Wireless Sensor Network Application for IoT-Based Healthcare System

Internet of Things (IOT) is experiencing a super-fast growing phase. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as the “five sense organs” and teleneuron of IOT, is developing fast along. Owing to the application-oriented characteristics of WSN, WSN applications may differ enormously in implementation methods. The WSN developers may have to rewrite the code for each and every application. Along with the increasing demand to WSN applications, WSN developers may have heavier tasks of programming for these applications. Thanks to TinyOS and NesC, an operating system and programming language designed especially for WSN, raises the WSN application's programming to a higher level. Large number of supported sensor hardware plus system provided and user-de-fined libraries eases WSN application programmers' jobs. How-ever, the massive amount of nodes' communication and networking, and security protection slows down the development pace. A unified and empirical WSN application implementation platform is one of the available solutions to the problem. This paper introduces an empirical WSN application implementation platform, which avails the WSN developers build an application with unified code template and network packet generation and processing strategies.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are among the most promising technologies of the new millennium. The opportunities afforded by being able to program networks of small, lightweight, low-power, computation- and bandwidth-limited nodes have attracted a large community of researchers and developers. However, the unique set of capabilities offered by the technology produces an exciting but complex design space, which is often difficult to negotiate in an application context. Deploying sensing physical environments produces its own set of challenges, and can push systems into failure modes, thus revealing problems that can be difficult to discover or reproduce in simulation or the laboratory.Sustained efforts in the area of wireless networked sensing over the last 15 years have resulted in a large number of theoretical developments, substantial practical achievements, and a wealth of lessons for the future. It is clear that in order to bridge the gap between (on the one hand) visions of very large scale, autonomous, randomly deployed networks and (on the other) the actual performance of fielded systems, we need to view deployment as an essential component in the process of developing sensor networks: a process that includes hardware and software solutions that serve specific applications and end-user needs. Incorporating deployment into the design process reveals a new and different set of requirements and considerations, whose solutions require innovative thinking, multidisciplinary teams and strong involvement from end-user communities.This special feature uncovers and documents some of the hurdles encountered and solutions offered by experimental scientists when deploying and evaluating wireless sensor networks in situ, in a variety of well specified application scenarios.The papers specifically address issues of generic importance for WSN system designers: (i) data quality, (ii) communications availability and quality, (iii) alternative, low-energy sensing modalities and (iv) system solutions with high end-user added value and cost benefits. The common thread is deployment and deployment evaluation. In particular, satisfaction of application requirements, involvement of the end-user in the design and deployment process, satisfactory system performance and user acceptance are concerns addressed in many of the contributions. The contributions form a valuable set, which help to identify the priorities for research in this burgeoning area: Robust, reliable and efficient data collection in embedded wireless multi-hop networks are essential elements in creating a true deploy-and-forget user experience. Maintaining full connectivity within a WSN, in a real world environment populated by other WSNs, WiFi networks or Bluetooth devices that constitute sources of interference is a key element in any application, but more so for those that are safety-critical, such as disaster response. Awareness of the effects of wireless channel, physical position and line-of-sight on received signal strength in real-world, outdoor environments will shape the design of many outdoor applications. Thus, the quantification of such effects is valuable knowledge for designers. Sensors' failure detection, scalability and commercialization are common challenges in many long-term monitoring applications; transferable solutions are evidenced here in the context of pollutant detection and water quality. Innovative, alternative thinking is often needed to achieve the desired long-lived networks when power-hungry sensors are foreseen components; in some instances, the very problems of wireless technology, such as RF irregularity, can be transformed into advantages. The importance of an iterative design and evaluation methodology—from analysis to simulation to real-life deployment—should be well understood by all WSN developers. The value of this is highlighted in the context of a challenging WPAN video-surveillance application based on a novel Nomadic Access Mechanism. Cost benefits to be drawn from devising a WSN based solution to classic application areas such as surveillance are often a prime motivator for WSN designers; an example is offered here based on the use of intelligent agents for intrusion monitoring. Last but not least, the practicality and usability of the WSN solutions found for novel applications is key to their adoption. This is particularly true when the end-users of the developed technology are medical patients. The importance of feedback, elegant hardware encapsulation and extraction of meaning from data is presented in the context of novel orthopedic rehabilitation aids.Overall, this feature offers wide coverage of most issues encountered in the process of design, implementation and evaluation of deployable WSN systems. We trust that designers and developers of WSN systems will find much work of value, ranging from lessons learned, through solutions to known hurdles, to novel developments that enhance applications. Finally, we would like to thank all authors for their valuable contributions!

A novel model about the local-world linear expanding evolution of wireless sensor networks(WSNs) has been put forward in the basis of the classic BA scale-free model. The four types of internal evolving behaviors in wireless sensor networks are reflected in the dynamic process of the model. With the application of continuous field theory, the characteristics of network nodes' degree distribution are obtained, and it follows the power law distribution. This model not only has excellent robustness in avoiding the affection of random fault or failure of nodes, but also provides a new reference for constructing reliable topology of WSNs.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables all objects to connect to the Internet and exchange data via different emerging technologies, which makes the intelligent identification and management a reality. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as a crucial basis of IoT, have been applied in many fields like smart health care and smart transportation. With the development of WSNs, data security has attracted more and more attention, and user authentication is a popular mechanism to ensure the information security of WSNs. Recently, many authentication mechanisms for wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) have been proposed, but most of the protocols cannot achieve the features of local password change and forward secrecy while resisting stolen smart card attack. To enhance the security based on previous work, an ECC-based secure three-factor authentication protocol with forward secrecy for WMSN is proposed in this paper. It utilizes a fuzzy commitment scheme to handle the biometric information. Meanwhile, fuzzy verifier and honey_list techniques are used to solve the contradiction of local password verification and mobile device lost attack. The security of our protocol is evaluated by provable security, Proverif tool, and information analysis. Besides, the comparisons with the relevant protocols are given, and the results indicate that our protocol is robust and secure for WMSN systems.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes which can monitor the physical activities and attributes of a whole spectrum of objects and environments. The purpose of collecting this data and processing it in a meaningful manner requires that it adds significant value to the end user. WSN are deployed ever more frequently and applications vary from providing an early alert system on the activity of a volcano, to controlling the movements of livestock so that farming output can be maximized using virtual fencing. There are many challenges facing wireless sensor networks, with one being found in the uniqueness of each application, and challenges arise when WSN developers try to adequately test such applications when they are deployed with varying numbers of nodes, in all ranges of environmental conditions. To implement such systems in hardware involves a huge financial investment and from a development perspective prevents the developer from changing hardware platforms or communications protocols throughout the testing phase without incurring further financial hardship. Due to this fact, tools which can accurately simulate the behavior and performance of real world WSN applications are in high demand and a crucial aspect in the continued growth of WSN in the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a cloud based system which makes various simulation platforms available to multiple users who wish to test WSN routing protocols or the hardware constraints of the various WSN platforms. This simulation testbed is hosted on a Dell PowerEdge R720 server in the communications laboratory in the University of Limerick and it is made available to users through the use of a virtual machine. This offers users access to many of the popular WSN simulation environments with vast computing resources and storage but at far reduced costs for protocol simulation.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is believed to be the first of the top ten technologies that will change the world in the future. With the development of WSNs in the military and commercial fields, the security of WSNs is becoming more and more important. The classical security mechanisms, namely authentication and encryption, can prevent some outsider attacks; however, these mechanisms are inefficient in detecting selective forwarding attacks on compromised nodes. Based on the observations above, in this paper, an improved greedy algorithm based on reputation evaluation mechanism is proposed to enforce cooperation among the nodes of WSNs and defend against the selective forwarding attacks. The performance of the improved greedy algorithm is verified by simulation, and the simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively resist the attacks of internal malicious nodes, it has better performance than the original greedy algorithm in terms of packet delivery ratio and drop ratio while there exist attack nodes.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of multiple unassisted embedded devices which process and transmit data collected from different on-board physical sensors (temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.,). There are several applications in WSN such as agriculture, industrial monitoring, etc.,. In agriculture, plant diseases are regularly monitored by WSN. This survey paper explains about the existing methods and new methods and the development of WSN. Plant monitoring with the image processing and sensor networks using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based control is the new method. The figures in this paper consist of the development and progress in WSN.

Background: In wireless sensor network (WSN), one of the best method is data aggregation for energy conservation. In numerous WSN applications, privacy preserving has become a very important issues with the development of WSNs. Purpose: Sensors are vulnerable for security threats due to the open deployment. Moreover, most of the routing algorithms does not consider security. Various methods like trust management, key management, firewalls, and intrusion detection for providing security were considered in the existing work. Between them, enhanced security is given by the trust management. Thus, in this paper, we used the secure trust-based enhanced LEACH routing (STELR) protocol to resolve security concerns. Methods: Here, cluster head is selected by using emperor penguin optimization (EPO) algorithm for data aggregation, and STELR is used to enable the security for routing. We can enable secure communication by checking the trustworthiness of a node. Results: The work is implemented in MATLAB platform, and the results are measured in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end-to-end (E2E) delay, detection accuracy, energy dissipated, and trust probability (TP). Conclusions: Finally, the security concerns are resolved, which shows proposed approach that gives better performance when compared to existing techniques like LEACH and SDILR protocols.KeywordsWireless sensor networkEmperor penguin optimizationLEACH protocolTrust valueCluster headKey signature generationKey signature verification data aggregation and routing

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are indispensable building blocks for the Internet of Things (IoT). With the development of WSNs, privacy issues have drawn more attention. Existing work on the privacy-preserving range query mainly focuses on privacy preservation and integrity verification in two-tiered WSNs in the case of compromised master nodes, but neglects the damage of node collusion. In this paper, we propose a series of collusion-aware privacy-preserving range query protocols in two-tiered WSNs. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to consider collusion attacks for a range query in tiered WSNs while fulfilling the preservation of privacy and integrity. To preserve the privacy of data and queries, we propose a novel encoding scheme to conceal sensitive information. To preserve the integrity of the results, we present a verification scheme using the correlation among data. In addition, two schemes are further presented to improve result accuracy and reduce communication cost. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm the efficiency, accuracy and privacy of our proposals.

IWSNs (Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks) have become the next step in the evolution of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) due to the nature and demands of modern industry. With this type of network, flexible and scalable architectures can be created that simultaneously support traffic sources with different characteristics. Due to the great diversity of application scenarios, there is a need to implement additional capabilities that can guarantee an adequate level of reliability and that can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the applications in use. The use of SDNs (Software Defined Networks) extends the possibilities of control over the network and enables its deployment at an industrial level. The signaling traffic exchanged between nodes and controller is heavy and must occupy the same channel as the data traffic. This difficulty can be overcome with the segmentation of the traffic into flows, and correct scheduling at the MAC (Medium Access Control) level, known as slices. This article proposes the integration in the SDN controller of a traffic manager, a routing process in charge of assigning different routes according to the different flows, as well as the introduction of the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Scheduler. In addition, the TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping) is incorporated in the SDN-WISE framework (Software Defined Networking solution for Wireless Sensor Networks), and this protocol has been modified to send the TSCH schedule. These elements are jointly responsible for scheduling and segmenting the traffic that will be sent to the nodes through a single packet from the controller and its performance has been evaluated through simulation and a testbed. The results obtained show how flexibility, adaptability, and determinism increase thanks to the joint use of the routing process and the TSCH Scheduler, which makes it possible to create a slicing by flows, which have different quality of service requirements. This in turn helps guarantee their QoS characteristics, increase the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) for the flow with the highest priority, maintain the DMR (Deadline Miss Ratio), and increase the network lifetime.

The 2.4 GHz Industrial, Science and Medical (ISM) band is a license free band allocated for a variety of consumer applications: environmental monitoring, agriculture, medical care, smart buildings, factory monitoring and automation, and numerous military applications. This project focuses on the Adaptive Interference Avoidance Scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 to allow coexistence with IEEE 802.11b/g in the 2.4GHz ISM band. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communication capabilities. It is an exciting new technology and can also be considered as the underlying infrastructure that will be integral part of future ubiquitous and embedded computing applications. Due to the independent design and development in WSN, together with the unexpected dynamics during deployment of co-existing networks such as IEEE802.11b/g and devices within the same frequency spectrum, it is crucial to ensure that each wireless technology maintains and provides its desired performance requirement. Therefore, a method to determine and avoid the collision between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b/g devices when co-exist within a certain environment needs to be carried out.

Industry 4.0 (I4.0), also called the Fourth Industrial Revolution, promotes the intelligence of manufacturing. The introduced new technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and cloud technology have brought the new model of production, also the chances and vision for industries. Construction 4.0 refers the spirit of I4.0 and introduces computerization and intellectualization applications in construction domain, which integrates existing engineering techniques, processes, and requirements and then establishes an adaptive, resource efficient, and smart construction process. The most representative technology such as BIM (Building Information Modeling) which digitalizes and visualizes the construction project, integrates different kinds information into the digital model, enhances the management of all construction life cycle stages. Furthermore, IoT is considered to be the internet’s most revolutionary development, which connects millions of objects and devices and keeps increasing by surprising rapidity. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), the most key technology of IoT, was composed by different kind of sensors, control elements, and networks, which enables objects to have sensing, control and communicate capabilities. By WSN development, more and more facilities and buildings were enabled to have intelligent, human-like capabilities. In this chapter, the frameworks and applications are proposed for the integration of IoT technology and internet enabled physical devices in the construction industry, and the major advantages and challenges are explored and identified. Furthermore, a pilot study is introduced to illustrate the integration of WSN and BIM technologies for construction safety management as the example of IoT application. In the study, many WSN nodes were placed on an underground tunnel, which collected hazardous gas, monitored temperature and humidity information in real time, then all the conditions were fed back by a self-constituted network and dynamically displayed on a 3D BIM model. When an abnormal situation was detected in a location, the BIM model on a remote management system alerted the location by turning red, simultaneously, the flash alarm and ventilator on site also started automatically for evacuation alert and hazard removal. The system can much enhance human safety and reduce risk and operation cost in construction site management. Finally, the benefits, limitations, and suggestions are summarized for further research.

TinyOS applications for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) typically run in a complicated concurrency model. It is difficult for developers to precisely predict the dynamic execution process of a TinyOS application by its static source codes. Such a conceptual gap frequently incurs software bugs, due to unexpected system behaviors caused by unknown execution patterns. This paper presents T-Morph (TinyOS application tomography), a novel tool to mine, visualize, and verify the execution patterns of TinyOS applications. T-Morph abstracts the dynamic execution process of a TinyOS application into simple, structured application behavior models, which well reflect how the static source codes are executed. Furthermore, T-Morph visualizes them in a user-friendly manner. Therefore, WSN developers can readily see if their source codes run as intended by simply verifying the correctness of the models. Finally, the verified models allow T-Morph to automatically check the application behaviors during a long-term testing execution. The suggested model violations can unveil potential bugs and direct developers to suspicious locations in the source codes. We have implemented T-Morph and applied it to verify a series of representative real-life TinyOS applications and find several bugs, including a new bug in the latest release of TinyOS. It shows T-Morph can provide substantial help to verify TinyOS applications.

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have grown dramatically and made a great progress in many applications. But having limited life, batteries, as the power sources of wireless sensor nodes, have restricted the development and application of WSNs which often requires a very long lifespan for better performance. In order to make the WSNs prevalent in our lives, an alternative energy source is required. Environmental energy is an attractive power source, and it provides an approach to make the sensor nodes self-powered with the possibility of an almost infinite lifetime. The goal of this survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the various possible energy harvesting technologies from ambient environment for WSNs.

Since Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are regarded as large-scale distributed systems in nature, it is (i) difficult to implement their distributed low-level codes, (ii) hard to analyze their performance and (iii) almost impossible to operate a number of nodes manually. In this paper, we propose an integrated environment called D-sense to solve these problems in WSN development. By providing algorithm-level APIs, D-sense tries to hide distributed, low-level operations in the NesC programming language. The algorithm-level APIs and other NesC codes can automatically be converted into simulator codes to avoid code-writing for simulation purpose. In addition, D-sense provides useful functions like monitoring, logging and debugging of distributed programs. We have implemented several known protocols and evaluated the performance by simulation and real environmental experiments to demonstrate the functions of D-sense.