A Survey of Sensing Methodologies in Smart Grids

The Smart Grid Operation Centre (SGOC) is established on 1st April, 2021, as part of the purpose-built facilities of the Haking Wong Campus of the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE), a Vocational Training Council (VTC) member institution. With the generous contributions and steadfast support from CLP Power Hong Kong Limited (CLP Power), SGOC is served as simulation and training facility available to support all Smart Grid development in Hong Kong. The SGOC has installed the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and Smart grid-related equipment, including the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), protection relay, and smart meter that can be looped into the simulator, for its capability and interoperability on real-time studies, including modeling and resolving the potential issues in realtime before they may impact the delivery or operation of the project or the smart grid network. Facing the up-coming challenges with penetration of renewable energy, digitalization, and increasing of electric vehicles, the SGOC provides a feasible range of smart grid related services in respect of real-time studies on the operation of smart grid system, operator training, and operational support that enable derisk deployment and operation of the related smart grid parties, and more practical and tailored training which increases familiarity and confidence of operators. This paper describes the practicalities of specifying, testing, installation and interfacing the platform, with a realtime simulator, at the SGOC, for future operational training and support use, including some uses on faults during operation, diagnosing alarms, scheme updates/upgrades and network interactions and range of smart grid focused training courses will be available and content enhancement into course delivery. Through these wide-ranging installations and systems, trainers will learn to apply the latest industry technologies. This will enrich their knowledge of smart grids and relevant new technologies, thereby helping to promote smart, clean energy development. This paper is also included the Power Hardware- In-the-Loop (PHIL) platform and a case study introduction for the frequency capability for microgrid and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) response.

One of the basic requirements of today's sophisticated world is the availability of electrical energy, and neglect of this matter may have irreparable damages such as an extensive blackout. The problems which were introduced about the traditional power grid, and also, the growing advances in smart technologies make the traditional power grid go towards smart power grid. Although widespread utilisation of telecommunication networks in smart power grid enhances the efficiency of the system, it will create a critical platform for cyber attacks and penetration into the system. Automatic generation control (AGC) is a fundamental control system in the power grid, and it is responsible for controlling the frequency of the grid. An attack on the data transmitted through the telecommunications link from the sensors to the AGC will cause frequency deviation, resulting in disconnection of the load, generators and ultimately global blackout. In this study, by using a Kalman filter and a proposed detector, a solution has been presented to detect the attack before it can affect the system. Contrary to existing methods, this method is able to detect attacks that are stealthy from the area control error signal and χ 2 ‐detector. Simulations confirm the effectiveness of this method.

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With the rapid development of national economy, our demand for power resources has also increased rapidly. The traditional power grid can not be achieved operational status of equipment for effective monitoring and control, we will not be able to ensure the quality and quality of electricity service. Cloudbased build smart grid information platform enables gathering the parameter of grid operation state, greatly increasing the economic efficiency of power enterprises. Firstly, cloud computing and smart grid briefly described, and then pointed out that cloud computing applications in the smart grid information platform, and specialized of cloud-based smart grid information platform, in order for the power grid enterprises to enhance their level of service and provide effective reference. KEYWORD: cloud computing; smart power grids; information platform; Application 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (MMME 2016) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 202 3 THE MAIN PROBLEM IS STILL THE SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM FACING The transition to a cloud computing data center. Our data center because of the different regions and the degree of information presents different characteristics, some data centers already have a basic cloud computing capabilities, but most data centers still remain in the initial level, to ensure the normal operation of the existing data center power under the premise, gradual transition to cloud computing data center in order to meet future requirements of the development of smart grid. Restricting data transmission problem. State Grid Corporation between provincial branches and there are a lot of data needs to be transmitted, will bring massive data transmission efficiency decreases, taking into account the load balancing device between the cloud node, thus building a wide area network channels to resolve data transmission problem. Security of data transmission. Data Center for Cloud Computing power companies to build internal private cloud, capable of self-maintenance and management, system wide area network data transmission services, according to the third security zone defined security partition, and install proprietary equipment production area and external public network isolation . 4 CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN THE SMART GRID INFORMATION POLICY PLATFORM Integrate and optimize the management of heterogeneous resources. Among the smart grid systems, data resources, information systems between various platforms and mutually dispersed, severe heterogeneity, thus leading to the integration of the quality of information sharing to increase difficulty, unable to effectively improve network management efficiency for the power distribution system electrical work quality management and marketing operations system maintenance upgrade will not be able to effectively meet demand (Jie Yang, 2014). Cloud computing technology enables the power system to effectively integrate the various business data and computing resources on the basis of information for business collaboration platform built on effective, able to satisfy the huge demand for smart grid information resource sharing. Cloud computing network virtualization and application virtualization technology, the server virtualization technology and other resources to achieve each service abstraction, and then realize the difference between the system and the software effectively eliminated by the appropriate method to achieve the effective integration of information resources, and then to optimize the management, greatly improving the efficiency of heterogeneous resources management applications. Distributed storage and management of large volume of data. After application of smart grid information platform construction, customer service requests varied, huge data volume information brought it to the storage and management of data provides a great challenge. Cloud computing technology in general face amount of data each smart grid system and unit collected using forms distributed storage of data to achieve the effective storage, greatly to ensure the security and reliability of data storage. GFS effective use of technology with each node, the master server is responsible for the effective management of the whole file system, the file system and complete the work of the metadata stored in the data block is the main server for data storage block sliced, and by saving three or more redundant backup storage. At the same time, client access and complete access to the main block server information. Fast Power System Parallel Computation and Treatment. Smart grids and information platform for the large volume of data to provide stable operation of the power grid data base, but more critical is the analysis and design of each system operating data, planning and decision-making, and even failures and transient stability, state estimation and intelligent a variety of computing and content analysis and decision-making process, its huge computing needs, general computing system can not reach its goal (Wang, Mengxue, 2015). Cloud computing technology through parallel computing technology has greatly enhanced parallel processing capability of the power system, which provides parallel programming model makes more simple and efficient parallel algorithms. MapReduce as Google made an important parallel programming model, and its role in large data sets in parallel computing plays a very prominent. Parallel processing job results by the client to achieve effective user submitted, via decomposition automated master role, the corresponding task scheduling to working nodes and nodes work completed by the specific calculations and perform the appropriate task. 5 SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM CLOUD COMPUTING ANALYSIS Cloud Computing Smart Grid Information Platform Architecture. Smart grid technology information platform architecture cloud computing include the following several levels and aspects (Yan Cui, 2015): First, that the platform infrastructure layer is the integration of the various hardware resources and related management capabilities of virtualized using virtual technology to achieve the corresponding hardware devices such as computers and network storage devices abstraction, and then complete the automation and optimization of resource data and load management; secondly, the main platform for the integration of the various layers of software

Smart grids are electric grids that utilize advanced technologies of monitoring, control, and communication to supply reliable and secure energy, improve the efficiency of the system, and provide flexibility to the prosumers. The beginning of the smart grid era and the development in modern infrastructures of metering, communication, and energy storage have revolutionized the power grid. Smart grids are developed with complex physical networks and cyber systems thus enabling smart grids for the Internet of Energy (IoE). IoE is the cloud where sources of power generation and loads of power consumption are embedded with intelligence. Modern electric power grids are integrated with sensors used to provide measurements. The sensor measurements and the complex applications of various sensors cause a need for Cyber-Physical System (CPS). CPS is a class of systems that integrates physical process, computation, and networking. The CPS model of the smart grid helps in modeling and simulation for evaluation of the system performance and characteristics. The CPS model of the smart grid must enable the smart grid to be robust, 2allow future extensions, and compatible with web service technologies. The power generation sources and loads such as smart buildings are the physical layers, the sensors used for measurements form the cyber-physical integration and the data storage and processing using IOE forms the cyber layer of the smart grid. The CPS model of the smart grid helps in the integration of intelligent devices and allied information and communication technologies for robust and reliable operation in smart grids. In the smart grid paradigm, the energy management system has a vital role to increase the efficiency and reliability of the system. This chapter presents a CPS model for smart grid and the challenges associated with the development of the CPS model. In addition, this chapter describes the energy management system model of the smart grid.

As an indispensable infrastructure for the future life, smart grid is being implemented to save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. In smart grid, control center networks have attracted a great number of attentions, because their security and dependability issues are critical to the entire smart grid. Several studies have been conducted in the field of security, but few work focuses on the dependability analysis of control center networks. In this paper, we adopt a concise mathematic tool, stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), to analyze the dependability of control center networks in smart grid. With the proposed SPNs model, we can measure the dependability from two metrics, i.e., the reliability and availability, through analyzing the transient probability. We also study a specific case to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed model in the dependability analysis of control center networks in smart grid.

Recently, the smart grid being an electrical grid entailing diversity of process and energy measures counting smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy-efficient resources has become promising research with increased fidelity of power-flow control, energy reliability and energy security by the use of digital communications and technology controls. To advance the current traditional power grids into a smart grid, it necessitates a substantial dependence on intelligent communication infrastructures. More still, it requires an improved framework for persistent distributed communication, computing and sensing technology advancement in the smart grid. This paper surveys state-of-the-art efforts in the existing research centers in smart grid networks, waging away for us to identify the research challenges, proposed solutions within the continued studies showing the high-tech fifth-generation (5G) characteristics that empower smart grid as well as the imaginable vulnerabilities in smart grid.

Security issues are the major concerns in the deployment of the smart grid system. One proposal of Secure, Intuitive and Low-cost Device Authentication (SILDA) mechanism designed for the Home Area Networks (HANs) in smart grid has presented an authentication protocol which is resilient against insider attackers, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and impersonation attacks. However, it encounters a problem with the key management and has been proved to be vulnerable to reply attacks and unknown key sharing attacks. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Secure Device Authentication (ESDA) scheme for the HAN in smart grid. By our proposal, t he vulnerability of the SILDA protocol can be overcome. The Burrows-Abadi-Needham Logic (BAN Logic) has been used to provide a proof on the logical correctness of the proposed scheme.

The cognitive smart grid (SG) communication paradigm aims to mitigate quality of service (QoS) issues in obsolete communication architecture associated with the conventional electrical grid. This paradigm entails the integration of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) into power grids, enabling a two-way flow of information. However, due to the exponential increase in wireless applications and services, also driven by the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) smart devices, SG communication systems are expected to handle large volumes of data. As a result, the operation of SG networks is confronted with the major challenge of managing and processing data in a reliable and secure manner. The existing works in the literature proposed architectures with the objective to mitigate the underlying QoS issues such as latency, bandwidth, data congestion, energy efficiency, etc. In addition, a variety of communication technologies have been analyzed for their capacity to support stringent QoS requirements for diverse SGs environments. This notwithstanding, a standard architecture designed to mitigate the aforementioned issues for SG networks remains a work-in-progress. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the emerging technologies such as cognitive radio networks (CRNs) as part of the Fifth-Generation (5G) mobile technology for reliable communication in SG networks. Furthermore, a hybrid architecture based on the combination of fog computing and cloud computing is proposed. In this architecture, real-time latency-sensitive information is given high priority, with fog edge based servers deployed in close proximity to home area networks (HANs) for preprocessing and analyzing of information collected from smart IoT devices. In comparison to the recent works in the literature, which are mainly based on CRNs and 5G separately, the proposed architecture in this paper incorporates the combination of CRNs and 5G for reliable and efficient communication in SG networks.

Smart grid technologies are expected to increase system efficiency and reliability using advancement in automation, communication, computation, and optimization. Several control algorithms have been developed or enhanced for operation and control of smart distribution grid. In recent years, volt/var control (VVC) algorithms have been proposed for energy saving in distribution systems due to advancement provided by smart grid automation and control. VVC helps to lower distribution feeder voltage to decrease energy consumption. However, quantification of this impact is hard due to several external factors such as weather and end users' behavior. On the other hand, existing evaluation methods of VVC algorithms are either not suitable for long-term study or intrusive. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a new technique to estimate “distribution system demand without smart grid implementation” utilizing “data measured from system with smart grid implementation.” Interdependence of voltage and load is considered based on estimated load characteristic. Our key contribution is developing a method for quantifying the real-time energy saving of smart grid automation and control focused on VVC and implementing in an electric utility in eastern Washington, USA. The algorithm is developed using both commercial and open-source software.

As an indispensable infrastructure for the future life, smart grid is being implemented to save energy, reduce costs, and increase reliability. In smart grid, control center networks have attracted a great deal of attention, because their security and dependability issues are critical to the entire smart grid. Several studies have been conducted in the field of smart grid security, but few work focuses on the dependability analysis of control center networks. In this paper, we adopt a concise mathematic tool, stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), to analyze the dependability of control center networks in smart grid. We present the general model of control center networks by considering different backup strategies of critical components. With the general SPNs model, we can measure the dependability from two metrics, i.e., the reliability and availability, through analyzing the transient and steady-state probabilities simultaneously. To avoid the state-space explosion problem in computing, the state-space explosion avoidance method is proposed as well. Finally, we study a specific case to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed model in the dependability analysis of control center networks in smart grid.

In the related work of power grid safety, safety protection can be said to be a very basic work. Nowadays, with the continuous development of science and technology in China, a large-scale smart high-voltage power grid has been formed. In the actual operation of smart high-voltage power grid, if the safety automatic device owned by it has an accident, it is very easy to cause abnormal operation of the system, wrong operation and other situations, thus destroying the working performance of the power grid equipment. When there is a large current passing through the system in a short time, the relay protection device will be triggered, which will seriously affect the normal operation of the power grid.

WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) have been considered one of the very promising technologies for the implementation of smart grid. And security of WSNs becomes a central concern. The security solutions for generic wireless sensor networks cannot be directly used in smart grid WSNs. In this paper, the applications of sensor networks in electric power systems are discussed and analyzed first. Then, the characteristics of smart grid WSNs are summarized. Threats and security requirements special for wireless sensor networks used in smart grid systems are presented. Based on these works, reference security architecture was proposed to guide the development and the design of the security solutions of wireless sensor networks in smart grid systems, considering the information security requirements of electric power systems. Moreover, open security issues needed solve to protect WSNs applied in smart grid, and research challenges are introduced.

The smart grid (SG) is an emerging technology. To overcome the limitations of traditional power grid systems, it is an optimistic alternative. Smart grid includes green energy resources and enhances the reliability of power generation, transmission, as well as distribution. This transformation involves a bidirectional communication network that monitors the power flow and stores the data at each level. Moreover, as numerous information data and communication devices are involved in the smart grid, it is a prime target for cyber attacks. Targeting the smart grid can lead to disclosure of private data, supply chain failures, and it can also lead to blackouts. Therefore, cyber security becomes a major concern of all power companies around the world. This paper talks about the basic overview of SG, its security objectives, followed by the existing vulnerabilities in the SG network, attack types, some major attacks on the power grid, and highlight some recent solutions.KeywordsSmart grid (SG)VulnerabilitiesCyber securitySmart grid security

Synthetically analyze the power distribution communication network technology in the smart power grid link. It mainly includes the summary of the smart distribution network, electric power communication backbone network and then layer communication requirements, the network mode and the application mode of WLAN technology in the distribution network, EPON network technology, micropower wireless technology, PTN technology and power broadband wireless systems. State the demand of the smart power distribution business and put forward technical guidance for the smart power distribution communication network scheme. In view of the complex distribution network architecture, more nodes and scattered, complex business types data business needs, put forward the integrated solutions of optical fiber communication as the backbone access, wireless bandwidth, passive optical communication as the coverage, the short distance wireless communication as the main terminal access. It provides a reference for the communication plan of distribution side.