A Review on Security-Based Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A survey on authentication schemes in VANETs for secured communication

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) which provides the safety measure and other different applications to the drivers of the vehicles. The goal of VANET is to fulfil the requirements of users on roadside area, which improves the safe and comfortable journey. Secure routing is the main issue in VANET. Dynamic topology and wireless networking makes the VANET vulnerable to numerous sorts of attacks. Wormhole is one of the extreme assaults in VANET. This type of attack disturbs the working of routing protocol such as Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The motivation of this research work is that by using proposed detection and prevention approach the VANET can be made more secure. The results show how the performance of AODV routing protocol is affected by wormhole. In this research paper the impact of wormhole attack is analysed in terms of throughput, packer delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. An approach is also proposed to detect and prevent wormhole attack in VANET over a real map on different vehicle densities based on multipath concept.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are based on network technology where cars act as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANETs, routing protocols have a significance regarding the overall network performance since they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. Most of the protocols proposed for VANETs are adapted from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. However, due to the specific characteristics of VANETs, especially high mobility, and dynamic topology, the routing protocols in ad hoc networks do not adapt immediately to VANETs. Therefore, secure routing of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) against attacks, which are of various types, is still a challenging issue. This paper is going to present a synthesis of the most relevant protocols that have addressed the secure routing issue in VANETs. It also establishes a comparison regarding the offered features and the studied performance aspects through which it is notified that a security mechanism depends not only on the level of efficiency but also on the network constraints.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a critical factor for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). Even though VANET belongs to the class of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), none of the MANET routing protocol applies to VANET. VANET network is dynamic, due to increased vehicle speed and mobility. Vehicle mobility of VANET affects conventional routing algorithm performance, which deals with the dynamicity of the network node. The evaluation of the existing research stated that Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an effective MANET protocol to adopt network changes for significant resource utilization and also provides effective adaptation in the network change. Due to the effective performance of the AODV protocol, it is considered as an effective routing protocol for VANET. This paper proposed an ad hoc TROPHY (TAD-HOC) routing protocol for the VANET network for increasing efficiency and effective resource utilization of the network. To improve the overall performance, ad hoc network is combined with Trustworthy VANET ROuting with grouP autHentication keYs (TROPHY) protocol. The proposed TAD-HOC protocol transmits data based on time demand in the VANET network with the desired authentication. Results of the proposed approach show the increased performance of the VANET network with packet delay, transmission range, and end-to-end delay. The comparative analysis of the proposed approach with I-AODV, AODV-R, and AODV-L shows that the proposed TAD-HOC exhibited effective performance.

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) is a subcategory of Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) which is one of the popular emerging research areas. On one side increase in the number of vehicles, and on the other side due to the presence of communication unit i.e. On Board Unit (OBU) in vehicles helped in the creation of a new network called as VANET. VANET is becoming so popular that it is widely used for different applications that may be safety or non-safety applications. An effective routing protocol is required for the efficient use of VANET for different applications which can optimize different generic parameters of VANET like end-to-end delay, number of hops, etc. Altough multiple paths exist between a source and a destination but the routing protocols evaluate a single path for the transmission of information packets based on parameters like shortest distance towards the destination, density of vehicles, number of hops, etc. Different swarm intelligence techniques like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), etc. can be used in VANET to optimize the parameters used in the routing protocol. In this chapter, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is used to establish multiple routes between nodes which is vital in the network where network connectivity is random and is frequently changing. This also helps in the parallel transmission of packets in multi-path which reduces end-to-end delay. For this proposed work, a variation of end-to-end delay with respect to transmission distance and a number of vehicles is compared with the existing VANET routing protocol i.e. Geographic Source Routing (GSR), Anchor based Street Traffic Aware Routing (A-STAR). The comparison shows that the proposed work performs better as compared to GSR and A-STAR. To implement multi-path routes MongoDB—an open source distributed database is used and the corresponding operation on the database is implemented using node-red. Selection of effective route and intermediate hop for the transmission of emergency information is essential. The optimized route in VANET not only saves the overall transmission time but also reduces the end-to-end delay. For the optimization of route and number of hops in VANET, another swarm intelligence technique i.e. Particle Swarm Intelligence (PSO) can be used through which the transmission of emergency information with optimum delay is proposed.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special form of wireless networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) work poorly in VANETs. As communication links break more frequently in VANETs than in MANETs, the routing reliability of such highly dynamic networks needs to be paid special attention. To date, very little research has focused on the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the evolving graph theory to model the VANET communication graph on a highway. The extended evolving graph helps capture the evolving characteristics of the vehicular network topology and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose an evolving graph-based reliable routing scheme for VANETs to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new algorithm is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET evolving graph from the source to the destination. We demonstrate, through the simulation results, that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms the related protocols in the literature.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) are key to realizing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Although VANETs belong to the class of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), and there are numerous routing protocols for MANETs, none of these protocols are applicable for VANETs. In particular, VANETs are highly dynamic due to high speed mobility of vehicles and traditional routing algorithms for MANETs cannot deal with such dynamicity of network nodes. Several comparative studies have suggested AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), a well known MANET protocol that is adaptive to dynamic changes in network and makes efficient utilization of network resources, to be the best candidate for dealing with VANETs. However, verbatim adoption of AODV is not an efficient routing solution for VANETs. Recent works therefore proposed various modifications and/or additions to AODV to make it suitable for VANETs. It is particularly important to control congestion in VANETs by efficiently dealing with the AODV "Route Request" (RREQ) packets. In this paper, we propose Pro-AODV (Proactive AODV), a protocol that uses information from the AODV routing table to minimize congestion in VANETs, yet sustains other performance metrics at acceptable levels. The novelty and elegance in Pro-AODV comes from the fact that it does not require the execution of any additional logic, it is sufficient to know only the size of the routing table at each node.

A stable and reliable routing mechanism for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an important step toward the provision of long data transmission applications, such as file sharing and music download. Traditional mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols are not suitable for VANET because the mobility model and environment of VANET are different from those of traditional MANET. To solve this problem, we proposed a new stable routing algorithm, called stable directional forward routing. The novelty of the proposed routing protocol is its combining direction broadcast and path duration prediction into ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocols, which including: (1) Nodes in VANET are grouped based on the position, only nodes in a given direction range participating in the route discovery process to reduce the frequency of flood requests, (2) Route selection is based on the link duration while not the hops or other metrics to increase the path duration, (3) Route discovery is executed before the path expiration in order to decrease the end to end delay. The performance of the new scheme is evaluated through extensive simulations with Qualnet. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of decreasing routing control packet, reducing the number of link-breakage events, improving the packet delivery ratio and decreasing the end-to-end delay.

Kinetic mobility management applied to vehicular ad hoc network protocols

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an extension to Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) technology. VANET differs from MANET because it contains high mobility of nodes and large scale of networks. In this paper, real-time maps of certain areas in Shah Alam had been chosen and edited using JAVA Open Street Map editor (JOSM). Mobility Model Generator for VANET (MOVE) and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) are used to create the scenarios and traffics for urban and rural area network. The simulation is done in NS-2 with DSRC and Wi-Fi Direct standard using AODV routing protocol to evaluate various Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) for the selected areas. The main discoveries of this paper are that the throughput and end-to-end delay increases as the number of mobile nodes increases. PDR does not get affected by the number of mobile nodes but instead depends on other factors including coverage of standards and traffic pattern. To summarize, VANET in rural scenario gives better performance as compared to the urban scenario.

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

Ad hoc network is sub-domain of network communication in which user communicates with each other by temporarily network without any centralized network administration. Each node acts as node as well as router to forward data packets on the basis of routing protocols. Wireless communication is the most research oriented era now days; most importantly in the field of vehicular ad hoc network. VANET is the sub-ordinate of the Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET). Efficient routing protocols play vital role in ad hoc networks in terms of network reliability and network performance. Routing in VANET is the most important and challenging research issue. Mostly MANET routing protocols used in the VANET, but usually MANET routing protocols are not compatible within VANET's scenario due to its mobility differences. In this research we validate a VANET routing protocol GeoWave for better information dissemination to overcome the traffic blockage and which will reduce the Carbon Dioxide (CO) of the Vehicles in the large congested urban area scenario. We use well-known network simulator Omnet++ and SUMO traffic generator to simulate the network environment.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is fastest growing technology that ensure safe and efficient road traffic management. Mobility management is the main challenge in VANET. So, adaptive and stable routing protocol is a vital issue in VANET technology. Cluster-based VANET is getting more attention day by day. However, finding a solution that ensure longer lifetime of a moving vehicle in a cluster is essential. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol for cluster-based VANET called central lane-based lifetime routing (CLLTR) to improve the quality of services. In the CLLTR scheme, to ensure the longer lifetime in cluster the cluster heads (CHs) should be selected from the central lane of the road. Because, the central lane cars will travel longer distance, i. e., lifetime will be larger, than other lane cars as the shape of the cluster is circular. Here, the CHs will also act as a gateway node of the clusters. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed CLLTR scheme. Results confirm that the proposed CLLTR scheme provides better stability than the conventional cluster-based life time routing (CBLTR) schemes of VANET.