Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a type of wireless ad hoc network which is a self-arranging network of mobile nodes connected by wireless links that create a discretionary topology. The mobile nodes are free to move randomly and to arrange themselves in a random manner. Thus, the wireless ad hoc network topology may expand rapidly and unpredictably. In Mobile ad hoc networks, the routing protocol plays an important role for improving Quality of Service (QoS). There are many different types of routing protocols such as reactive, proactive, and hybrid. In reactive routing protocol, AODV is a one which establishes routes on-demand, as they are needed. In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol called Reverse Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (R-AODV) routing which reduces route path fail correction messages and gives better performance than the original AODV routing protocol with respect to set of performance metric such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, and overhead under different pause time. We designed the R-AODV routing protocol and implemented with certain simulation parameters using Network Simulator (NS-2) tool. The performance analysis of routing protocol designed for wireless networks has been very challenging. Hence, simulations are always utilized to obtain the desired performance results.

Routing protocol is the primary strategy to design any wireless network. In Mobile AdHoc Network many routing protocols are present for sending packets from source to destination. Routing protocols in Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) are reactive routing protocols, proactive routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols. Performance analysis of different routing protocols is the major step before selecting the routing protocol. Routing protocols perform different under different traffic conditions in different environments. In this paper, the TCP and UDP based performance analysis is carried out in reactive routing protocols and proactive routing protocols with different packet size using NS2 simulator under different traffic conditions. The delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio are common measures parameters used for the comparison of performance of reactive protocols and proactive protocols.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are consists of mobile devices connected wirelessly. Mobile nodes in MANET are applicable of routing functionality, where messages are forwarded in a multi-hop fashion. In such a communication scheme a routing protocol play an important role in the network performances. The wireless connectivity and node mobility in MANET networks contributes in rapid topological changes, which brings the need for a channel aware routing protocol. To overcome this problem, many channel aware routing metrics are proposed in the literature, however these routing metrics are either utilizing the shared bandwidth to measure the link quality, or they implies less awareness to the link quality. This paper proposed a SNR-based routing metric for Dynamic Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol. This paper starts by investigate and compare the performance among common routing protocols in MANET. Secondly a cross layer approach is proposed for the new routing metric. Simulation scenarios are used for the work of the paper. The new metrics is implemented in one of the MANET common routing protocols DSDV module in MONET++. The results show that SNR-based DSVD improves the performance of the MANET in terms of throughput and delay.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network that consists of mobile wireless terminals without the aid of the base station. It is expected that MANETs are utilized for various purpose such as traffic jam information announce for vehicles and safety confirmation system in the disaster. Each MANET uses a routing protocol adaptive for the purpose of use. Therefore, utilizing the common routing protocol for multiple MANETs is difficult, and each MANET uses a different routing protocol. In this paper, we propose an Autonomous Clustering based Inter-Domain Routing protocol to communicate between different MANETs. Because of the autonomous clustering, the proposed inter-domain routing scheme can adaptively change the network gateways between MANETs according to the network topology change.

As technology progresses, networking undergoes continuous evolution to align with contemporary trends. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a pivotal technology facilitating communication among mobile nodes sans a central administering node. MANETs find diverse applications spanning communication networks to battlefield scenarios. Nonetheless, MANETs encounter various challenges, including load balancing, energy efficiency, packet loss, and connection failures. Routing, among these challenges, assumes a pivotal role in defining network performance and connectivity capacity within MANETs. Moreover, the energy consumption of mobile nodes, often reliant on batteries with limited rechargeability, presents a significant concern in MANETs. This paper delves into diverse techniques devised to tackle the issues of energy efficiency and load balancing in MANETs. Additionally, it offers a comparative analysis to consolidate the survey findings. The outcomes of this study enrich our comprehension of energy-efficient and load-balanced routing protocols in MANETs, thereby facilitating the design and deployment of efficient networking solutions.

Designing mobility and power aware routing protocols have made the main focus of the early contributions to the field of Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs). However, almost all conventional routing protocols for MANETs suffer from their lack of adaptivity leading to their performance degradation under varying network conditions. In fact, this is due to both simplistic conception hypotheses they made about the network and to the use of some prefixed parameters in protocols implementations. Currently, artificial intelligence methods like Reinforcement Learning (RL) are widely used to design adaptive routing strategies for MANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of RL-based routing protocols for MANETs. Besides, we propose some future research directions in this area.

Recent advances in wireless networking technologies have made it possible to construct a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which can be applied in infrastructureless situations. However, due to their inherent characteristics, they are much more vulnerable to malicious attacks than a conventional wired network. In MANET, routing plays an important role in providing connectivity for mobile nodes who are not within the same radio range. Existing routing protocols in MANET assume a trusted and reliable environment. However, in hostile environment mobile nodes are susceptible to various types of routing attacks. This paper identifies a new routing attack, called node isolation attack, against optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, one of the four standard routing protocols for MANETs. We analyze in detail and demonstrate the impact of this attack in order to show the necessity for a countermeasure to guard against the attack. As a first step to defend against the attack, we present a simple technique to detect the attack and identify the source of the attack

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) utilizes more nodes to forward messages and information from source node to destination node and these nodes are battery-powered devices. Thus, Energy saving is always vital role of Routing Protocols which need to maximize the lifetime of WSN. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are self-starting and self-constructing multichip wireless networks in which, the assembly of the system deviates vigorously. This is mainly due to the mobility of the nodes. The nodes in the network not only act as hosts but also as routers that route data from other nodes in network. MANETs require an efficient routing protocol that achieves the quality of service (QoS) mechanism. They are not considering the mobility as one constraint for those problems. Because, mobility of nodes causes frequent link failures and high error rates, so it makes difficult to maintain the desired QoS in the network. To overcome those problems, we propose mobility aware routing protocol for MANET using hybrid optimization (MARP-HO) algorithm, which maximizes the QoS in data transmission. The proposed routing protocol comprises of two phases. The clustering process consists of cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection. First, the energy efficient clustering is done by improved animal migration optimization (IAMO) algorithm. Then, we gather multiple constraints are energy consumption, received signal strength, mobility and cooperative rate from each cluster member. The gathered constraints used to compute the node cost of each cluster member, here the highest cost node act as CH of cluster. Second, we compute routing path between source–destination using improved ant colony optimization (IACO) algorithm. The proposed MARP-HO routing protocol is compared with existing state-of-art routing protocols in terms of energy consumption, delivery ratio, loss ratio, link stability, delay, network lifetime, number of dead nodes and throughput.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts that can communicate with each other without the assistance of base stations. In MANETs, the high mobility of mobile nodes is a major reason for link failures. In this paper, we propose a stable weight-based on-demand routing protocol (SWORP) for MANETs. The proposed scheme uses the weight-based route strategy to select a stable route in order to enhance system performance. The weight of a route is decided by three factors: the route expiration time, the error count, and the hop count. Route discovery usually find multiple routes from the source node to the destination node. Then we select the path with the largest weight value for routing. Experimental results show that the proposed SWORP outperforms DSR and AODV especially in the high mobility environment.

By the enormous increase in mobile nodes and diverse service requests on wireless networks, wireless mesh network(WMN) takes an interest as the solution for such requests. However, lots of issues which should be solved to deploy WMN are still remained. In the network layer, the performance improvement of routing protocols is the major issue of nowadays researches. WMN can be easily deployed by use of protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks(MANET) because it is much similar with MANET in multi-hop wireless routing and which node plays as host and router concurrently. Unfortunately, most routing protocols for MANET have drawbacks such as large traffic overhead and long delay time for route discovery due to the network extension. They are major factors of performance degradation of WMN and most researches are focused on them. In this paper, domain-based AODV which is amended AODV to be applied in hybrid WMN is proposed. The proposed scheme divides a hybrid WMN as several domains and performs route discovery by header layer domain. Therefore it can reduce the distance for route discovery as much as average hop count between domain header and member nodes. From the simulation, domain-based AODV was showed slowly increasing delay time due to the network extension.

The prime characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) are infrastructure free, absence of centralized authority and dynamic nature of nodes which are more vulnerable to security attacks. Reliability and security are prime issues to protect information and nodes in a network during communication which has received more research interest in designing a dynamic secured routing scheme. QoS is set of service requirement that needs to be satisfied by the network during the data transmission in the network. From the perception of QoS best effort protocols ensure optimum network operation in a unpredictable mobile environment. The multimedia applications are intolerable towards delay and reliability which are the features of mobile network, hence the potentials of MANET were not utilized in multimedia applications. These issues of delay and reliability of packet transmission in MANET are contributed by stability of the communication link even during the mobility of the nodes Its a necessity to analyze the performance of various secured routing protocols based on the stability of the communication link in case of mobility of nodes during data transfer. This paper is focused on a comparative study of various secured reactive routing protocols in MANET signifying the connectivity stability during the mobility of the nodes.