A survey and analysis on color image encryption algorithms

Images are important information carriers in our lives, and images should be secure when transmitted and stored. Image encryption algorithms based on chaos theory emerge in endlessly. Based on previous various chaotic image fast encryption algorithms, this paper proposes a color image sector fast encryption algorithm based on one-dimensional composite sinusoidal chaotic mapping. The main purpose of this algorithm is to improve the encryption and decryption speed of color images and improve the efficiency of image encryption in the big data era. First, four basic chaos maps are combined in pairs and added with sine operations. Six one-dimensional composite sinusoidal chaos maps (CSCM) were obtained. Secondly, select the two best chaotic mappings LCS and SCS. The randomness of these two chaotic mappings was verified through Lyapunov index and NIST SP 800-22 randomness tests. Thirdly, the encryption process is carried out according to the shape of a traditional Chinese fan, and the diffusion and scrambling of each pixel of the image are performed in parallel. This greatly improves encryption speed. When diffusing, changing the value of one pixel can affect the values of multiple subsequent pixels. When scrambling, each pixel changes position with the three pixels before it according to the chaotic sequence. Finally, through many experiments, it is proved that the image encryption algorithm not only greatly improves the encryption and decryption speed, but also improves various indexes. The key space reached 2192, the average information entropy was 7.9994, the average NPCR was 99.6172, and the average UACI was 33.4646. The algorithm can also resist some common attacks and accidents, such as exhaustion attack, differential attack, noise attack, information loss and so on.

With the development of the Internet, the amount of information carried in images is gradually increasing, and image encryption algorithms for data transmission have been developed. The conventional composite chaotic sequence encryption algorithm has the problem of too long convergence speed when applied to images, which can lead to the risk of information leakage in the image. To address this issue, this study first applies chaotic attractors to improve composite chaotic sequences and enhance the search domain of their Leia Index. At the same time, the Arnold transform technology is introduced into the expert monitoring system, and the two systems are fused to generate a fusion algorithm for color image encryption. Finally, the study conducts experiments on the Differ dataset to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the fusion algorithm, and compares it with three algorithms such as artificial fish schools. The image encryption times of the four algorithms are 6 s, 16 s, 29 s, and 33 s respectively, indicating that the fusion algorithm has the highest encryption speed. When facing exhaustive attacks, the image information damage degrees of the four algorithms are 0.014, 0.051, 0.172, and 0.184, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively resist differential attacks and exhaustive attacks, and is suitable for encrypting color images.

Chaos is widely used in secure communication and cryptography due to its randomness, unpredictability, non-periodicity and high sensitivity to initial values and parameters. However, there are many risks in some existing chaotic image encryption algorithms because they use the the chaotic map without complex dynamic characteristics. To overcome these weaknesses, in this paper introduced an improved Hénon map, and the dynamic analysis results show that the improved Hénon map has more rich chaotic behaviors and better complexity. In addition, we designed a color image encryption scheme using the improved Hénon sequences. For this encryption algorithm, color image is divided into R, G, B primary colors, then R, G, B primary colors are scrambled and diffused by the improved Hénon sequences. The simulation results illustrate that color image encryption algorithm security is advanced by usingimproved Hénon map.

Color image encryption has enticed a lot of attention in recent years. Many authors proposed a chaotic system-based encryption algorithms for that purpose. However, due to the shortcomings of the low dimensional chaotic systems, similar rule structure for RGB channels, and the small keyspace, many of those were cryptanalyzed by chosen-plaintext or other well-known attacks. A Security vulnerability exists because of the same method being applied over the RGB channels. This paper aims to introduce a new three-channel three rules (3C3R) image encryption algorithm along with two novel mathematical models for DNA rule generator and bit inversion. A different rule structure was applied in the different RGB-channels. In the R-channel, a novel Block-based Bit Inversion (BBI) is introduced, in the G-channel Von-Neumann (VN) and Rotated Von-Neumann (RVN)- based 2D-cellular structure is applied. In the B-channel, a novel bidirectional State Machine-based DNA rule generator (SM-DNA) is introduced. Simulations and results show that the proposed 3C3R encryption algorithm is robust against all well-known attacks particularly for the known-plaintext attacks, statistical attacks, brute-force attacks, differential attacks, and occlusion attacks, etc. Also, unlike earlier encryption algorithms, the 3C3R has no security vulnerability.

A color image encryption and decryption scheme based on extended DNA coding and fractional-order 5D hyper-chaotic system

A novel devaney chaotic map with uniform trajectory for color image encryption

To enhance image privacy protection and reduce storage space, this paper proposes an image compression and encryption algorithm that combines compressed sensing, Hachimoji DNA coding, and a 7D hyperchaotic system. The algorithm processes the high-frequency and low-frequency parts after the wavelet transform separately. Sparse high-frequency information is compressed by low-compression measurement. The low-frequency part uses block-compressed sensing, and only a small amount of data is needed to reconstruct a high-quality image. In addition, the measurement matrix is constructed by chaotic sequence, which reduces the demand for memory and transmission bandwidth. To protect compressed data, this paper also presents an image encryption algorithm based on Hachimoji DNA dynamic coding and Joseph dynamic traversal. The algorithm first uses Joseph traversal to disturb the bit position of each pixel dynamically and then implements Hachimoji DNA dynamic coding. At the same time, a new Joseph bidirectional dynamic scrambling-diffusion algorithm is proposed, which gives the encrypted image a uniform grayscale histogram, high information entropy, and sensitivity to resist various attacks effectively.

To improve the security performance of color images encrypted, a new color image encryption algorithm based on DNA computation and Chen system is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the chaotic sequences generated by Chen system are applied to the permutation and confusion phase of image encryption. And the mean value of image pixel of each component of a color image is used as the part of the initial conditions of Chen system, which makes that different original images have different secret keys. Besides, the proposed DNA operations can break the bit planes of the plaintext image entirely. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable for color image encryption. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can enhance the sensitivity to the plaintext image and resist differential attack, brute-force attack, and statistical attack.

Image encryption based on 3D Cubic-Sine Logistic Coupled Map and Improved Chirikov Map

A novel quantum gray-level image encryption and decryption algorithm based on image correlation decomposition is proposed. The correlation among image pixels is established by utilizing the superposition and measurement principle of quantum states. And a whole quantum image is divided into a series of sub-images. These sub-images are stored into a complete binary tree array constructed previously and then randomly performed by one of the operations of quantum random-phase gate, quantum revolving gate and Hadamard transform. The encrypted image can be obtained by superimposing the resulting sub-images with the superposition principle of quantum states. For the encryption algorithm, the keys are the parameters of random phase gate, rotation angle, binary sequence and orthonormal basis states. The security and the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm are analyzed. The proposed encryption algorithm can resist brute force attack due to its very large key space and has lower computational complexity than its classical counterparts.

Security of image data is essential during communication from various security attacks. This paper proposed a new technique for RGB color image encryption and decryption by the combination of shuffling and masking. The chaotic Baker map is used for first layer of image encryption by randomizing the pixels of each components of color image such as red, green and blue and then applying the diffusion process i.e. fractional dual random phase masks (FDRPM) technique which is applied on each component to increase the security level of given method. The order of Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform (DFRFT) act as a key for the process which provides extra degree of security to the proposed system. Matlab simulations are performed to check the security robustness of proposed scheme. Performance of proposed scheme is verified by noise analysis such as mean square error (MSE) and various differential analysis such as Unified Average Change Intensity (UACI) and Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR). Results of various analysis shows that the novel proposed encryption technique shows high efficiency and security for color images.

A color image encryption algorithm by combining the reality-preserving fractional DCT (RPFrDCT) with chaotic mapping in HSI space is presented, in which the generating sequence (GS) is introduced and produced by 2D chaotic mapping to ensure the uniqueness of the transform matrix and enlarge the cipher key space of the encryption system. In addition, the color image is converted from standard RGB space into HSI space and the nonlinearity of the spatial transform makes the proposed encryption algorithm more secure than linear ones. Three components, namely H, S and I, are encrypted by the RPFrDCT with fractional orders and GS as cipher keys. Three-dimensional (3D) scrambling is adopted to further enhance the security of the encryption algorithm. The nonlinearity of the spatial transform from RGB to HSI, the real-valued output and the high cipher key-sensitivity guarantee the security and the feasibility of the proposed encryption algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed encryption algorithm is sensitive to cipher keys and, to some extent, robust to noise and occlusion attacks.

A robust and multi chaotic DNA image encryption with pixel-value pseudorandom substitution scheme

Color image encryption scheme combining cross-plane Zigzag scrambling and pseudo-random combination RGB component diffusion

In the past decade, a large amount of important digital data has been created and stored in the form of color images; the protection of such data from undesirable accesses has become an important problem in information security. In this paper, a new approach based on an evolutionary framework is proposed for the secure encryption of color images. The image contents in a color image are first fully scrambled with a sequence of bit-level operations determined by a number of integer keys. A scrambled image is then encrypted with keys generated from an evolutionary process controlled by a set of chaotic systems. Analysis and experiments show that the proposed approach can generate encrypted color images with high security. In addition, the performance of the proposed approach is compared with that of a few state-of-the-art approaches for color image encryption. The results of the comparison suggest that the proposed approach outperforms the other approaches in the overall security of encrypted images. The proposed approach is thus potentially useful for applications that require color image encryption.