EWAIP: An empirical Wireless Sensor Network applications implementation platform

The Internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been rapidly and tremendously developing recently as computing technologies have brought about a significant revolution. Their applications and implementations can be found all around us, either individually or collaboratively. WSN plays a leading role in developing the general flexibility of industrial resources in terms of increasing productivity in the IoT. The critical principle of the IoT is to make existing businesses sufficiently intelligent to recognize the need for significant fault mitigation and short-cycle adaptation to improve effectiveness and financial profits. This article presents efficiently applied security protocols at the data link layer for WSN and IoT-based frameworks. It outlines the importance of WSN–IoT applications as well as the architecture of WSN in the IoT. Our primary aim is to highlight the research issues and limitations of WSNs related to the IoT. The fundamental goal of this work is to emphasize a suggested architecture linked to WSN–IoT to enhance energy and power consumption, mobility, information transmission, QoS, and security, as well as to present practical solutions to data link layer difficulties for the future using machine learning. Moreover, we present data link layer protocol issues, attacks, limitations, and research gaps for WSN frameworks based on the recent work conducted on the data link layer concerning WSN applications. Current significant issues and challenges pertain to flow control, quality of service (QoS), security, and performance. In the context of the literature, less work has been undertaken concerning the data link layer in WSN and its relation to improved network performance.

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power, and multifunctional sensor nodes that communicate over short distances through wireless links. Such sensor networks are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of critical infrastructures, data acquisition in hazardous environments, industry control systems, vehicular networks, and military operations. Wireless sensor networks introduce new security challenges due to their dynamic topology, severe resource constraints, and absence of a trusted infrastructure. The purpose of this special issue is to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles addressing recent advances of wireless sensor network security. In this special issue, we will explore the topic of security challenges and solutions for the wide application of wireless sensor networks in different areas, such as RFID and smart grid. RFID has been widely used in logistics and internet of things. Smart grid leverages sensor networks to better balance the load of the power grid. Both of them have great impact on the daily life and areweak points of thewhole economy,which attract the attention of terrorists. The feasible attacks and defense solutions are still not clear.The papers in this volume also cover several important foundational security services for wireless sensor networks, such as key management, key distribution, secure cluster formation, secure architecture for multihop communication, intrusion prediction, and secure localization. All these foundational security services are critical bases for application of wireless sensor networks. We hope that the papers in this volume engender further thinking about new security challenges for wireless sensor networks and even further “out-of-the-box” ideas about how to solve new security problems for wireless sensor networks.

This chapter presents a combined approach to visualize the IoT and cyber-physical system in any wireless communication networks. The brief overview of IoT and its applications in wireless sensor network (WSN) are elaborated in current era. In today’s present situation and the challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic how the things can be monitored through IoT is being focused in this chapter. Also, the threats challenges and monitoring of cyber-physical system for security is presented in analysis form. WSN provides a bridge between the physical and virtual world and finds use in numerous applications like environmental monitoring, civil structural health monitoring and industrial process monitoring. Lately, it has found much use in the latest technology called Internet of Things (IoT). It seems that IoT has a great potential in shaping our future where everything will be connected together all the time. The major challenges faced by WSN include energy-efficiency, heterogeneity, and systematic design. WSN comprise of autonomous sensors which are capable of wirelessly transmitting their sensed parameter-values (also called packets) to remotely 188located sink node. The sink node is a WSN node which has the capability to assemble the data from all the nodes and forward it to farther distances to the remote base station through wired connections. The data transmission from source node to sink node is done by taking multi-hops which means that data is not sent directly to the destination node but through jumping from one intermediate node to another until the sink is reached. The sensor nodes also act as wireless routers which transmit data to other sensor-routers. So, sensor devices are very useful in deployment, collection of data, act as a IoT sensor devices as an application in technology. IoT is a device which can be used as application while a cyber-physical system is a collection of various mechanical components which are controlled and managed by different devices and algorithms. An IFM (Information Flow Monitor) is an application to backtrack queries and find the culprit in an error that has occurred in the cyber system. However, while backtracking and flow monitoring is not always guaranteed in terms of secure and efficient transaction. In some cases, the sender may deny the authority of the data so the information flow monitors may fail to provide a trustful and authentic source of data. Thus, the chapter focuses on both the issues of IoT integration with cyber-physical security (CPS) system. The key challenges and some solutions are proposed for the researchers for future work.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes which can monitor the physical activities and attributes of a whole spectrum of objects and environments. The purpose of collecting this data and processing it in a meaningful manner requires that it adds significant value to the end user. WSN are deployed ever more frequently and applications vary from providing an early alert system on the activity of a volcano, to controlling the movements of livestock so that farming output can be maximized using virtual fencing. There are many challenges facing wireless sensor networks, with one being found in the uniqueness of each application, and challenges arise when WSN developers try to adequately test such applications when they are deployed with varying numbers of nodes, in all ranges of environmental conditions. To implement such systems in hardware involves a huge financial investment and from a development perspective prevents the developer from changing hardware platforms or communications protocols throughout the testing phase without incurring further financial hardship. Due to this fact, tools which can accurately simulate the behavior and performance of real world WSN applications are in high demand and a crucial aspect in the continued growth of WSN in the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a cloud based system which makes various simulation platforms available to multiple users who wish to test WSN routing protocols or the hardware constraints of the various WSN platforms. This simulation testbed is hosted on a Dell PowerEdge R720 server in the communications laboratory in the University of Limerick and it is made available to users through the use of a virtual machine. This offers users access to many of the popular WSN simulation environments with vast computing resources and storage but at far reduced costs for protocol simulation.

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly. IoT needs to handle efficient information to handle intelligent applications. There are many applications for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which act as an important interface between the physical world and the IoT. The continuous object boundary detection is one of the most widely used WSN applications in industry. Traditional WSNs are utilized to track leakage from continuous objects require costly long-term maintenance. To address this issue, sparse WSNs are employed. However, the inaccuracy of sparse networks poses a significant problem when using information about continuous objects to arrange retreat paths for individuals. In this paper, a Robust Sensing-Hole Detection Integrating with Rotation-Invariant Coordinate Convolutional Neural Networks in Sparse Wireless Sensor Network (RSHD-RICCNN-SWSN) is proposed. Initially, fill sensing holes by identifying their virtual points and calculating their variation rates. Then Rotation-Invariant Coordinate Convolutional Neural Networks(RICCNN) is used for detecting the boundary of continuous objects. Finally, Giza Pyramid Construction Optimization Algorithm (GPCOA) is employed for optimal path selection. The proposed RSHD-RICCNN-SWSN method is implemented in MATLAB. The performance measures including Space Significance, Data Significance, Network Lifetime, Energy Consumption, Success Rate, Time Complexity, Detection Accuracy, Network Throughput, and Scalability is evaluated. The proposed RSHD-RICCNN-SWSN method attains 20.58%, 26.73% and 24.62% higher Network Lifetime, 20.98%, 26.66% and 16.32% higher Data Significance, 10.78%, 20.47%, and 12.86% lower Energy Consumption when compared with existing models: Localization and detection of multiple attacks in wireless sensor networks using artificial neural network (LDMA-WSN-ANN), Genetic algorithm for cross-layer-based energy hole minimization in wireless sensor networks (GACL-EHM-WSN), Q-learning dependent vegetation evolution for numerical optimization and wireless sensor network coverage optimization (QLVE-WSN-NOC)respectively.

Resource Management Approach to an Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

Due to the use of internet of things (IoT) devices, communication between different things is effective. The application of IoT in agriculture industryplays a key role to make functionalities easy. Using the concept of IoT and wireless sensor network (WSN), smart farming system has been developedin many areas of the world. Precision farming is one of the branches comes forward in this aspect. Many researchers have developed monitoring andautomation system for different functionalities of farming. Using WSN, data acquisition and transmission between IoT devices deployed in farms will be easy. In proposed technique, Kalman filter (KF) is used with prediction analysis to acquire quality data without any noise and to transmit this data for cluster-based WSNs. Due to the use of this approach, the quality of data used for analysis is improved as well as data transfer overhead is minimized in WSN application. Decision tree is used for decision making using prediction analytics for crop yield prediction, crop classification, soil classification, weather prediction, and crop disease prediction. IoT components, such as and cube (IOT Gateway) and Mobius (IOT Service platform), are integrated in proposed system to provide smart solution for crop growth monitoring to users.

The current scenario of the world needs enhanced medical technology along with reduced expenses in order to fulfill the good health of patients that are suffering from chronic diseases. Because of the increase in the demand of healthcare infrastructure, it is getting complex to build and provide world-class facilities in order to maintain the health of everyone. In recent years, there has been a huge advancement of wireless networks and electronics which directed to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN). It is considered that WSNs have the ability to change the future. These networks comprise several sensors which are low-powered nodes that can sense the data nearby, perform limited computations and can radio communicate with other nodes. The parameters which can be sensed by sensors can be temperature, light or vibrations. Wireless sensor networks are under rapid research all over the globe, and researchers are working on it meticulously. This technology has the capability to replace thousands of wires in medical field which can increase reliability and portability. This paper will investigate the current applications of WSNs utilized globally in healthcare system, the limitations removed after the development of WSNs, what are scientists still working on in order to remove the barriers healthcare industry is facing currently, and what led to the development and utilization of WSNs in healthcare, current state of the art and need to integrate this technology in accordance with current medical scenario to enhance the healthcare system with limited medical expenses.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables all objects to connect to the Internet and exchange data via different emerging technologies, which makes the intelligent identification and management a reality. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as a crucial basis of IoT, have been applied in many fields like smart health care and smart transportation. With the development of WSNs, data security has attracted more and more attention, and user authentication is a popular mechanism to ensure the information security of WSNs. Recently, many authentication mechanisms for wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) have been proposed, but most of the protocols cannot achieve the features of local password change and forward secrecy while resisting stolen smart card attack. To enhance the security based on previous work, an ECC-based secure three-factor authentication protocol with forward secrecy for WMSN is proposed in this paper. It utilizes a fuzzy commitment scheme to handle the biometric information. Meanwhile, fuzzy verifier and honey_list techniques are used to solve the contradiction of local password verification and mobile device lost attack. The security of our protocol is evaluated by provable security, Proverif tool, and information analysis. Besides, the comparisons with the relevant protocols are given, and the results indicate that our protocol is robust and secure for WMSN systems.

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have grown dramatically and made a great progress in many applications. But having limited life, batteries, as the power sources of wireless sensor nodes, have restricted the development and application of WSNs which often requires a very long lifespan for better performance. In order to make the WSNs prevalent in our lives, an alternative energy source is required. Environmental energy is an attractive power source, and it provides an approach to make the sensor nodes self-powered with the possibility of an almost infinite lifetime. The goal of this survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the various possible energy harvesting technologies from ambient environment for WSNs.

Error control coding improves reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems. This research delves into the latest advancements in error control coding schemes for wireless communication systems, with a specific focus on their application within the domain of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) such as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems, LoRa energy-efficient hardware design, random access control systems, and wireless sensor networks. In the context of LPWANs, particularly NB-IoT systems, we investigate the adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in NB-IoT systems, which adapts coding rates and modulation techniques to changing channel circumstances. Comprehensive analysis of the literature review shows that the proposed approaches are more energy efficient and less error-prone than fixed coding and modulation schemes. Using Cell Design Methodology (CDM), Single Error Correction (SEC) codes are optimized for energy efficiency. Power and energy efficiency have improved in standard CMOS and CDM logic systems. This impacts IoT devices, memory storage, and security systems. Next, Forward Error Correction (FEC) is examined for ALOHA-based random-access control systems wherein packet loss rate and spectral efficiency metrics are mathematically calculated. FEC is beneficial, especially when time and frequency synchronization diverge. Monte Carlo simulations studied in the literature shows that FEC improves satellite communication systems. This review establishes benefits of FEC, notably in satellite communications systems. In addition, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) error control techniques and network reliability and performance are examined along with Convolutional, Turbo, Low density parity check codes(LDPC), and Polar error correction coding (ECC) methods. We learn about their benefits, drawbacks, and implementation challenges by assessing their efficacy, efficiency, and applicability in wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. This study further highlights advancements of energy-efficient error control coding when, integrated into network designs alongwith the trade-offs between efficacy and intricacy to help improve wireless communication networks. Finally, this study summarizes current error control coding approaches for wireless communication systems. We provide insights into improving reliability, energy conservation, and efficacy by examining ACM, CDM, FEC, and error correction coding (ECC) across varied domains including LPWAN and IoT technologies with earnest hope to facilitate researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of error control coding in wireless communication.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have become an increasingly popular technology over the past decade with multiple applications in a range of avenues from E-healthcare to environmental monitoring. WSN applications can be used for data collection, monitoring, and operational analytics to aid in decision making. Recently WSN technology has also found increasing adoption in the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. WSNs are usually deployed in unattended environments and hence, securing the exchange of data among individual WSN entities is a serious concern. Multiple algorithms have been previously suggested including the novel Hash-Based Key Agreement (HKBA) algorithm to establish cryptographic keys between static entities. The present work extends the static HBKA further, using asymmetric cryptography to dynamically establish symmetric pairwise keys between mobile WSN nodes. During validation several crucial concerns including security, time latency, power and storage requirements of the evolved algorithm are quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Finally, the paper also considers the feasibility of applying the proposed algorithm in mobile WSN environments and discusses possible application domains. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, Footnotes, or Math in Paper Title or Abstract.

THE USE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN AGRICULTUTE A TOOL FOR A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SUPPLY IN THE ARAB WORLD In this paper some ideas of how to apply the technological advancement of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) in agriculture as a tool for food security is discussed. This will include some examples where the technology can be applied, what changes can this technology brings to the traditional farming, which can help within the solution of the Arab World food security problems. This will help the region to develop and be part of the global strategy for the World food security. WSN features of having a low power consummation nature with different options of using different energy sources will make it as the just technology suitable in a remote and less or without infrastructural bases environment for many countries within the region. The applications of WSN which are suitable for the purpose will be discussed. Keywords: WSN, Food Security, Agriculture in Arab region, WSN Farmer Kits Tool, Energy Sources. Introduction Arabic countries are naturally rich, many countries within the region have a wide virgin land. But unfortunately some of these countries have been a focus in term of food shortages for long time which cause by many factors like land degradation, water crisis, land deals, climate change, agricultural disease, governing system, wars, population growth, land use change, living style change, high prices and lack of technology. As technology has rational parts in solving the most difficult problems for today's society, WSN can be applied in agriculture to reduce or solve this problem. Use of WSN in Agriculture as a solution As traditional farming is the lead in the region, people use their own human sense to perceive the surrounding to investigate the soil and predict the weather. But the remote sensing of the WSN as an activity of recording, observing, perceiving objects or events, wirelessly these happenings are processes and analyzed in a real time. The idea of applying this technology is to be adopted in different applications shortly can be said here. *Soil Investigation by using the specialized soil test sensor detectors to determine the fertility of soil nutrient deficiencies, elements like Nitrogen is very important for plants. *Weather Prediction by using a web data from WSN can be transmitted enabling a remote online interactive retrieval access, and then these data can be shared with the farmers. *Detection of ground water using WSN the level and the amount of sufficient water can be detected before planting. *Using the WSN the water and the area can be controlled during irrigation which will help in reducing the energy consumption. *Food storage system will be advanced by the use of WSN in knowing usage validity time and the space of storing. *Knowing where how and when to deliver what kind of product by using WSN will help in the logistical distribution of crops. *Farming Dissemination by using an integrated WSN tool kit messages can be disseminated.

We present a case study that considers the application of runtime verification technology to a wireless sensor application. The case study is performed using the SURGE TinyOS application for multi-hop routing, which executes on the Avrora TinyOS simulator. We discuss the problems we have encountered in the course of case study. The problems include unclear correctness properties for wireless network applications (indicating ad hoc development process) and inadequate tool support. A wireless sensor network usually comprises of a collection of tiny devices with built-in processors that can gather physical and environment information such as temperature, light, sound, etc., and communicate with one another over radio. Many wireless sensor network applications sit on top of an operating system called TinyOS and are mostly written in nesC, an extension of C that provides a component-based programming paradigm. Most of wireless sensor network applications are developed and tested on a simulator before they are deployed in the environment because testing and debugging directly on physical devices are very difficult, especially when the network consists of many nodes, and may not provide enough information for debugging. A simulator usually produces detailed execution information and can help find errors. However, even with the simulator and nesC, the current state of development tools for wireless sensor network still requires very low-level programming, which makes it hard for the developers to maintain a high-level view of the system operation. During the validation stage, lack of sophisticated debugging tools for sensor networks makes it difficult to make the connection between a high-level functional or performance requirement and a particular aspect of system implementation. This paper investigates a high-level approach to examine execution data from a simulator and analyze it using runtime verification. The technique 1) identifies and formally specifies high-level requirements for the system under development, 2) monitors a distributed wireless sensor network application using data provided by the simulator, and 3) checks for timing and dynamic properties to gain understanding of the relevant behaviors of wireless sensor nodes and to provide a systematic approach in finding bugs and errors. A particular runtime verification used inthis paper is MaC. MaC provides specification languages capable of expressing functional, timing, and probabilistic properties to specify requirements or patterns of errors. Properties can, for example, examine periodic behaviors or identify a faulty node. MaC then monitors and checks a wireless sensor network application against its specification by observing data produced by a simulator. The motivation for applying the monitoring and checking technique to check wireless sensor network applications is threefold: 1) raise the development level for wireless sensor network, 2) provide a mechanism for understanding high-level behaviors of the system in terms of low-level observation, and 3) provide a tool based on the acceptance of the state of the art development tool for sensor networks.

Wireless network of wearable biomedical sensors by human body shows great potential to enhance the biometrics performance significantly. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to physicians and engineers for its particular medical application as compared to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Mobility pattern plays an important role in designing the wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) and will also affect the accuracy of modeling WBSN in health care application. Much of the mobility scenarios generated in current work of wireless body sensor networks has used fairly simple models to generate the mobile topological graph, which bear little resemblance to the actual mobility patterns. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the mobility model in WBSN based on the existing mobility models in wireless data networks and ad hoc networks. We first briefly review the existing mobility models in related research areas such as wireless ad hoc network and cellular networks. Further on, we propose a dedicated and more realistic mobility model named BAMM (Body Area Mobility Model) for wireless body sensor networks by concentrating on the unique characteristics of WBSN and finally study the effects of mobility on the performance of WBSN by simulation experiments.