A secure and energy-efficient stochastic routing protocol for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has emerged as the self organized wire less interconnection for the various applications in random topology. As most of the multimedia applications require strict QoS guarantee during the communication between a single source and multiple destinations. How ever, achieving reliable multicast transmission in MANET is crucial due to the dynamic network topology caused by the node mobility. This gives rise to the need for an efficient multicast routing strategy. This paper proposes a novel scheme PBMRP-BR (position-based Multicast Routing Protocol for Ad-hoc Network Using Backpressure Restoration) for efficient transmission of multimedia applications in Ad-hoc Network, which provides priorities for routing based on Distance of path, Load at the node (ie, traffic) and queue length at the node(ie, bandwidth). It also keeps the path information including bandwidth resources of each node for routing decisions. The problem of the link failure in the channel during the call in progress thus lead in the degradation of the QoS (Quality of Service).To deal this we are using a Backpressure Technique The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm is able to find a better solution, fast convergence speed and high reliability. The simulation results shows the proposed PBMRP-BR protocol achieve the above objectives and gives the batter results than previous schemes like DSR for the maintenance of overheads and the path reliability. Our proposed scheme will improve the bandwidth utilization by reducing the congestion in the Adhoc wireless network.

In this paper, we propose a Route Stability-based Direction Guided Routing protocol(RSDGR) in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The main features and contributions of the proposed routing protocol are as follows. First, it can calculate link stability between two nodes as well as route stability of multi hop quantitatively by using nodes` mobility. And this protocol can establish the most stable path between a source node and a destination node. Second, according to the route stability between a source node and a destination node, it can control and optimize the direction guided region dynamically for route setup. Third, we suggest theoretical model for quantitative calculation of link stability between two nodes and route stability of multi hop path. The performance evaluation of the proposed routing protocol is performed by simulation using OPNET(Optimized Network Engineering Tool) and theoretical analysis. The results of performance evaluation show that the patterns of PDR are similar in simulation and analysis according to route stability. The faster mobile nodes` velocity and the smaller source node`s direct guided reigion, the lower route stability and PDR and the higher delay and control overhead related to this.

Problem statement: A Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) operate in environments without infrastructures with an undefined network size. Most routing protocols of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) were studied using open space models where nodes were able to move throughput the entire simulation area. However, a more realistic topology should account for restricted mobility of nodes, such as in an urban city setting where there may be concentrations of nodes within specific areas (such as within buildings) and low density of nodes in other areas (such as in parks and roadways). Consequently, the simulation area should be partitioned into smaller sub-areas with varying densities to model such topologies, called spare/dense topologies. Approach: This study characterized the effect of spare/dense topologies on MANET routing performance and proposes an extension for an existing routing protocol to work in such topologies. Results: The proposed protocol improved the performance of MANETs by reducing the communication overhead incurred during the routing processes by implementing a new broadcast algorithm. The proposed broadcast algorithm was based on the density and connectivity of the nodes and not just the number of nodes. Conclusion: Compared with simple flooding, the proposed algorithm can improve the saved broadcast up to 50% without affecting reach ability, even under conditions of high mobility and density.

The prime characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) are infrastructure free, absence of centralized authority and dynamic nature of nodes which are more vulnerable to security attacks. Reliability and security are prime issues to protect information and nodes in a network during communication which has received more research interest in designing a dynamic secured routing scheme. QoS is set of service requirement that needs to be satisfied by the network during the data transmission in the network. From the perception of QoS best effort protocols ensure optimum network operation in a unpredictable mobile environment. The multimedia applications are intolerable towards delay and reliability which are the features of mobile network, hence the potentials of MANET were not utilized in multimedia applications. These issues of delay and reliability of packet transmission in MANET are contributed by stability of the communication link even during the mobility of the nodes Its a necessity to analyze the performance of various secured routing protocols based on the stability of the communication link in case of mobility of nodes during data transfer. This paper is focused on a comparative study of various secured reactive routing protocols in MANET signifying the connectivity stability during the mobility of the nodes.

In recent times, the interest for different multimedia applications such as video conferencing, surveillance system, and video on request service over Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) has been developing quickly. However, it is difficult for data transmission by satisfying end to-end delay requirements and security issues are distinct in MANETs because every node can act as the gateway, the topology is constantly changing, energy constrained operation and lack of centralized administration. Secure transmission without node failure in MANETs is an important issue. In order to rectify these traps, this article presents key-policy attribute based encryption (KP-ABE) to provide packet security from malicious clients and adaptive Routing Information Protocol next generation (RIPng) to identify the optimal path among autonomous energy constrained nodes by which routing overhead is reduced and it requires less communication cost during packet transmission. This novel method utilizes reliability matrix and connectivity matrix to identify the routes rather than the commonly utilized hop count thus minimizing time. Hence, a secure path is discovered with minimum time thus rectifying the issues in existing works. In addition to this, priority based scheduling operation is performed to organize packet according to their weights. The performance of the proposed scheme is surveyed with respect to different evaluation metrics in different node density levels and also under different routing attacks. The obtained result clearly describes the introduced scheme that provides adaptable and feasible decision to select the route that meets the security requirement of data packets transmission in MANET’s environment.

The rapid surge of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) stimulates the need for adaptive, intelligent, and secure routing mechanisms to ensure seamless communication in dynamic environments. Traditional routing protocols are battling with security threats such as wormhole attacks that disrupt routing and degrade network performance. To address these challenges, this study outlines a state-of-the-art technique, the Reinforcement Learning-Based Secure Routing Protocol (RLSRP), which leverages adaptive k-hop clustering and deep Q-Networks (DQN) to fine-tune routing decisions dynamically while mitigating security risks. RLSRP unwaveringly measures network condition by evaluating latency variations and anomalies to spot suspicious nodes, thereby enhancing route stability. The protocol implements zone-related clustering where nodes within each zone collaborate to optimise routing paths based on real-time conditions, ensuring energy-efficient communication. Current research investigated deep reinforcement learning methodologies to improve security in zone-related MANETs and ensure efficient data routing in large-scale environments. A detailed simulation-based evaluation depicts the potency of the proposed RLSRP model when compared with other reinforcement learning-based routing protocols. Using a large-scale setup–scaling up to 10 million nodes–with Dask and TensorFlow, the results show that RLSRP consistently outperforms FSSAM, Cluster-RL, and Reputation-based Q-learning in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (exceeding 99%), reduced latency, and improved energy efficiency. These findings reported RLSRP as a secure and scalable solution for practical MANET routing.

Power control algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are structure less, autonomous wireless networks with mobile nodes that dynamically establish data transmission connections. Due to dynamic topological change, MANET routes are unbalanced and break repeatedly. Hence, providing efficient and reliable data delivery with effective utilization of network resources is a challenging issue to be considered in MANET. This paper proposes an instant-runoff Ranked Decision Forests Probit Regression-based Connectionist Multilayer Deep Neural Network (IRDFPR-CMDNN) for efficient data transmission and higher data delivery with a minimum end-to-end delay. This IRDFPR-CMDNN method performs route identification, data delivery, and route maintenance with more than three layers. Then the mobile nodes are sent to the input layer of the Connectionist Multilayer Deep Neural Network. In hidden layer 1, the Instant-runoff Ranked Decision Forests algorithm is applied for classifying the mobile nodes depending on the residual energy and load capacity. With selected mobile nodes, the Probit Regression is applied for finding the nearest neighboring nodes in the second hidden layer based on the link quality and received signal strength for route path establishment. Then multiple paths for routing are established from source to destination node and start to perform the data transmission. If link failure occurs during the data transmission, another alternative route with better link quality is selected for routing. In this way, energy-efficient data transmission is performed from source to destination with a higher data delivery rate and minimal time consumption. Experimental evaluation is carried out on energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, packet drop rate, throughput, and end-to-end delay with varying numbers of mobile nodes and data packets. Simulation results show that the IRDFPR-CMDNN technique effectively enhances data delivery, throughput and minimizes energy consumption, packet loss rate, delay with respect to conventional methods.

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without using any centralized access point, infrastructure, or centralized administration of the mobile networks .Data transmission between two nodes requires multiple hops as nodes transmission range is limited in Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's). Mobility of the networks nodes to makes the situation even more complicated in wireless networks. Multiple routing protocols find optimized routes from a source to some destination. This articles presents performance analysis of three different routing protocols AODV, DSR and ZRP. This article mainly focuses on comparing the performance analysis of three routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANET's). We have used QualNet Simulator 5.0.3 from Scalable Networks to perform the simulations. Performance analysis of AODV, DSR and ZRP is evaluated based on Average end to end delay(s), TTL based hop count and Average Jitters(s), throughput (bits/s) in Mobile ad hoc networks.

The field that is the key issue of wire, wireless environment is security and many routing protocols are studied also at the ad-hoc network. In the mobile ad-hoc network which has no fixed base structure, the weakest point is security. This paper analyzed AODV protocol, which is a routing protocol, the important routing protocol in ad-hoc network, so that it can overcome the problem in security threats. It used the lightest and fastest message authentication code, so was able to design rather safer AODV routing protocol.

In Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), the nodes consist of a wireless transmitter and receiver for communication. The nodes can move around easily within the range of the network. These nodes transfer the information through base stations. It does not take many cables for connection. This wireless network works too easily and rapidly compared to the wired network. Various sensor nodes are associated with MANET and it acquires limited energy source and memory capabilities. This research addressed these disadvantages by using novel techniques in MANET. The main aim is to increase the detection range of sensors remaining nodes when nodes fall in premature death, to prevent the formation of holes in the supply network of wireless sensors. In this research work, utilized the Expectation Maximization approach for uneven clustering and cluster head selection that aims to decrease energy consumption in the data transmission process that contributes to the highest energy consumption in MANET. Experiments proved that the proposed method achieved better results when compared with other algorithms with respect to various performance metrics.

As wireless communication gains popularity, significant research has been devoted to supporting real-time transmission with stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for wireless applications. At the same time, a wireless hybrid network that integrates a mobile wireless ad hoc network (MANET) and a wireless infrastructure network has been proven to be a better alternative for the next generation wireless networks. By directly adopting resource reservation-based QoS routing for MANETs, hybrids networks inherit invalid reservation and race condition problems in MANETs. How to guarantee the QoS in hybrid networks remains an open problem. In this paper, we propose a QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol (QOD) to enhance the QoS support capability of hybrid networks. Taking advantage of fewer transmission hops and anycast transmission features of the hybrid networks, QOD transforms the packet routing problem to a resource scheduling problem. QOD incorporates five algorithms: 1) a QoS-guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm to meet the transmission delay requirement, 2) a distributed packet scheduling algorithm to further reduce transmission delay, 3) a mobility-based segment resizing algorithm that adaptively adjusts segment size according to node mobility in order to reduce transmission time, 4) a traffic redundant elimination algorithm to increase the transmission throughput, and 5) a data redundancy elimination-based transmission algorithm to eliminate the redundant data to further improve the transmission QoS. Analytical and simulation results based on the random way-point model and the real human mobility model show that QOD can provide high QoS performance in terms of overhead, transmission delay, mobility-resilience, and scalability.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) comprise of independent ambulant nodes with no any stable infrastructure. All mobile nodes are co-operatively transfer their data packets to different mobile nodes in the network. Mobile nodes are depends on intermediate nodes when transmission range beyond limit i.e. multi hop network. As MANET is a highly dynamic network, mobile nodes can leave and join a network at anytime. Security is the biggest issue in MANET as MANET is infrastructure-less and autonomous. In MANET, correspondence between two mobile nodes is performed by routing protocols wherein every versatile node can make directly communication with other versatile node. In the event that both portable nodes are inside a transmission range of each other, then they can straightforwardly make communication with each other. Otherwise, transmission is done through the intermediate node. The nature of its wireless nature is also additionally turns into the purpose of its greatest vulnerability. In this manner, diminishing the confidence level of the system as it appropriate to availability, integrity, reliability and privacy concerns. There are different routing protocols for providing security that are designed based on various cryptographic techniques. To obtain a rapid knowledge of security design, we are giving a review on different cryptographic techniques to secure MANET. In this review, we presents security techniques and protocols related to cryptographic techniques.

In this paper, we propose a power saving strategy in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The presented strategy uses the combination of the following two ideas such as the direction guided transmission for the information transmission using a directional antenna and the receive antenna diversity with maximal ratio combining technique. The numerical results show the transmission power can be reduced to 22.47*(N-1) dB, where N mobile nodes within the direction guided transmission area have directional transmit antennas with the half-power beamwidth of radian and two branch receiving diversity in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks.

Geomulticast is a specialized location-dependent multicasting technique, where messages are multicasted to some specific user groups within a specific area [1]. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for supporting geomulticast service based on route stability in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The main features and contributions of the proposed method are as follows. First, we present a direction guided routing method that can reduce control overhead for construction of routes and improve data transmission efficiency. Second, we introduce how to calculate and evaluate link stability between two nodes as well as route stability of multi-hop quantitatively by using nodes’ mobility. Third, we can establish the most stable path by using those two information, link stability and route stability, between a source node and a representative node as well as a representative node and candidate destination nodes within some specific region in order to deliver packets with reliability, reduced overhead, and improved data transmission efficiency. Fourth, a route stability model is presented. We evaluate the proposed routing protocol by using OPNET. The results show that the proposed routing can support the geomulticast services effectively in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks.