Dependability Analysis of Control Center Networks in Smart Grid Using Stochastic Petri Nets

As an indispensable infrastructure for the future life, smart grid is being implemented to save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability. In smart grid, control center networks have attracted a great number of attentions, because their security and dependability issues are critical to the entire smart grid. Several studies have been conducted in the field of security, but few work focuses on the dependability analysis of control center networks. In this paper, we adopt a concise mathematic tool, stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), to analyze the dependability of control center networks in smart grid. With the proposed SPNs model, we can measure the dependability from two metrics, i.e., the reliability and availability, through analyzing the transient probability. We also study a specific case to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed model in the dependability analysis of control center networks in smart grid.

Security issues are the major concerns in the deployment of the smart grid system. One proposal of Secure, Intuitive and Low-cost Device Authentication (SILDA) mechanism designed for the Home Area Networks (HANs) in smart grid has presented an authentication protocol which is resilient against insider attackers, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and impersonation attacks. However, it encounters a problem with the key management and has been proved to be vulnerable to reply attacks and unknown key sharing attacks. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Secure Device Authentication (ESDA) scheme for the HAN in smart grid. By our proposal, t he vulnerability of the SILDA protocol can be overcome. The Burrows-Abadi-Needham Logic (BAN Logic) has been used to provide a proof on the logical correctness of the proposed scheme.

Smart Grid requires lots of applications in the terminals to sense the environment or control the intelligent devices. Due to the low cost and high function, wireless sensors have been deployed in power grid wildly. Depending on wireless sensor network (WSN), the grid can build a two-way communication system, and then customers can interact extensively with the network, both in providing power consumption data and even feeding back domestically produced energy into the grid. This paper starts with an overview of various applications of wireless sensor network in smart grid and then discusses exiting issues. Wireless sensor network can sense and monitor the transmission line, substation, home etc. however, the issues of security, reliability, standardization etc should be address.

WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) have been considered one of the very promising technologies for the implementation of smart grid. And security of WSNs becomes a central concern. The security solutions for generic wireless sensor networks cannot be directly used in smart grid WSNs. In this paper, the applications of sensor networks in electric power systems are discussed and analyzed first. Then, the characteristics of smart grid WSNs are summarized. Threats and security requirements special for wireless sensor networks used in smart grid systems are presented. Based on these works, reference security architecture was proposed to guide the development and the design of the security solutions of wireless sensor networks in smart grid systems, considering the information security requirements of electric power systems. Moreover, open security issues needed solve to protect WSNs applied in smart grid, and research challenges are introduced.

The modern electric grid is developing through smart grid network and at particular demand load response a smart grid network how much affected the efficiency of the overall grid system is a key factor of system analysis. Due to the traditional loading of grid network is often excessive cost and so estimation of smart power grid network increase day by day through mathematical modeling tools which reduces operating time and cost. Furthermore the proposed smart model can also reduce computing costs together with time concern than more accurate problem representation in classical orientation. This paper establish a Stability analysis of IEEE 14 bus power model using demand respond monthly data of West Bengal Power scenario and demonstrates its feasibility. The results obtained are verified with the standard available results. We shortly summarize in our paper the approach of physical application, calculation procedure and difference types of stability possibilities that are illustrated in detail in the references. Load modelling is also applied when demand needs to be shifted at point of response in our experimental investigation that resuts the informational value and reliability of the different indices. Method of the experimentation was compared with the different index values observed by numerical simulation in time domain on realistic sample network. Aim of this work is to enhance stability methods for calculating on different cases through smart network planning, operation control and to provide a possibility of realtime monitoring system of stability for power dispatcher.

A novel approach of interdependency modeling of Smart Grid and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks is introduced. Methodological approach for vulnerability reduction considering both structural and functional vulnerability is introduced in this paper. The analysis of cyber-attacks on Smart Grid and SCADA network is discussed. Paper discusses importance and need of clean, sustainable and green energy for the future. Paper also analyzes interdependent Smart Grid and SCADA network under severe emergency situations. The contribution of this paper provides novel network with integrated infrastructures for active and survivable network operation. Thus novel Smart Grid and SCADA interdependency network will act as future's clean, sustainable and Green energy model.

In order to improve the invulnerability of electric power optical transmission network in the smart grid, based on complex network theory, experimental simulation of random attacks and selective attacks on electric power optical transmission network in Jiangbei District of Nanjing City is carried out, and the method of improving the invulnerability of the network is given according to the simulation results. In the experiment of random attacks, we investigate the impact of single node failure on network connectivity and screen the hub nodes, and get the hub nodes that need to be protected. In selective attacks, two kinds of attack strategies are proposed, namely, network efficiency relative loss rate first attacks and real-time betweenness first attacks. From three aspects that include connectivity, network efficiency and network efficiency relative loss rate to evaluate the invulnerability of the network. The experimental results show that the electric power optical transmission network has the worst invulnerability to real-time betweenness first attacks. On this basis, an important node evaluation and protection method is proposed to improve the invulnerability of electric power optical transmission network, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the example simulation.

The conventional power grid has gone into transition and converted into what is called "smart grid The smart grid helps to bring reliability, monitoring, controllability, and efficiency. It provides a bidirectional flow of energy and communication. The major element of the smart grid is the communication networks. The smart grid system is comprised of different types of smart devices and heterogeneous networks. These communication networks are prone to many kinds of attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Man In The Middle (MITM) and replay attacks. As a result, the smart grid is becoming a major target for cybercriminals. In this paper, the vulnerabilities and security issues exist in the smart grid are presented. Finally, the solutions for mitigating the attacks are discussed. It provides an overview of security issues present in the communication system in the smart grid. With this paper, readers can gain more understanding of security issues present in the smart grid communication systems, networks, and devices.

With the advent of smart grid, researchers are facing new research challenges. One of these research challenges is privacy of Home Area Networks in smart grid environments. A privacy issue in Home Area Networks requires higher attention to convince the customers towards this technology. Moreover, one has to consider various aspects while protecting the personal information of consumers. Major aspects to be considered are: (a) limited computational resources, (b) energy efficiency, (c) network load minimization, and (d) electricity consumption data accuracy. So far, researchers have put significant amount of efforts to provide solutions that can ensure customers privacy. However, major issues with most of existing schemes are dependence on trusted third party, communication overhead and computational resources wastage. For this purpose, we have presented a secret key based privacy preserving technique for home area networks using simple XOR and bit rotation process. The analysis of the proposed schemes proves that consumers privacy is preserved and reduces the computation and communication overhead. The message integrity is also ensured.

The present electrical grid is perchance the most engineering achievement of the 20th century. However, it is ever more outdated and overburdened, leading to costly blackouts and burnouts. For this and various other reasons, conversion hard work are ongoing to make the current electrical grid smarter. A consistent, universal and secure communication infrastructure is binding for the accomplishment and deployment of the future smart grid. Technologies are emerging in addition to the previously applied to help upgrade the current power grid. In this paper we will give an general idea of smart grid reference model, and a complete survey of the available networks for the smart grid and a serious review of the progress of wired and wireless communication technologies for grid infrastructure. Communication architecture for Home Area Networks (HANs), Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) for smart grid applications. We think that this work will provide valued insights for the novices who would like to follow linked research in the SG domain.

The operation of smart power grids is supported by interconnected sensors and devices that provide real-time monitoring. Smart grids provide more secure and dependable electricity than traditional grids because of constant monitoring. This paper reviews the technology used in smart grids, specifically sensors and communication technologies. It also talks about the challenges that smart grids face, such as providing power to the network's sensors, islanding, cyber-security, and issues that occur when using distributed generators. Current solutions for sensing changes and communication of sensed data in smart grid networks are also discussed.

Energy is one of the primary sources of economic and technological development in any area. Energy is a leading requirement like food, cloth, and shelter just like illumination, electrical appliances like fan, television, air-conditioning and other things. So, as the demand of this all box of tricks the planning must be there on various strategies of energy management systems. To conserve energy, the investigation of energy supplied where it uses, conserves, and wastes. The audits improve the performance of activities from generation to the receiving end. This chapter is not only to pioneer the management but also to preserve. The preservation squanders the energy where and when it will be. Sundry action is planned for organizing state of the art policies for plants and also energy security. The planning is smart energy management and the smart city, including smart town planning, smart security, smart transportation/mobility, smart governance, smart building/home, smart energy, and smart grid. The propound creep up on the impact of deputy applications and high-power rating loads in magnitude hours to energy expending expenditure of consumers. Replica results show that the propound creep up on the efficiency in reducing vertex load demand and electricity spending charges with a rising in the comfort level of patrons. In the case of the smart grid, the main application is a smart city; the features are taking under the topic, i.e. need to enhance for consumers for their benefits are developing the nature of IoT in electrical appliances, reducing the maintenance cost, improve public safety via all-time surveillance, aid economic development, enhancing consumers service and obvious conservation. IoT can play a vital role in energy management strategy in smart city and grid networks; it helps to contribute to various applications in which the consumers can benefit from economics and audit. The benefits are smart metering networks, smart city lighting, smart grid automation, ecological monitoring solutions, efficient public service tracking. The main sub-assistant benefit to smart energy is a microgrid. A microgrid is a standalone structure. The Microgrid is a widely founded research in the current curriculum that has propounded the centralized and distributed scheme application. In this research, we are concentrating on energy security. The main concept about energy security is to, before expansion and delivery; we must go through the queries that why we need security, on which ultimatum, from whom, and security on which merit. Energy security is a global confusion issue for the general public, policymakers, or legislators. Strategies must be planned to increase and improve the individual renewable type of energy to use in the industrial premises to reduce consumption. Planning is to strengthen the renewable energy source, which is the only way to reduce greenhouse emissions—a blueprint for the Microgrid at an individual level in domestic and commercial consumers. Blueprint to replace the running energy infrastructure so advance new better consumption free structures develops for consumers. Strategies to reduce fuel squander. So, it will directly reduce consumption and indirectly greenhouse emissions and air pollution. This chapter is a case study of different energy management proposals to conserve energy investments via organizing online, offline training programs and evaluating energy performances, action planning, and economics.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely recognized as a promising solution for enhancing various aspects of electric power grid and realizing the vision of smart grid. However, energy crisis and challenging wireless environment in smart grid create a number of challenges for WSNs, as a result of which energy efficiency become critically important. On the other hand, cognitive radio (CR) technology is expected to play a vital role in smart grid networks. Cognitive Sensor Networks (CSNs) can effectively address some unique challenges of WSNs in smart grid. In this paper, we aim to design an energy efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for CSNs. In this regard, we propose ECR-MAC, which is an energy-efficient receiver-based MAC protocol for CSNs. ECR-MAC uses a energy-efficiency based auction mechanism and preamble sampling techniques for providing high energy efficiency and reliability. In addition, ECR-MAC explicitly accounts for the peculiarities of a CR environment. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of ECR-MAC as a viable solution for CSNs.

One of the basic requirements of today's sophisticated world is the availability of electrical energy, and neglect of this matter may have irreparable damages such as an extensive blackout. The problems which were introduced about the traditional power grid, and also, the growing advances in smart technologies make the traditional power grid go towards smart power grid. Although widespread utilisation of telecommunication networks in smart power grid enhances the efficiency of the system, it will create a critical platform for cyber attacks and penetration into the system. Automatic generation control (AGC) is a fundamental control system in the power grid, and it is responsible for controlling the frequency of the grid. An attack on the data transmitted through the telecommunications link from the sensors to the AGC will cause frequency deviation, resulting in disconnection of the load, generators and ultimately global blackout. In this study, by using a Kalman filter and a proposed detector, a solution has been presented to detect the attack before it can affect the system. Contrary to existing methods, this method is able to detect attacks that are stealthy from the area control error signal and χ 2 ‐detector. Simulations confirm the effectiveness of this method.

Smart Grid is the trend of next generation power distribution and network management that enable a two -- way interactive communication and operation between consumers and suppliers, so as to achieve intelligent resource management and optimization. The wireless mesh network technology is a promising infrastructure solution to support these smart functionalities, while it has some inherent vulnerabilities and cyber-attack risks to be addressed. As Smart Grid is heavily relying on the underlie communication networks, which makes their security and dependability issues critical to the entire smart grid technology. Several studies have been conducted in the field of Smart Grid security, but few works were focused on the dependability and its associated resource analysis of the control center networks. In this paper, we have investigated the dependability modeling and also resource allocation in redundant communication networks by adopting two mathematical approaches, Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD) and Stochastic Petri Nets (SPNs), to analyze the dependability of control center networks in Smart Grid environment. We have applied our proposed modeling approach in an extensive case study to evaluate the availability of smart gird networks with different redundancy mechanisms. A combination of dependability models and reliability importance are used to analyze the network availability according to the most important components. We also show the variation of network availability in accordance with Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) in different network architectures.