A modular and scalable system for electromagnetic compatibility testing of integrated circuits

For the deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in nuclear reactor environment to monitor and measure the plant parameters, the WSN nodes should be rugged, able to withstand high temperature, radiation and should be qualified in the environmental tests, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and seismic tests as per the international standards. Hence Industrial grade wireless sensor networking nodes which meet the required specifications have been designed and developed. The nodes after successful development and functionality testing have been subjected to EMC tests at EMI/EMC Lab in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR). Subsequently they have been successfully qualified for EMC tests at SAMEER (Society for Applied Microwave Electronic Engineering and Research), chennai. This paper describes briefly about the design and development of nodes, measures taken for EMC qualification of nodes, qualification tests done and the test results.

The short-circuit current(SCC) is far larger than the rated current of existing circuit breakers, which has been a serious problem threatening the safety of the power grid. The economical high-voltage AC current limiter based on high coupled split reactor(HCSR) and rapid switch can be used to suppress the SCC. In this paper, the composition structure and working principle of the limiter are introduced at first. The main source of electromagnetic interference(EMI) in the system is explained then. In order to improve the reliability of the economical limiter and also to reduce the interference from its own, both electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) immunity tests and EMC emission tests should be done. As there is no testing standard basis for this new type of limiter, this paper gives the EMC test requirements, test methods and test criterion. According to different EMC tests and tested port types, specific test parameters and test procedures are given as well. At the end of the paper, the practical anti-interference measures are given to ensures the reliability of the design. Beyond that, however, this paper also offers reference for establishing testing standards of the economical high-voltage AC current limiter.

In automotive industry, providing an integrated circuit (IC) with high level of features, reduced die size and high Electro Static Discharge (ESD) and Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) performances is the key to have design wins and considerable market share. ESD structures, occupying a significant place within the IC, are designed taking into account two main criteria’s: high ESD performances and a reduced size. Their integration inside an IC has to consider their behavior during EMC tests. This paper illustrates two case studies where the ESD structures used, despite their good ESD performance, led to EMC performance degradation. A deep study is made in each case and various solutions are proposed and discussed.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) can be considered as the ability of the electromagnetic apparatus to function satisfactorily without interfering the others or being interfered by the others. Nowadays, the conformity of electromagnetic products to corresponding EMC standards becomes of importance in order to cope with the mandatory requirements prescribed by the global market. The EMC conformity becomes the main part of quality assurance and safety of products. This paper presents the state-of-the-art EMC conformity of products in Indonesia from regulation and technical point of view. We conducted survey on the quo-vadis of EMC regulation in the country by communicating with some governmental bodies. At the same time, we investigates the EMC conformity of some products finding their application country-widely in domestic market by conducting EMC testing on them including emission and immunity test. From our investigation it is realized that regulations on EMC are not established yet because the responsible authorities are not assigned yet. Therefore EMC conformity is not mandatory yet for products manufactured or imported for domestic market. However, it is planned that the mandatory would come into power in earliest 2012. Moreover, EMC testing showed that the products under testing are mostly not conforming to EMC standards. Those products did not meet, either one of emission/immunity requirement or both. This fact emphasizes the need of establishing mandatory EMC regulation as well as responsible authorities.

This paper discusses the design and testing of the lasers built for the Clementine Laser Rangefinder that was used to map the lunar topology. a baseline Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP) was run once and the flight laser was built. Then the Laser Resonator Assembly (LRA) and the Laser Power Supply (LPS) were subjected to vibration and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing as well as a 50 hour Thermal Vacuum test (T- VAC). Laser energy and boresight stability was checked after each vibration axis and after EMC testing. A complete ATP was run again after all environmental tests were completed, results were compared to baseline.

In the process of high-efficiency control of aircraft, power electronic equipment brings a series of electromagnetic interference problems due to its own electromagnetic characteristics, which makes the electromagnetic environment on the aircraft carrier become worse. Therefore, it must take measures to control the electromagnetic interference. In this paper, the mechanism of electromagnetic interference generation of airborne power electronic equipment is analyzed. And some electromagnetic interference control techniques are proposed from the aspects of anti-interference design and electromagnetic compatibility test which can provide technical guidance for electromagnetic compatibility design and testing of airborne power electronic equipment.

Electromagnetic compatibility testing (EMC) is one of the important aspects to guarantee the quality of household appliance products induction cooker. One of the test clauses is electrostatic discharge (ESD). The purpose of this paper describes the application of the CISPR 14-2 standard on the ESD test and its suitability for household appliances induction cookers. The test is performed only on the air discharge method and to see the performance change, the power consumption measurement before and after discharge is applied. The test results show a decrease in measured power consumption by 3.5%. In ESD test, the air discharge is applied at some point specified that is power button, hot pot button, display and heatsink. The test results showed no degradation of performance or failure of function of induction cooker.

As an important part of the extended-range new-energy vehicle, the electromagnetic compatibility of the generator system will affect the overall performance of the vehicle. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct electromagnetic compatibility testing on the generator system, which includes two parts: electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic immunity. By implementing EMC testing of generators based on flexible loading equipment, we simulate the working state of the generator system during the real vehicle operation in the 3m anechoic chamber and evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility performance of the generator system. Flexible loading equipment can solve the adverse effects of large engine system volume, high noise, and exhaust emissions on the anechoic chamber environment in extended-range new-energy vehicles, and obtain real-time testing information of the generator system, achieving the standard requirements of quantifiable and evaluable test results.

As the operating frequency of integrated circuit (IC) is rapidly increased, the importance of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance test in the design stage of IC development process is becoming more significant. The new EMC test method, IC-Stripline enables fast and accurate EMC test with smaller form factor and lower cost compared with transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell which is the most widely used for radiated electromagnetic interference test at the moment. This paper presents the equivalent lumped-element circuit model to capture capacitive and inductive coupling between open version of IC-Stripline and an IC package. Also, the equations to calculate the circuit components with geometrical structure of IC-Stripline are proposed. The S-parameter results from presented circuit models are compared against those obtained by 3D EM solver. The presented models are very accurate up to 3 GHz which is the upper limit of effective frequency range of IC-Stripline described in IEC standards [1], [2]. Therefore, the proposed IC-Stripline models can be effectively used to predict radiated emission and immunity of ICs using circuit level simulation tools.

In recent years, promising results have been reported with the vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber (VIRC) combining performance and cost-efficiency for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements. This also makes it a potentially attractive solution for over-the-air (OTA) testing, which is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this article proposes the first systematic and thorough methodology to characterize the VIRC for use in EMC and OTA testing of wireless baseband algorithms of narrow-band single-input single-output channels. This methodology has been developed to measure and estimate the channel first- and second-order temporal and spectral characteristics taking into consideration the effect of different carrier frequencies, rotational speeds of VIRC motors, and loading conditions. It is then applied to a channel setup inside a VIRC for a preliminary investigation before the VIRC itself is fully characterized. It is shown that mounting an absorber in a specific location on the hatch significantly improves the rejection rate of the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test for Rician distribution without increasing the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula> -factor above <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 10 dB over the frequency range 755–2740 MHz in the VIRC under investigation. However, the proposed methodology has been devised to be universal to any reverberation chamber, and the obtained results can be used to improve EMC testing due to the better understanding of the unique VIRC environment.

Testing for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the clinical environment introduces a host of complex conditions not normally encountered under laboratory conditions. In the clinical environment, various radio-frequency (RF) sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) may be present throughout the entire spectrum of interest. Isolating and analyzing the impact from the sources of interference to medical devices involves a multidisciplinary approach based on training in, and knowledge of, the following: operation of medical devices and their susceptibility to EMI; RF propagation modalities and interaction theory; spectrum analysis systems and techniques (preferably with signature analysis capabilities) and calibrated antennas; the investigation methodology of suspected EMC problems, and testing protocols and standards. Using combinations of standard test procedures adapted for the clinical environment with personnel that have an understanding of radio-frequency behavior increases the probability of controlling, proactively, EMI in the clinical environment, thus providing for a safe and more effective patient care environment.

This paper reviews the typical design and production verification lifecycle of an EW receiver Line Replacement Unit (LRU) according to the military standards and conforming the hardware development processes. The verification lifecycle of such an LRU begins with the preliminary design review. Test design engineer is responsible for reviewing the requirements in terms of testability. In the next step test definitions for each requirement are prepared and test infrastructures including test software, cabling, test fixtures, mechanical fixtures, Automatic Test Equipment etc. are designed. Typical milestones of the verification tests are; –Functional tests in laboratory environment, –Environmental conditions tests according to standards such as MIL-STD-810 –Electromagnetic Compatibility tests according to the standards such as MIL-STD-461 After the corresponding tests on the prototype unit have been completed, the unit is ready for integration tests and the results of the conducted tests are reported in Hardware Test Report. Finally, the necessary production test infrastructure including test setup, test documentation, Environmental Stress Screening infrastructure are prepared by the same test design engineer for verifying the mass production units. Within this paper, for a typical EW receiver LRU, examples for the types of tests conducted, typical testing times, characteristics of the test setups, difficulties encountered during the whole testing activities are also given.

The use of the reverberation chamber for performing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests and antenna measurements is examined in this article. This kind of chamber exhibits a significant number of advantages compared to the other commonly used test sites. Its low cost, compact, and easily built structure simultaneously appears to host a very “convenient” electromagnetic environment inside the enclosure, with regard to the requirements that are posted by the standard that is followed during the EMC or any other type of test such as antenna measurements. More specifically, antenna radiation efficiency measurements prove to be satisfactorily performed through the use of a reverberating enclosure, as well as other antenna parameters (e.g., input impedance) tests. The basic characteristics of such a structure are presented with regard to the recently introduced IEC 61000‐4‐21 specification and studies available in the literature. The field uniformity requirements are being extensively described, as well as ways of improving the achieved uniformity. The field inside a reverberating enclosure is statistically characterized with the use of the models proposed in the literature, which are experimentally verified. The use of the reverberation chamber at relatively low frequencies is presented, together with its ability to store large amounts of energy. Finally, the different ways of operating a reverberation chamber are described with regard to which of its features is (are) needed for each instance. The whole presentation marks out the usefulness of the reverberation chamber for performing electromagnetic compatibility tests as well as antenna measurements.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) can be considered as the ability of the electromagnetic apparatus to function satisfactorily without interfering the others or being interfered by the others. Nowadays, Indonesian government have a big concern about the conformity of electromagnetic products to corresponding EMC standards. The EMC conformity becomes the main part of quality assurance and safety of products in Telkom Indonesia. This paper presents the EMC conformity of products in Telkom Indonesia from regulation and technical point of view. We conducted survey on the quo-vadis of EMC regulation in the country by communicating with some Quality Assurance laboratory. At the same time, we investigated the EMC conformity of some telecommunication products to find their quality by conducting EMC testing on them including radiated and conducted emission test. From our investigation it is realized that some product was not yet comply compare to the newest standard of EMC, especially CISPR 32. Conformity of EMC is mandatory in Telkom Indonesia's standard. Therefore EMC conformity is mandatory for products manufactured or imported for deployment in Telkom's operation. The biggest concern is about health issue from radio transmission coming from its radiated interference, hence most part of Telkom's apparatus was used radio frequency. Moreover, EMC testing showed that the products under testing are mostly conforming to EMC standards.

Release to service (RTS) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing of military aircraft in the United Kingdom (UK), can be traced back as far as 1932 concerning the effect of engine interference on an aircraft's communication systems. However, it was interference seen to aircraft weapons and electrical systems during operations from aircraft carriers in the 1960s that resulted in the significant expansion of the EMC assessment and test capabilities by QinetiQ (and its predecessor organizations) at Boscombe Down, and Farnborough, and by aircraft prime contractors. This paper describes the evolution of EMC test methods and facilities used to assess UK military aircraft from the 1960s, to the present and into the future, taking into account the advances in avionics technology and the associated challenges in assessing their suitability for RTS.