A Tracking-Assisted Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

The sensor nodes are independent and work as sender, receiver and intermediate node in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The sensor nodes are forming the small network in which the one or more sender is sending data to one destination/s through intermediate nodes or sending information to Base Station (BS). The information collect by base station is further analyzed. The nodes are also static or mobile depends on the situation or conditions. The connection establishment and data sending is possible through routing protocols of WSN. The routing protocols of WSN are not same as traditional wireless routing protocols. One major issue on this network is security. The routing protocols are sending information to destination from particular source and the routing strategy is provides the better way of delivery in the network. The sensor nodes in network are performing through limited battery supply called node energy or power. The attacker are also affected the limited energy resource. In this paper the center of consideration is on the security issues related to WSN routing protocols. The routing in WSN remains a key issue because of that without accurately functioning of routing protocols, the network cleanly will not work the technique it's intended to. Unfortunately, routing also one of the most difficult to protect against attacks malicious activities because of the administration in WSN. The better protection scheme is provides the complete security from attacks and the secure routing is provides the better and trustful network performance.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a tremendous godsend to wireless technology; they can be employed in critical variety of vital applications such as health monitoring, smart farming and battlefield surveillance. This makes it more popular in emerging technologies that are used in our daily life. While WSNs have many benefits, there are also a few drawbacks. A big area of research into WSNs has concentrated on creating routing protocols that are energy efficient. It is a tremendous challenge to design routing protocols for applications of WSNs, which are mobility centric and energy efficient; because of network topology is often being changed. The concept of clustering offers more benefit than the other flat based routing protocols. A common side-effect of the many-to-one traffic pattern is the hot spot issue, which characterizes the majority of wireless sensor networks: nodes having the optimal path to the sink become overloaded with traffic from all other areas of the network which cause it to lose energy at a faster rate than the other nodes. This research work is aimed at evaluating and validating the proposed Mobile Data Collector-based routing protocol (MDC maximum residual energy LEACH) with A Novel Application Specific Network Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks routing protocol (Hybrid multi-hop LEACH). A computer simulation was employed to obtain the results that have indicated an improvement in the overall energy efficiency of the network.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a necessary position in todays actual world applications. WSNs are a team of autonomous sensor nodes that are geographically distributed to accumulate information and monitor events. WSNs are similarly sense that they rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneous formation of networks so that sensor information can be transported via wireless. Sometimes called dust network, minute sensors as small as dust referring to smart dust. WSNs are spatially distributed two to screen or bodily temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively ignore their data via the network to different locations. Each such sensor network node has typically various parts. Routing in WSNs in one of the important technique, because all node executes its battery power, if may be one node failure it collapse entire networks. Routing in WSNs is in reality difficult due to the intrinsic characteristics that differentiate these networks from different networks. The plan of routing protocols in WSN is affected via number of exigent factors. In this paper, a review on routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and performance of its execution.

Due to open network nature of wireless sensor networks make them highly vulnerable to a variety of security attacks and easy target for adversaries, which may capture these nodes, analyze and easily insert fake route information. Wireless sensor network is an emerging, cost effective and unsupervised solution for collecting this information from the physical world and sending this information back to centralized authority for further processing. GRPW (Geographic Routing in connected wireless sensor networks based on Multiple Sinks) is one of the basic routing protocols used for Supporting Mobile Sinks in Wireless Sensor Networks. GRPW, a geographical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, is based on an architecture partitioned by logical levels, on the other hand based on a multipoint relaying flooding technique to reduce the number of topology broadcast. GRPW-MuS uses periodic HELLO packets to neighbor detection. The wormhole attack can form a serious threat in wireless sensor networks, especially against many wireless sensor networks routing protocols and location-based wireless security systems. Here, a trust model to handle this attack in GRPW is provided called GRPW-MuS-s. Using OMNET++ simulation and the MiXiM framework, results show that GRPW-MuS-s protocol only has very small false positives for wormhole detection during the neighbor discovery process (less than GRPW). The average energy usage at each node for GRPW-MuS-s protocol during the neighbor discovery and route discovery is very low than GRPW-MuS, which is much lower than the available energy at each node. The cost analysis shows that GRPW-MuS-s protocol only needs small memory usage at each node, which is suitable for the sensor network.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is the vast area and developing very speedily now-a-days. This paper gives some of the major applications and critical limitations of WSNs like power and lifespan, communication bandwidth, memory size. Sensor nodes are working by node energy so the energy consumption is the essential issue in WSN. Routing in WSN consumes more energy than any other phase. Various routing techniques in WSNs are discussed and different routing protocols are illustrated. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the popular and feasible hierarchical clustering routing protocols in WSN. Working of LEACH is explained in brief. Furthermore, the descendants of LEACH e.g. LEACH-C (Centralized LEACH), LEACH-B (Balanced LEACH), LEACH-F, Multihop LEACH, MS-LEACH (Multihop and Single hop LEACH), MH-LEACH etc. are discussed in terms of the energy utilization. By analyzing the variants of LEACH, it is observed that the energy requirement in the cluster set up phase or data transmission phase is minimized to minimize the total energy consumption of the WSN. To elect the proper cluster head node, centralized approach is followed. Afterwards, data transmission will use the multihop communication technique. This will help to save some energy when base station is located far away from the cluster head node. Proposed protocol aims to decrease the energy overhead of the sensor nodes. The new approach is proposed entitled PV-LEACH which will save the energy consumption in cluster setup phase and also in data transmission phase of the conventional LEACH protocol. So, this will enhance the performance ratio in terms of energy consumption and life time of the sensor nodes.

One of the most rapidly expanding areas, nowadays, in networking systems is the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Typically WSNs rely on multi-hop routing protocols which must be able to establish communication among nodes and guarantee packet deliveries. In this paper, we present a novel approach for the implementation of the WSN routing protocols, which takes advantage of modern FPGAs in order to provide faster routing decisions while consuming significantly less energy than existing systems. Despite our focus on a particular routing protocol (GPSR), the platform developed has the additional advantage that due to the reconfigurability feature of the FPGA it can efficiently execute different routing protocols based on the requirements of the different WSN applications. As our real world experiments demonstrate, we accelerated the execution of the most widely used WSN routing protocol (GPSR) by at least 31 times when compared to the speed achieved when the exact same protocol is executed on a low power Intel Atom processor. More importantly by utilizing a high-end FPGA the overall energy consumption was reduced by more than 90%.

In this paper we present a Table less Position based Routing (TPR) scheme for low power data centric wireless sensor networks. TPR is localized, uses greedy forwarding approach, and does not rely on neighborhood information. These characteristics reduce the communication overhead (no neighborhood information exchange), make the protocol highly scalable (no routing tables are maintained and beacons are not exchanged when a node leaves or enters the networks), and it performs better in mobile environments (as the next hop is non-deterministic and is computed at real time). It also deals with dead end problems by a recovery strategy in a distributed and localized way. TPR is implemented in the OMNET++ based discrete event simulation environment PAWiS (simulation framework for low power wireless sensor networks). The results show that TPR provides guaranteed delivery, extended network life time, and a mechanism to route on the basis of end to end delay and/or energy consumption.

Routing protocol in wireless sensor network (WSN) has always been a frequently adopted topic of research in WSN owing to many unsolved issues in it. This paper discusses about the multicast routing protocols in WSN and briefs up different forms of standard research contribution as well as significant recent research techniques toward leveraging the performance of multicast routing. The paper then discusses the beneficial factor and limiting factor in existing multicast techniques and highlights the research gap in this. In order to overcome the research gap, a novel architecture to address the optimization as a cost minimization problem associated with multicast routing in WSN is proposed. This paper contributes to show a present scenario of multicast routing performance in WSN and thereby assists the readers about the possible direction of future with clear visualization of system architecture.

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a promising approach to simplify the management of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Many SDN frameworks for WSNs have been proposed, while real-world testbeds to accelerate the development of SDN-based WSN applications are still rare. In this work, we propose SDNWisebed: an SDN-empowered WSN testbed management system that enhances the WSN management functions with a stateful Software-Defined Networking solution. This testbed was designed to evaluate various types of SDN-based WSN applications and enhance their performance, such as WSN routing protocols and network applications, before deploying them in real-world infrastructures. To validate its efficiency, we conducted both functional and performance evaluation. Real-world experiment results show that the speed of integration of new SDN applications can be improved thanks to the stateful feature awareness of SDNWisebed.

Generally, routing techniques are essential for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to deliver data packets to their destinations (also known as sinks). For a practical application, sensors are deployed to monitor environmental changes and events. Most WSNs detect specific events in their specific environments. But, different WSNs may monitor different events with different sensors in the same area. For example, a smart-home WSN deploys thermal sensors/meters to measure indoor and outdoor temperatures, body-temperature sensors to detect thief intrusion, etc. Also, in the underlying house, there is a health WSN which utilizes physiological sensors to monitor patients’ health condition. In other words, several WSNs of different purposes co-exist in the same geographical area. Currently, each WSN’s data delivery is independent from others’. Basically, if all sensors in such a multi-WSNs environment can share their routing paths/nodes and relay event packets for other WSNs, the delivery efficiency can be enhanced since many more sensors can be found there for packet relay. Consequently, the transmission energy can be reduced since energy consumed for wireless transmission is proportional to d2 where d is the transmission distance between sender and receiver. Therefore, in this study, we propose an energy saving routing mechanism, named Energy-Efficient Cooperative Routing Scheme for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (EERH for short), in which several WSNs deployed in the same geographical environment form a heterogeneous sensor network and sensors relay packets for its own WSN and also for other WSNs. Routing paths are dynamically established according to the transmission directions of event packets and the residual energy of the underlying sensors and their neighbors. In addition, the packets routed to the same direction by the same sensors are aggregated to save delivering energy. Moreover, the network parameters of the EERH, like propagation delay of an event packet and the transmission distance of a sensor, are adjustable so as to satisfy the practical environment needs. Simulation results show that the EERH efficiently extends the lifetime of a heterogeneous WSN.

Owning to intelligent maintenance system, research on wireless sensor network (WSN) has become prevalent. In this paper, we extend the WSN protocol for star topology with time division multiple access (TDMA) scheduling algorithm based on relay strategy. For its programmable features, without changing hardware platform, it can improve the reliabilities in complex real-time working environment at expense of network capacity. The simulated experiment results show that, the proposed realize scheme has an obviously better performance in barrier condition or slightly longer distance compared to the traditional system. This paper addresses the demand for environmental monitoring within industrial equipment and proposes a wireless sensor network protocol design suitable for complex environment inside enclosed metal compartments. This design leverages self-organizing network technology to achieve reliable environmental data monitoring. Furthermore, the paper optimizes existing time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based star topology wireless sensor network routing protocols, employing relay transmission methods to achieve highly reliable data transmission within the wireless monitoring system.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are rapidly emerging as an important new area in wireless and mobile computing research. Applications of WSNs are numerous and growing, and range from indoor deployment scenarios in the home and office to outdoor deployment scenarios in adversary's territory in a tactical battleground (Akyildiz et al., 2002). For military environment, dispersal of WSNs into an adversary's territory enables the detection and tracking of enemy soldiers and vehicles. For home/office environments, indoor sensor networks offer the ability to monitor the health of the elderly and to detect intruders via a wireless home security system. In each of these scenarios, lives and livelihoods may depend on the timeliness and correctness of the sensor data obtained from dispersed sensor nodes. As a result, such WSNs must be secured to prevent an intruder from obstructing the delivery of correct sensor data and from forging sensor data. To address the latter problem, end-to-end data integrity checksums and post-processing of senor data can be used to identify forged sensor data (Estrin et al., 1999; Hu et al., 2003a; Ye et al., 2004). The focus of this chapter is on routing security in WSNs. Most of the currently existing routing protocols for WSNs make an optimization on the limited capabilities of the nodes and the application-specific nature of the network, but do not any the security aspects of the protocols. Although these protocols have not been designed with security as a goal, it is extremely important to analyze their security properties. When the defender has the liabilities of insecure wireless communication, limited node capabilities, and possible insider threats, and the adversaries can use powerful laptops with high energy and long range communication to attack the network, designing a secure routing protocol for WSNs is obviously a non-trivial task.

The wireless sensor network (WSN) with fluctuating environs might be susceptible to diverse types of malicious cyber‐attacks, and they are mostly dependent on the authentication and encryption algorithm to astound this challenge. Most predominant routing schemes in literature are fall backs in characterizing the malicious nodes on networks due to the real time variation of routing information. Therefore, a reliable and trustworthy inter‐correlated routing scheme based on Block chain, Meta‐heuristic, and Deep Learning Algorithms are presented in this paper. The disseminated routing info in the WSN is handled by Block chain strategy, in which the optimal routing is accomplished with the help of Salp Swarm Optimization algorithm. The routing info variations between the nodes are envisaged and the optimal routing decisions are done by using the Deep Convolutional Neural network algorithm. The proposed routing scheme is implemented in NS2 and its performance is evaluated based on latency, energy consumption, and throughput metrics are analyzed. The efficiency of the method is improved as 97% and the evaluation is done for the malicious attacks, latency, and the delay. The comparison is made for the existing methods as particle swarm optimization, Markov decision process, security disjoint routing‐based verified message, trusted‐cluster–based routing, and reinforcement learning‐based neural network (RLNN) with the proposed method for the delay ratio.

<span>The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) believed to be as a hot research area due to their ranges in various fields of applications. Clustering is the more efficient techniques considered to resolve the problems of energy consumption in WSNs. The clustering has assured its effectiveness, specifically with high dynamic networks at which all nodes are represented in the clustering and all the data value can be collecting by sensor nodes with a cluster head (CH). The energy consumption as well as network traffic are balancing, the (CH) must be exchanged between all sensor nodes and the clustering size could be closely determined at various portions of the network. The key point at issue in WSN is to improve the energy-efficient algorithms with Grid based clustering for extending the lifetime of the networks, reducing cost, in addition to increasing the reliability of the network. The sensor nodes prepared with a power sources at limited period, so that the Grid Based Clustering algorithm (GBC) which efficiently employing sensor nodes energy have the ability to preserve an extended network lifetime. Sensor node Performances of the network mainly depend on the routing protocols, which are application based, four routing protocols LEACH, OLSR, AODV, and DSR in clustering WSN are estimated with Qualnet simulator. The results demonstrate that DSR outperforms in term of throughput, and end to end delay which compared to others while OLSR have highest value of half number of alive nodes per round.</span>