A survey: A secure routing method for detecting false reports and gray-hole attacks along with Elliptic Curve Cryptography in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many applications in military, ecological, and health-related areas. These applications often include the monitoring of sensitive information such as enemy movement on the battlefield or the location of personnel in a building. Security is therefore important in WSNs. However, WSNs suffer from many constraints, including low computation capability, small memory, limited energy resources, susceptibility to physical capture, and the use of insecure wireless communication channels. These constraints make security in WSNs a challenge. In this article we discuss security issues in WSNs. In this paper we are discussing a vulnerable sinkhole attack, its implementation and correction.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use sensors to monitor phenomena such as temperature, humidity, groundwater levels and transmit this information to a base station using wireless channels. WSNs find applications in military, ecological, and health-related areas. A hybrid wireless sensor network includes two networks: an ad hoc wireless network and a wireless sensor network. The nodes in the ad hoc network act as base stations conducting surveillance on the WSN. In this dissertation, we focus on the key management issues in hybrid wireless sensor networks. The key management issues in hybrid wireless sensor networks can be divided into three categories according to which layer they affect: ad hoc network layer, wireless sensor network layer, and integrated cross layer. At the ad hoc network layer, we propose two elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) based schemes for secure group communication (SGC). Unlike the vast majority of secure group communication protocols using the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) based Diffie-Hellman as the basic key agreement protocol, our solutions use the ECDLP-based Diffie-Hellman protocol. We also extend our research on secure group communication to the wireless sensor network layer. We formally define the grouping and secure group communication problems in WSNs. We further propose and evaluate four centralized group rekeying (CGK) schemes for SGC in WSNs. Our proposed key management protocol at the integrated cross layer, mKeying, includes two schemes, a key distribution scheme, KeyDist, supporting multiple base stations in the network, and a centralized key revocation scheme, KeyRev, for removing compromised sensor nodes from the sensor network. Through these protocols for key distribution, key revocation, and group communication, we present an integrated approach to provide security in hybrid wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many applications in military, ecological, and health-related areas. These applications often include the monitoring of sensitive information such as enemy movement on the battlefield or the location of personnel in a building. Thus, secure data transmission is a critical issue for WSN. However, the extremely constrained nature of sensors and the potentially dynamic behavior of WSNs hinder the use of key management mechanisms commonly applied in modern wired and wireless networks. Network-wide keys schemes require only one key for any communication pairs, but such schemes' resilience is fairly low. In this paper, we propose a scheme to provide dynamic keys from environmental data sensed by the sensors. Based on the observations that sensors cannot produce 100% accurate data because of noise from sensor electronic circuit, and wireless channel is error prone, dynamic keys created by sensor data can provide high resilience. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme requires the same memory and communication resource as network-wide keys schemes, but provides the same resilience as full pairwise schemes.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are becoming an increasingly popular technology for data collection. Since data is of significant importance in the current era, security of the data is essentially indispensable. Because the nodes deployed are usually on an unattended environment, security of the data communicated between the wireless sensor nodes is of utmost importance. A secure established connection between two nodes in a WSN promises a number of preventive measures against different threats but the main issue is to establish the secure connection between any two nodes in a wireless sensor network. With limited resources on a wireless sensor node in mind, this research focuses on establishing Symmetric-Pairwise keys between any two WSN nodes using Public-Key Cryptography (pkc) — which in this case is Elliptic Curve Cryptography.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), comprising of tiny nodes with limited energy, computational and communication resources, are being widely used in various application areas ranging from pollution and weather monitoring to military. Even though every application may not require data to be exchanged in a secure manner, few WSN applications may have certain security requirements. The data is encrypted by a sender and sent over the wireless links and the same is decrypted at the receiver. To meet this purpose, symmetric key cryptographic (SKC) algorithms may be used. Such SKC primitives require keys to be made available before carrying out the data transfer between the nodes. Alternately, Public Key Cryptographic techniques, such as RSA algorithm can be considered. Even though, RSA is a popular algorithm providing good security level, it is computationally intensive involving large key sizes. The RSA can not be used in WSNs, as the nodes have limited resources. Presently, it is infeasible to implement the RSA algorithm using any of the WSN nodes commercially available. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), another public key cryptographic (PKC) algorithm providing same level of security with smaller key size requirements, can be used as an alternative in order to provide security in WSN applications. ECC encryption and decryption use domain parameters, which includes the Generator point to be published. In most of the outdoor WSN applications, the deployment of the nodes is random and the nodes could be captured and an attacker could launch man-in-middle (MIM) attack, and break the public key thereby leading to security breach in the network. A technique to overcome such an attack is proposed in this work and the same is compared with two other similar approaches.

A scheme for WSNs (wireless sensor networks) security is given by dividing sensing tetrahedron into clusters and using the symmetric polynomials in this paper.The sensing tetrahedron is divided into a number of small grids.All those sensor nodes, both ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes are distributed in the sensing tetrahedron.In a grid, all ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.All the heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.At last, all sensor nodes establish their keys directly or indirectly in the whole sensing tetrahedron.Analysis and comparison demonstrate this scheme enhances the WSN security, has good network connectivity, saves node storage, reduces network computing load, and extends the network lifetime.

Cryptography is the field for mathematically transforming messages to protect their confidentiality from eavesdropping. It is an essential foundation for all secure protocols. This chapter is a concise review of cryptography used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) beginning with background on symmetric key encryption and the Diffie–Hellman key agreement protocol for sharing secret keys. Asymmetric key encryption and its usefulness for digital signatures and digital certificates are described. Finally, the unique constraints on the use of cryptography in wireless sensor networks are reviewed. A short survey of the literature is presented, which mainly deal with evaluating ciphers (particularly elliptic curve cryptography), proposing new approaches for key management, and implementing identity-based cryptography.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used for a wide range of things these days, from watching the environment to improving healthcare systems. But because these networks are used everywhere, they are also open to security risks like spying, data corruption, and node capture. It is very important to address these issues in order to protect the accuracy, privacy, and access of data being sent. Information-theoretic security looks like a good way to deal with these problems because it uses mathematical models to make sure that transmission in WSNs is safe and uses little energy. This essay goes into detail about information-theoretic security in WSNs. It gives a full rundown of the mathematical basics and real-world implications for getting strong security in places with limited resources. The idea of "secrecy capacity" is at the heart of this method. It measures the highest rate at which authorized nodes can communicate privately while preventing spying foes. Utilizing the chance that exists in wireless channels, encrypted keys can be generated without using shared secrets, making them resistant to attempts that try to steal them. Because sensor nodes only have a short power life, energy economy is very important in WSNs. Information-theoretic security methods, like physical layer security and joint communication, are designed to use as little energy as possible while still providing strong security. Nodes can work together to improve signal strength and fight channel fading using cooperative methods. This makes the network last longer without compromising security. This article also talks about the trade-offs between security, energy savings, and communication performance in WSNs. This helps us figure out how to make the best transfer schemes.

Enhancing cyber security in WSN using optimized self-attention-based provisional variational auto-encoder generative adversarial network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is believed to be the first of the top ten technologies that will change the world in the future. With the development of WSNs in the military and commercial fields, the security of WSNs is becoming more and more important. The classical security mechanisms, namely authentication and encryption, can prevent some outsider attacks; however, these mechanisms are inefficient in detecting selective forwarding attacks on compromised nodes. Based on the observations above, in this paper, an improved greedy algorithm based on reputation evaluation mechanism is proposed to enforce cooperation among the nodes of WSNs and defend against the selective forwarding attacks. The performance of the improved greedy algorithm is verified by simulation, and the simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively resist the attacks of internal malicious nodes, it has better performance than the original greedy algorithm in terms of packet delivery ratio and drop ratio while there exist attack nodes.

Elliptical curve cryptography is a complex computational model and before its implementation for wireless sensor network platform, several parameters have to be carefully selected. This paper surveys the complexities of ECC and investigates issues with different implementations of ECC on wireless sensor network platforms. The paper concludes with a critique of inadequacies and how the current research attempts to address some of them with a summary of some early results from the research.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming more prevalent in a wide range of uses, including tracking the environment, medical care, and military monitoring. Yet, security, energy efficiency, and overall efficiency are important concerns for these networks. Ensuring the security of data transmission while maintaining energy efficiency is critical for the longevity and reliability of WSNs. This paper proposes a novel method to enhance both security and efficiency in WSNs done the integration of metaheuristic optimization algorithms. The proposed method leverages advanced optimization techniques such as Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to dynamically optimize key parameters, including node deployment, routing protocols, and encryption schemes. By optimizing the network topology, routing paths, and energy consumption strategies, the algorithm significantly improves data security, minimizes energy usage, and enhances network lifespan. The simulation results show that the suggested methodology beats standard methods in terms of throughput, security resilience and energy efficiency. The findings highlight the potential of metaheuristic optimization algorithms as a robust tool for improving WSN security and operational efficiency in real-world applications

With the deepening of the research and development in the field of embedded devices, the paradigm of the Internet of things (IoT) is gaining momentum. Its technology’s widespread applications increasing the number of connected devices constantly. IoT is built on sensor networks, which are enabling a new variety of solutions for applications in several fields (health, industry, defense, agrifood and agro sectors, etc.). Wireless communications are indispensable for taking full advantage of sensor networks but implies new requirements in the security and privacy of communications. Security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a major challenge for extending IoT applications, in particular those related to the smart-agro. Moreover, limitations on processing capabilities of sensor nodes, and power consumption have made the encryption techniques devised for conventional networks not feasible. In such scenario, symmetric-key ciphers are preferred for key management in WSN; key distribution is therefore an issue. In this work, we provide a concrete implementation of a novel scalable group distributed key management method and a protocol for securing communications in IoT systems used in the smart agro sector, based on elliptic curve cryptography, to ensure that information exchange between layers of the IoT framework is not affected by sensor faults or intentional attacks. In this sense, each sensor node executes an initial key agreement, which is done through every member’s public information in just two rounds and uses some authenticating information that avoids external intrusions. Further rekeying operations require just a single message and provide backward and forward security.

This paper considers security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), focusing at the routing layer. We propose to analyze the behavior of some routing protocols according to attacks stemming from compromised nodes. Such malicious nodes could disrupt the routing functionality (node replication, Sybil attacks or Black-Grey-Sink holes). For such adversary models traditional cryptographic solutions are not enough by themselves but need to be completed by algorithmic solutions considering “beyond cryptography” approaches. Emphasizing internal attacks, with security features of routing in mind, we define the resiliency as the ability of a network to continue to operate in presence of k compromised nodes, i.e. the capacity of a network to endure and overcome internal attacks. In this context, we analyze four particular routing protocols (DSR, Gradient based, Greedy forwarding and Random walk routing). Using intensive simulations, we test their resiliency in presence of several compromised nodes in several adversary models.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes that involve in gathering of happenings from a nodes' surrounding. They help in supervising all the mission critical applications instead of depending on humans in monitoring cynical areas. Sensor nodes play a important role in alerting us any distinct changes that occur in the sited area and is prone to innumerous attacks. These attacks damage trust with the received data from a sensor node. One such type of attack is the false data injection attack. The message is forged by the adversary, not detected by the forwarding nodes as false information. Compromised node is the origin of false data to be injected in to the WSN. The proposed work discards the false data injected message from the network. This issue of compromised node is handled by the detection and elimination of it from causing further damage to the network by incorporating Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) technique for data authentication to any message received. A node involved in sensing requires a high range of sensing power. But sensor nodes have limited energy and this is a battle for all technicians in creating any inventions that suits this constraint. The proposed scheme provides safety and reliability over the received data and offers less power consumption and memory utilization of the sensor node.