English

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

The exploration of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) has garnered attention from scholars and businesses alike because of their changing structure and expected traffic flow patterns. VANETs offer an avenue to boost road safety by offering drivers up-to-the-minute updates and predictions regarding road conditions. As a version of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) VANETs consist of units that can communicate wirelessly and share information. This study explores elements of VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks) such, as structures and functions of networks connection points and the issues and methods used for guiding traffic efficiently to create a secure and dependable communication network system. Key indicators of performance like how many packets delivered (Packet Delivery Ratio. PDR) packet losses experienced during transmission processes are carefully analyzed to gauge the overall reliability of the system. Additionally, the research includes a comparison among routing strategies employed in VANET environments such as those based on network topology information or geographical location details, versus approaches centered around organized clusters of vehicles. Highlighting how these differ from methodologies typically seen in traditional cellular networks. This paper provides insights into how different routing protocols work in networking paradigms by examining different perspectives.

The integration of 5G and VANET will result in an intelligent transportation system. Relay of 5G data from mobile networks to VANET which is greatly underutilized can reduce the burden on mobile networks. Wireless technology has been used in vehicles or better known as the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). One of the keys to the success of sending data on VANET is the Path Selection Algorithm which is the task of the routing protocol. The routing protocol that is widely used in research in the VANET environment is AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), because among other protocols, AODV is the most suitable and suitable for implementation in the VANET environment, and AODV is also one of the reactive routing protocols. This study includes an increase in the performance of a routing protocol, so in this study, the SIN (Static Intersection Node) is added to the RSU (Road-Side Unit) which is located at an intersection. Which functions as a repeater that helps send data packets to other vehicles around it so that it can increase the Packet Delivery Ratio and minimize Packet Loss and End to End Delay. The focus of this research is to determine the most ideal Static Intersection Node position as well as the most effective number of Static Intersection Nodes.

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the malicious messages and tampered messages threat other drivers' life or confuse the traffic order possibly. The anonymity has to be traceable when the law enforcement authority wants to figure out the accountabilities about the anonymity. We describe the problem that characterizes the privacy of VANETs and proposes a new anonymous key mechanism with a system architecture based on bilinear paring and elliptic curve cryptography which adapts to VANETs. The anonymous key pair generated by proposed anonymous key mechanism can realize basic security requirements, and protect identity privacy and location privacy in VANETs communication. The data storage cost can also be decreased when the numbers of node grows quickly.

In modern days, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was one of the rapidly escalating research areas. There were previously numerous ideas expected in this area, but the driving force in VANET was not completed yet. The various routing protocols and clustering algorithms used in VANET were not effectively concentrated on contamination drop in the environment. The day-to-day life demands additional vehicles with protection, but the greater part of us had not been accepted the reality to utilize additional vehicles with less contamination. In this paper, the ReGrouping (RG) technique is proposed, which condensed the fuel utilization of assorted vehicles in VANET. The CO2 emissions and traffic level in the scrupulous direction were reduced. VANET representation was urbanized using finite automata (FA). With the assistance of the FA model, the VANET is constructed. The proportional result between with RG technique and without RG technique was shown.KeywordsFinite automata RG technique Comparative result

Information dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is inseparable from the interaction between vehicles and infrastructure. The trust authority (TA) often plays a pivotal role in VANETs and requires interaction with multiple vehicles. However, when the TA sends the same message to multiple vehicles, there are many redundancies, as it needs to negotiate with each vehicle and send them different ciphertexts. This greatly reduces the work efficiency of the TA. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research on the problem of redundancy that occurs when the same message is sent to multiple vehicles in VANETs. The proposed scheme adopts identity-based broadcast encryption (IBBE) technology, which is a secure data-sharing scheme suitable for the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication mode, in VANETs for the first time. Thus, with only one encryption, the TA can generate a fixed-length ciphertext for a group of vehicles. When there are new vehicles that subsequently request a service, the TA can assign encryption tasks to the proxy server. In terms of security, our scheme meets the particular requirements of VANETs. The encryption overhead of the sender and the length of the ciphertext were comparatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the performance of the scheme improved significantly. Thus, our scheme can prevent redundancies and effectively improve the work efficiency of TA.

As urban populations grow, cities face increasing challenges in developing transportation systems that are both efficient and secure. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide a promising solution by enabling real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, improving road safety and optimizing traffic flow. However, VANETs encounter issues related to data integrity, privacy, and scalability. The integration of blockchain technology offers a secure, decentralized framework for data sharing and identity verification. This chapter introduces a blockchain-enhanced VANET architecture that tackles these challenges by, Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus for VANETs, enabling vehicles and infrastructure nodes to share computational efforts with the help of collabrative mining. This approach addresses the resource constraints and real-time requirements typical in VANET environments. enhancing security, reducing traffic delays, and improving system resilience, offering a transformative approach to urban mobility.

Clustering in vehicular ad hoc networks: Taxonomy, challenges and solutions

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) that are considered as a subset of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) can be applied in the field of transportation especially in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The routing process in these networks is a challenging task due to rapid topology changes, high vehicle mobility and frequent disconnection of links. Therefore, developing an efficient routing protocol that satisfies restriction of delay and minimum overhead is faced with many difficulties and limitations. Also, the detection of malicious vehicles is a significant task in VANETs. To address these issues, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be helpful to cope with these limitations. In this paper, operation of UAVs in ad hoc mode and their cooperation with vehicles in VANETs are studied to help in the process of routing and detection of malicious vehicles. A routing protocol named VRU is proposed that includes two distinct ways of routing of data: (1) delivering packets of data between vehicles with the help of UAVs using a protocol named VRU_vu, and (2) routing packet of data between UAVs using a protocol named VRU_u. The NS-2.35 simulator under Linux Ubuntu 12.04 is utilized in order to appraise the performance of VRU routing components in an urban scenario. Also, VanetMobiSim generator of mobility and MobiSim are used to produce the motions of vehicles and to produce the motions of UAVs, respectively. The performance analysis displays that VRU protocol can improve the packet delivery ratio by 16% and detection ratio by 7% compared to other reviewed routing protocol. Also, VRU protocol decreases end-to-end delay by an average of 13% and overhead by 40%.

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is drawing more and more attentions in intelligent transportation system to reduce road accidents and assist safe driving. However, due to the high mobility and uneven distribution of vehicles in VANETs, multi-hops communication between the vehicles is still particularly challenging. Considering the distinctive characteristics of VANETs, in this paper, an adaptive routing protocol based on reinforcement learning (ARPRL) is proposed. Through distributed Q-Learning algorithm, ARPRL constantly learns and obtains the fresh network link status proactively with the periodic HELLO packets in the form of Q table update. Therefore, ARPRL's dynamic adaptability to network changes is improved. Novel Q value update functions which take into account the vehicle mobility related information are designed to reinforce the Q values of wireless links by exchange of HELLO packets between neighbor vehicles. In order to avoid the routing loops caused in Q learning process, the HELLO packet structure is redesigned. In addition, reactive routing probe strategy is applied in the process of learning to speed up the convergence of Q learning. Finally, the feedback from the MAC layer is used to further improve the adaptation of Q learning to the VANETs environment. Through simulation experiment result, we show that ARPRL performs better than existing protocols in the form of average packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and number hops of route path while network overhead remains within acceptable ranges.

Many cryptography techniques have been used to protect the privacy of vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs). For example, the ring signature, one of the anonymous techniques by virtue of its unconditional anonymity, is widely used in VANETs for privacy protection. However, some of their cryptographic properties may have been weakened due to the characteristic of VANETs. In this paper, we study the impact of the influences of ring selection on the anonymity property of ring signature when applied to privacy protection in VANETs. Specifically, we introduce a novel ring selection attack aimed to compromise the anonymity of vehicles in VANETs. We then propose a ring selection algorithm based on the analysis of the ring selection attack. Furthermore, by taking the information entropy as the privacy metric, we develop a privacy analytic model to quantitatively investigate the privacy level achieved in the solution. Finally, the analytical results indicate that better privacy protection can be achieved when selecting ring members according to our ring selection algorithm.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) are the promising approach to provide safety and other beneficial applications to the drivers as well as passengers. It is recognized as an essential component of intelligent transport system. In this paper, we have discussed about some security attacks in vehicular Ad hoc Network. We have also discussed about some solutions that can be implemented against these attacks. Life saving characteristics of VANET has attracted the industry and researchers. In VANET vehicles are nodes so they have no fixed infrastructure. It serves safe and non safe application in wireless medium which makes it venerable to several attacks. Keywords: VANET characteristics, Overview of attacks, Solutions.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a wireless ad hoc network which is created among vehicles, road side units (RSU) and regional trusted authorities. It provides inter-vehicle communications as well as communication between vehicles and RSUs. An authentication framework has been proposed in order to establish secure communication in VANET environment. Privacy of the vehicles has to be ensured in the network, which avoids misuse of private data. Self-generated public key cryptography based pseudo IDs are used instead of original IDs of vehicles for privacy preservation. The proposed scheme uses id-based signature (IBS) and ID-based online/offline signature (IBOOS) scheme for authentication purpose. Communication between vehicles and RSUs are authenticated using IBS scheme and IBOOS scheme authenticates communication between vehicles. By using these schemes, communication among vehicles under different RSUs and RTAs are also authenticated. Security attacks based on authentication like impersonation attack, Sybil attack are also resolved and the malicious nodes are isolated from the network. Vehicle-to-vehicle authentication without RSUs is also carried out by using RSA algorithm. Finally, the performance of the system is compared with recent schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides secure communication among vehicles in the network with less communication and computation overhead.