A Stable On-Demand Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Weight-Based Strategy

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are self-configured and self-maintained network without any central authority. In MANET the route discovery from source node to destination node is a critical issue due to frequent changes in network topology and mobility of nodes. The MANET consists of problems such as load balancing, scalability, stability, reliability security and robustness. It is therefore necessary to check node stability with respect to node mobility and Bandwidth during path establishment. The Scalable Multipath On-demand Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (SMORT) is suitable for Scalability only. The proposed protocol is an advanced version of SMORT which includes additional stability factor. This paper presents a new multipath routing protocol, stable and scalable on-demand routing for mobile ad hoc networks which improves the lifetime of the network and improves the performance.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network that consists of mobile wireless terminals without the aid of the base station. It is expected that MANETs are utilized for various purpose such as traffic jam information announce for vehicles and safety confirmation system in the disaster. Each MANET uses a routing protocol adaptive for the purpose of use. Therefore, utilizing the common routing protocol for multiple MANETs is difficult, and each MANET uses a different routing protocol. In this paper, we propose an Autonomous Clustering based Inter-Domain Routing protocol to communicate between different MANETs. Because of the autonomous clustering, the proposed inter-domain routing scheme can adaptively change the network gateways between MANETs according to the network topology change.

By the enormous increase in mobile nodes and diverse service requests on wireless networks, wireless mesh network(WMN) takes an interest as the solution for such requests. However, lots of issues which should be solved to deploy WMN are still remained. In the network layer, the performance improvement of routing protocols is the major issue of nowadays researches. WMN can be easily deployed by use of protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks(MANET) because it is much similar with MANET in multi-hop wireless routing and which node plays as host and router concurrently. Unfortunately, most routing protocols for MANET have drawbacks such as large traffic overhead and long delay time for route discovery due to the network extension. They are major factors of performance degradation of WMN and most researches are focused on them. In this paper, domain-based AODV which is amended AODV to be applied in hybrid WMN is proposed. The proposed scheme divides a hybrid WMN as several domains and performs route discovery by header layer domain. Therefore it can reduce the distance for route discovery as much as average hop count between domain header and member nodes. From the simulation, domain-based AODV was showed slowly increasing delay time due to the network extension.

Designing mobility and power aware routing protocols have made the main focus of the early contributions to the field of Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs). However, almost all conventional routing protocols for MANETs suffer from their lack of adaptivity leading to their performance degradation under varying network conditions. In fact, this is due to both simplistic conception hypotheses they made about the network and to the use of some prefixed parameters in protocols implementations. Currently, artificial intelligence methods like Reinforcement Learning (RL) are widely used to design adaptive routing strategies for MANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of RL-based routing protocols for MANETs. Besides, we propose some future research directions in this area.

As technology progresses, networking undergoes continuous evolution to align with contemporary trends. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a pivotal technology facilitating communication among mobile nodes sans a central administering node. MANETs find diverse applications spanning communication networks to battlefield scenarios. Nonetheless, MANETs encounter various challenges, including load balancing, energy efficiency, packet loss, and connection failures. Routing, among these challenges, assumes a pivotal role in defining network performance and connectivity capacity within MANETs. Moreover, the energy consumption of mobile nodes, often reliant on batteries with limited rechargeability, presents a significant concern in MANETs. This paper delves into diverse techniques devised to tackle the issues of energy efficiency and load balancing in MANETs. Additionally, it offers a comparative analysis to consolidate the survey findings. The outcomes of this study enrich our comprehension of energy-efficient and load-balanced routing protocols in MANETs, thereby facilitating the design and deployment of efficient networking solutions.

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are consists of mobile devices connected wirelessly. Mobile nodes in MANET are applicable of routing functionality, where messages are forwarded in a multi-hop fashion. In such a communication scheme a routing protocol play an important role in the network performances. The wireless connectivity and node mobility in MANET networks contributes in rapid topological changes, which brings the need for a channel aware routing protocol. To overcome this problem, many channel aware routing metrics are proposed in the literature, however these routing metrics are either utilizing the shared bandwidth to measure the link quality, or they implies less awareness to the link quality. This paper proposed a SNR-based routing metric for Dynamic Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol. This paper starts by investigate and compare the performance among common routing protocols in MANET. Secondly a cross layer approach is proposed for the new routing metric. Simulation scenarios are used for the work of the paper. The new metrics is implemented in one of the MANET common routing protocols DSDV module in MONET++. The results show that SNR-based DSVD improves the performance of the MANET in terms of throughput and delay.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have witnessed an increasing amount of interest during the last decade. Hosts (or nodes) within the network are mobile, and each node is equipped with a short range transmitter and receiver, antenna, and local power supply. Nodes then operate as a router to relay messages from the sender to the receiver, and they can be organised into different topologies; for example: they can be flat or hierarchical, they can move in any direction and speed, and they can communicate with each other through wireless routing protocols. More recently, systems based on Ultra-WideBand (UWB) technology have become a promising candidate in application to MANETs. This is mainly due to their powerful capabilities, such as their high data rates and low power consumption, and although many routing protocols have been designed for ad-hoc networks, few have considered their application to UWB based MANETs. This paper presents a review of different types of wireless routing protocols for MANETs with a concluding emphasis on their application to UWB based systems.

Recently developments in the field of telecommuni-cations and network technology has been formed new paradigm shift in defense weapon system. The military also developing the Tactical Information Communication Network (TICN) system to meet the changing aspects of these wars. To equip its function from the battlefield, TICN system have to be received real-time information from the battlefield troop, and the key technologies that support these features is MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) routing protocol. In this paper, basis on the tactical environment of small combat units, by studying on the MANET routing protocol that can be transmitted in real time & reliable information, suggest efficient routing protocol in tactical MANET that can be applicable to advanced digital battlefield.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure. The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequate network topology, link loss, and increase the re-initialization of the route discovery process. Route planning in MANET is a multi-hop communication process due to the restricted transmission range of the nodes. Location aided routing (LAR) is one of the effective routing protocols in MANET which suffers from the issue of high energy consumption. Though few research works have focused on resolving energy consumption problem in LAR, energy efficiency still remains a major design issue. In this aspect, this study introduces an energy aware metaheuristic optimization with LAR (EAMO-LAR) protocol for MANETs. The EAMO-LAR protocol makes use of manta ray foraging optimization algorithm (MRFO) to help the searching process for the individual solution to be passed to the LAR protocol. The fitness value of the created solutions is determined next to pass the solutions to the objective function. The MRFO algorithm is incorporated into the LAR protocol in the EAMO-LAR protocol to reduce the desired energy utilization. To ensure the improved routing efficiency of the proposed EAMO-LAR protocol, a series of simulations take place. The resultant experimental values pointed out the supreme outcome of the EAMO-LAR protocol over the recently compared methods. The resultant values demonstrated that the EAMO-LAR protocol has accomplished effectual results over the other existing techniques.