A Proposed Multi -Head Clustering Algorithm for VANET Environments

The integration of 5G and VANET will result in an intelligent transportation system. Relay of 5G data from mobile networks to VANET which is greatly underutilized can reduce the burden on mobile networks. Wireless technology has been used in vehicles or better known as the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). One of the keys to the success of sending data on VANET is the Path Selection Algorithm which is the task of the routing protocol. The routing protocol that is widely used in research in the VANET environment is AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), because among other protocols, AODV is the most suitable and suitable for implementation in the VANET environment, and AODV is also one of the reactive routing protocols. This study includes an increase in the performance of a routing protocol, so in this study, the SIN (Static Intersection Node) is added to the RSU (Road-Side Unit) which is located at an intersection. Which functions as a repeater that helps send data packets to other vehicles around it so that it can increase the Packet Delivery Ratio and minimize Packet Loss and End to End Delay. The focus of this research is to determine the most ideal Static Intersection Node position as well as the most effective number of Static Intersection Nodes.

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) is the technology that uses moving cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANETs turn every participating car into a wireless router, allowing cars of each other to connect and create a network with a wide range. VANETs are developed for enhancing the driving safety and comfort of automotive users. The VANETs can provide wide variety of service such as Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) e.g. safety applications. Many of safety applications built in VANETs are required real-time communication with high reliability. One of the main challenges is to avoid degradation of communication channels in dense traffic network. Many of studies suggested that appropriate congestion control algorithms are essential to provide efficient operation of the network. However, most of congestion control algorithms are not really applicable to event-driven safety messages. In this paper we propose congestion control algorithm as solution to prevent congestion in VANETs environment. We propose a complete validation method and analyse the performance of our congestion control algorithms for event-driven safety messages in difference congested scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed congestion control algorithm is evaluated through the simulation using Veins simulator.

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is an integrated approach being developed to exchange relevant information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a variant of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), is a core component of ITS. Performance of this smart ITS mainly owes to the design of efficient routing protocols in VANETs. Distinct features of VANETs like unsteady connectivity, high mobility and partitioning of the network have made routing of the information in VANETs difficult and challenging, hence dictating the development of efficient routing protocols. The computation of the best route measures the performance of communication whereas routing protocols takes care of communication & routing of the data. Provision of smart communication, necessitates the analysis of routing protocols in VANET. Accordingly in this paper we have reviewed various types of existing routing protocols in VANET, listing their advantages and disadvantages. Lastly possible inclinations of forthcoming research linked to VANET routing are discussed.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.

A comparative classification of information dissemination approaches in vehicular ad hoc networks from distinctive viewpoints: A survey

Since 2004, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is core technology of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), in which standardize the Wireless Access in Vehicle Environments (WAVE) based on IEEE 1609 and IEEE 802.11p. WAVE is a field of study to provide safety service and information to person such as driver and passenger. Recently, many researchers have been proposed resolution for high velocity and rapid topology change. However, it assume equal to packet size. Therefore, this assumption could not provide various services for VANETs due to limited data packet size. To do resolve this problem, in this paper, we analyzed transmission rate of differences data packet in VANETs environment and proposed future research about improving transmission method according to difference packet size.

A Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) is a type of mobile Peer-To-Peer wireless network that allows providing communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed roadside equipment. The lack of centralized infrastructure, high node mobility and increasing number of vehicles in VANETs result in several problems discussed in this paper, such as interrupting connections, difficult routing, security of communications and scalability. Existing system for VANET communication is proved to have several drawbacks. We have proposed a mechanism in order to provide secure and efficient communication in VANET environment. We overcome the drawbacks of the existing system by using Malicious Vehicular Analyzer algorithm and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Using these algorithms, malicious messages are identified. It also detects the accident and other problems in the path of the vehicles. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm is used for stronger security during communication.

Kinetic mobility management applied to vehicular ad hoc network protocols

ABSTRACTThe rapid advancements in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) call for development of effective networking schemes. Managing heterogenous traffic in VANETs becomes a critical challenge, especially when dealing with critical scenarios. In this paper, we present a novel dynamic fragmentation‐based MAC protocol, DFROG‐MAC for Internet of Things (IoT) applications in VANET environment. This protocol is focused on facilitating prioritised heterogenous traffic in sensor networks and hence, can offer a distinguished quality of service for various application areas such as vehicular, industrial or body sensor networks. DFROG‐MAC deploys fragmentation scheme for low priority data, so the high priority data may interrupt and access channel without needing to wait for the complete transmission of lower priority data. The fragment size for the lower priority data is dynamically adjusted at the runtime based on the frequency of urgent traffic arrival. This dynamic approach helps to ensure that the channel does not remain idle, and lower priority traffic could be served quickly, in the absence of urgent traffic. Two types of traffic priorities, normal and urgent have been used for performance evaluation of FROG‐MAC and DFROG‐MAC, over Contiki platform, with the scope of this study focused on vehicle‐to‐infrastructure (V2I) single‐hop communication. The delay and throughput both have been found to improve for DFROG‐MAC due to the possibility of dynamic fragment size selection.

VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) is a significant term in ITS (intelligent transportation systems). VANETs are also mentioned as ITN (intelligent transportation Networks), which are used to enhance road safety in growing technology. The connectivity of nodes is a challenging one because of its high mobility and the sparse network connectivity must be handled properly during its initial deployment of a VANET for avoiding accidents. Quality of service (QoS) in VANET becomes a significant term because of its increasing dare about unique features, like poor link quality, high mobility, and inadequate transporting distance. Routing is the foremost issue in the wireless ad hoc network, which is used to transmit data packets significantly. This paper provides a crucial review of the classification of existing QoS routing protocols, cross-layer design approach and classification, and various performance parameters used in QoS routing protocols. The corresponding cross-layer protocols are overviewed, followed by the major techniques in cross-layer protocol design. Moreover, VANET is presented with many exclusive networking research challenges in precise areas such as security, QoS, mobility, effective channel utilization, and scalability. Finally, the paper concluded by various comparison discussion, issues, and challenges of several routing protocols for VANET. No. of publications over the period from 2010 to 2019 in various scientific sources also showed in this review. This survey provided the technical direction for researchers on routing protocols for VANET using QoS.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are emerging to serve various types of applications for serving smart cities and intelligent transportation systems. There are several challenging factors for ensuring reliable and stable VANETs communications. VANETs clustering is essential functionality to serve routing protocols and in enable reliable VANETs. Clustering algorithms for VANETs operate in decentralized mode, which requires incorporating additional stages before deciding the clustering decisions and might create suboptimality due to the local nature of the decentralized approach. In addition, the challenging architecture of the road environment can cause confusing clustering decisions. This problem becomes more challenging due to the evolving nature of clusters in VANETs in general and in 3D VANETs in particular. This paper tackles the problem of 3D VANETs using a centralized clustering model based on the developed Cauchy density model. The development has included a traffic generation model, mobility model for generating driving behavior, and an algorithm for enabling modeling of road curvature based on an adjacency list that defines the road’s points that define a straight-line segment. In addition, a clustering algorithm that defines mobility vector and uses Cauchy-based density for enabling adding vehicles to their respective clusters. For evaluation, conducted scenarios in three locations with 3D architecture are considered, and a comparison with benchmarks shows the superiority of our developed over the benchmarks with an improvement percentage of 1%, 10%, and 3% for average cluster head duration, average cluster member duration, and clustering efficiency respectively.

As urban populations grow, cities face increasing challenges in developing transportation systems that are both efficient and secure. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide a promising solution by enabling real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, improving road safety and optimizing traffic flow. However, VANETs encounter issues related to data integrity, privacy, and scalability. The integration of blockchain technology offers a secure, decentralized framework for data sharing and identity verification. This chapter introduces a blockchain-enhanced VANET architecture that tackles these challenges by, Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus for VANETs, enabling vehicles and infrastructure nodes to share computational efforts with the help of collabrative mining. This approach addresses the resource constraints and real-time requirements typical in VANET environments. enhancing security, reducing traffic delays, and improving system resilience, offering a transformative approach to urban mobility.

The exploration of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) has garnered attention from scholars and businesses alike because of their changing structure and expected traffic flow patterns. VANETs offer an avenue to boost road safety by offering drivers up-to-the-minute updates and predictions regarding road conditions. As a version of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) VANETs consist of units that can communicate wirelessly and share information. This study explores elements of VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks) such, as structures and functions of networks connection points and the issues and methods used for guiding traffic efficiently to create a secure and dependable communication network system. Key indicators of performance like how many packets delivered (Packet Delivery Ratio. PDR) packet losses experienced during transmission processes are carefully analyzed to gauge the overall reliability of the system. Additionally, the research includes a comparison among routing strategies employed in VANET environments such as those based on network topology information or geographical location details, versus approaches centered around organized clusters of vehicles. Highlighting how these differ from methodologies typically seen in traditional cellular networks. This paper provides insights into how different routing protocols work in networking paradigms by examining different perspectives.