. Therefore, miniaturization techniques, such as the use of dielectric materials or reactive loading, must be used in an attempt to increase the electrical size of the antenna without increasing its physical size. We focus on antenna miniaturization using dielectrics and discuss some of the design issues related to the actual implementation of a miniature antenna.