ECC with hidden generator point in WSNs

With hardware support and software optimization, Public Key Cryptography (PKC) has been announced feasible on micro sensors recently [1][2][22][23]. A number of experiments proved that the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is more suitable for resource constraint motes compared with RSA [2][3]. But even ECC based protocols still cost too much energy. In this paper, we propose C4W, an identity-based public key infrastructure specially designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), in which all nodes can generate others' ECC public keys directly from their identities. Without certificates, no energy will be consumed for certificates communication and verification, which makes C4W especially energy efficient. C4W uses a protocol without certificates to realize mutual authentication and key agreement. Compared with a simplified SSL (SSSL) protocol using an abbreviated certificate, C4W consumes lower than 35% energy, and the communication consumption of C4W is only 28.5% of that consumed by SSSL. Furthermore, the energy analysis of C4W illuminates that the expensive public key computational cost is almost neglectable compared with the heavy communication consumption in a large-scale WSNs, which gives the asymmetric key management in WSNs a bright future.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) facilitate real time monitoring in many commercial and military surveillance applications. These applications automatically call for a high level of security in such networks. Public key cryptographic (PKC) techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) provide a flexible interface to ensure security, requiring no pre-distribution of keys. However, ECC is very compute-intensive, owing to the computationally complex elliptic curve point multiplication operation. This work presents a technique to speed up the elliptic curve point multiplication operation, achieving a cost reduction of about 48% over the double and add algorithm and about 40% over the width-w Non Adjacent Form (NAF) algorithm. Additionally, results of its software implementation are presented.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are becoming an increasingly popular technology for data collection. Since data is of significant importance in the current era, security of the data is essentially indispensable. Because the nodes deployed are usually on an unattended environment, security of the data communicated between the wireless sensor nodes is of utmost importance. A secure established connection between two nodes in a WSN promises a number of preventive measures against different threats but the main issue is to establish the secure connection between any two nodes in a wireless sensor network. With limited resources on a wireless sensor node in mind, this research focuses on establishing Symmetric-Pairwise keys between any two WSN nodes using Public-Key Cryptography (pkc) — which in this case is Elliptic Curve Cryptography.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a promising public key cryptography, probably takes the place of RSA. Not only ECC uses less memory, key pair generation and signing are considerably faster, but also ECC's key size is less than that of RSA while it achieves the same level of security. However, the magic behind RSA and its friends can be easily explained, is also widely understood, the foundations of ECC are still a mystery to most of us. This paper's aims are to provide detailed mathematical foundations of ECC, especially, the subgroup and its generator (also called base point) formed by one elliptic curve are researched as highlights, because they are very important for practical ECC implementation. The related algorithms and their implementation details are demonstrated, which is useful for the computing devices with restricted resource, such as embedded systems, mobile devices and IoT devices.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are systems made up of sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly over short distances, with adaptability and functionality at their coreessence. These networks have traits. Face challenges in devising effective strategies for identifying and thwarting attacks due to limitations, in individual sensor node processing power and the essence of wireless communication. Securing WSN poses a challenge given the constrained processing abilities of sensor nodes and the inherent nature of communication while facing various security threats that have emerged alongside the widespread adoption of these networks. To protect against these dangers it's crucial to put in place the security measures Encryption's key, to keeping data safe from unauthorized users Nevertheless not all encryption methods are equally strong as some are vulnerable Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is considered the best option due to its smaller key sizes offering strong security with efficiency in space and energy As technology advances conventional encryption techniques are seen as inadequate, for ensuring data privacy and security Utilizing principles from physics to ensure data transmission, between the sender and receiver is a groundbreaking advancement in network security known as quantum cryptography. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) combined with ECC is highlighted in this study, for authentication processes, key management and energy efficiency. A novel method called QKD ECC has been put into practice. Compared against ECC and other encryption methods to bolster the security of WSN and safeguard the confidentiality of data exchange.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many applications in military, environmental, and health-related areas. These applications often include the monitoring of sensitive information such as enemy movement on the battlefield or the location of personnel in a building. Security is important in WSNs. However, WSNs suffer from many constraints, including low computation capability, small memory, limited energy resources, susceptibility to physical capture, and the use of insecure wireless communication channels. These constraints make security in WSNs a challenge. In this paper, we try to explore security issue in WSN. First, the constraints, security requirements and attacks with their corresponding countermeasures in WSNs are explained. Individual sensor nodes are subject to compromised security. An adversary can inject false reports into the networks via compromised nodes. Furthermore, an adversary can create a Gray hole by compromised nodes. If these two kinds of attacks occur simultaneously in a network, some of the existing methods fail to defend against those attacks. The Ad-hoc On Demand Distance (AODV) Vector scheme for detecting Gray-Hole attack and Statistical En-Route Filtering is used for detecting false report. For increasing security level, the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm is used. Simulations results obtain so far reduces energy consumption and also provide greater network security to some extent.

Wireless sensor networks facilitate real-time data processing in many applications such as intrusion detection and military surveillance. These applications inherently demand a high level of security. Public key cryptographic techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) provide a flexible interface to ensure security, requiring no pre-distribution of keys. However, ECC is very compute-intensive, owing to the computationally complex elliptic curve point multiplication operation. This work presents a technique to speed up the elliptic curve point multiplication operation, achieving a cost reduction of about 48% over the double and add algorithm and about 40% over the width-w Non Adjacent Form (NAF) algorithm. Additionally, results of its software implementation are also presented, simulating the specifications of MEMSIC's wireless sensor network development kit. Finally, we conclude that the timing results obtained from the software implementation conform to the theoretical results.

Internet of Things (IOT) is experiencing a super-fast growing phase. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as the “five sense organs” and teleneuron of IOT, is developing fast along. Owing to the application-oriented characteristics of WSN, WSN applications may differ enormously in implementation methods. The WSN developers may have to rewrite the code for each and every application. Along with the increasing demand to WSN applications, WSN developers may have heavier tasks of programming for these applications. Thanks to TinyOS and NesC, an operating system and programming language designed especially for WSN, raises the WSN application's programming to a higher level. Large number of supported sensor hardware plus system provided and user-de-fined libraries eases WSN application programmers' jobs. How-ever, the massive amount of nodes' communication and networking, and security protection slows down the development pace. A unified and empirical WSN application implementation platform is one of the available solutions to the problem. This paper introduces an empirical WSN application implementation platform, which avails the WSN developers build an application with unified code template and network packet generation and processing strategies.

Communication driven era demands the use of new cryptographic protocols and hardware with reduced computational and structural complexity for resource constrained applications. This paper presents the hardware implementation of a key management scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for applications in wireless sensor networks. Security-critical applications in WSNs rely on ECC for the key management since it offers increased security per bit of the key. This paper proposes efficient hardware architecture for the implementation of EC based key exchange in such a way that number of pre-stored values for key exchange and overall hardware complexity of the system are optimised without affecting security level. Algorithms for pseudo random sequence generation and message authentication code based on cryptographic one way function of elliptic curve point multiplication are developed. A single point multiplication unit based on Lopez-Dahab algorithm is time shared for pseudo random sequence generation and authentication to reduce the overall hardware complexity. Thus the proposed implementation scheme supports increased number of node addition phases. Evaluation of the design is done in terms of storage and hardware complexity. Proposed system gives 23.76% hardware efficiency over the existing EC based system. The design for GF(2163) has been simulated in ModelSim PE 10.4, synthesized in Xilinx ISE 14.7 and successfully implemented on Kintex-7 KC705 Evaluation Board.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the network nodes with limited resources such as energy, memory and processing power used in sensing an environment. WSNs are known for gathering a large amount of data from the environment. Time, accuracy and proper interpretation of data obtain is of paramount importance. This led some scientists to propose the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in WSN. One AI technique that is widely proposed by researchers is Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This is because ANN is applicable to non-linear systems, fault tolerant and adaptive to variation in information. However, ANN is a computationally intensive technique while WSN nodes typically have limited resources and this makes their marriage a challenging one. This paper investigates the techniques used by researchers in deploying ANN in WSN. The paper is limited to applications of ANN in WSN's application layer.

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

Pattern transformation-invariant schemes for wireless sensor networks based on an edge detection gradient-based mechanism

In recent years, Wireless device networks have achieved associate degree attention on a world level. This comprises small sensors with restricted power and restricted resources. The applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields such as medical research and civilian applications is proliferating enormously. Every routing protocol designed for WSNs should be energy-efficient, reliable and prolong the network lifetime. Due to the resources and energy constraints in WSNs, routing can be considered as a matter of contention in networks. This research proposes a beacon-enabled least-time and energy-efficient routing protocol with single-level data-aggregation using an IEEE 802.15.4. Considering the low complexness and low power consumption it is appropriate for low-rate wireless personal area networks as WSNs. On comparison of the proposed protocol with the popular ad hoc and other WSN routing protocols, the results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the routing protocols in the literature in terms of latency, throughput, and average energy consumption.

The rapid growth of internet of things (IoT) applications, especially in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), has led to the generation of large amounts of real-time data from interconnected devices. This growth leads to challenges in securing data access and managing resources efficiently. To address these challenges, we propose a dynamic trust-based access control (DTAC) model for IoT and WSN applications. The DTAC model integrates behavioral trust evaluation and context-aware decision making to dynamically adapt access permissions to network conditions in real-time. the trust scores are calculated using fuzzy logic and machine learning techniques, which enable adaptive decision-making. To increase security, the model uses a hybrid encryption scheme that combines elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) with lightweight symmetric encryption, ensuring data confidentiality with minimal computational overhead. In addition, access control decisions are refined by contextual factors such as user roles, device locations, and data sensitivity. The model includes a collaborative re-evaluation mechanism that periodically updates trust scores and isolates malicious nodes without compromising network stability. The DTAC model is evaluated on key metrics such as security resilience, energy efficiency, and latency and demonstrates better performance than existing solutions. This model provides a scalable, energy-efficient, and secure framework for IoT and WSN applications that ensures reliable data access and privacy in diverse environments.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has the potential to have impact on many aspects of Precision Agriculture (PA). However, current WSN applications in Precision Agriculture all adopt the traditional client/sever model, data are sent from the source to the destination, because of hugeous data, high concurrency and strong signal interference in Precision Agriculture and the extremely limited sensor network resources, such client/sever model hampers WSN applications in Precision Agriculture.[ This paper presents a mobile-based agent of wireless sensor network model MAPA, MAPA avoids the large agricultural intermediate data transmission through migrating the computing to the resource source, and consequently it prolongs the sensor network lifetime and promotes the WSN applications in Precision Agriculture.