A Translation from Logic to English with Dynamic Semantics

As a defacto industry standard, UML has been more and more widely used in software development. However, with the increase of software scale and complexity, deficiencies of UML are increasingly obvious. As the latest version of UML, UML2.0 has been improved and refined base on UML1.x. Whereas UML still lacks precise semantics which is difficult to analyze and validate the described model. In a unified temporal logic framework, temporal logic language XYZ/E can represent both static semantics and dynamic semantics. In addition, it supports stepwise refinement, model checking, as well as executable code automatically converted. Based on these, a practical scheme is proposed for modeling software with combining UML2.0 and XYZ/E, which also provides a formal basis for analysis and validation of the model.

The design of a railway signalling system may be validated using three basic concepts: (1) functional standards, (2) domain specific notations, and (3) safety requirements checking. However, there is a lack of tools that merge these notions in a unified framework to be used by standardisation authorities, as well as domain experts and safety engineers. In this ongoing work we make the bridge between the three notions using Meeduse, a tool in which the B method is applied in order to formally reason on the correctness of domain specific languages (DSLs) and simulate their dynamic semantics using the ProB animator. The application context of this work is that of two well known standards in the railway field: RailTopoModel and ERTMS/ETCS. We propose a railway DSL framework whose static semantics are built on top of RailTopoModel and the underlying dynamic semantics conform to ERTMS/ETCS. The overall approach is assisted by the B method, which allows us to define, prove and animate safety-critical behaviors given domain-centric models.

We study two kinds of networks: genetic regulatory networks and the World Wide Web. We systematically test microscopic mechanisms to find the set of such mechanisms that optimally explain each networks' specific properties. In the first case we formulate a model including mainly random unbiased gene duplications and mutations. In the second case, the basic moves are website generation and rapid surf-induced link creation (/destruction). The different types of mechanisms reproduce the appropriate observed network properties. We use those to show that different kinds of networks have strongly system-dependent macroscopic experimental features. The diverging properties result from dissimilar node and link basic dynamics. The main non-uniform properties include the clustering coefficient, small-scale motifs frequency, time correlations, centrality and the connectivity of outgoing links. Some other features are generic such as the large-scale connectivity distribution of incoming links (scale-free) and the network diameter (small-worlds). The common properties are just the general hallmark of autocatalysis (self-enhancing processes), while the specific properties hinge on the specific elementary mechanisms. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Online.

The factual data on the influences of the Sun, Moon, planets, star on seismic activity are described. In the paper, the influences of the planet Mars and the Sun on seismic activity are confirmed statistically reliably in the subregion of the U.S. west coast and part of Mexico, in the subregion of Japan and in the world as a whole. The common properties and certain differences of the actions of the Mars and the Sun on seismic activity are marked. In particular, the obtained statistical data confirm that, in some cases, the Mars actions on seismic activity appear more strongly of the Sun actions. Within the framework of the classical (non-quantum) field theory, these data imply the existence of the long-range action fields (of LRA-fields). Previously, the authors developed a physical model of LRA-fields as the logical consequence of the nonseismological experimental and observational data. This model reveals the structure, specific properties and the origin conditions of LRA-fields. The physical model of LRA-fields predicts and allows to explain correctly the specific features of the actions of the planets and other celestial bodies on seismic activity. Monitoring of LRA-fields opens, in principle, new perspectives of the seismic activity and solar weather forecasting, new perspectives of tracking of the Earth and celestial bodies interior processes changes since the variations of LRA-fields reflect the changes of the internal processes of their sources.

In this paper a semantics for dynamic predicate logic is developed that uses sequence valued assignments. This semantics is compared with the usual relational semantics for dynamic predicate logic: it is shown that the most important intuitions of the usual semantics are preserved. Then it is shown that the refined semantics reflects out intuitions about information growth. Some other issues in dynamic semantics are formulated and discussed in terms of the new sequence semantics.

The ability of the software engineering community to achieve high levels of reuse from software frameworks has been tempered by the difficulty in understanding how to reuse them properly. When written correctly, a plugin can take advantage of the framework's code and architecture to provide a rich application with relatively few lines of code. Unfortunately, doing this correctly is difficult because frameworks frequently require plugin developers to be aware of complex protocols between objects, and improper use of these protocols causes exceptions and unexpected behavior at run time. This dissertation introduces collaboration constraints, rules governing how multiple objects may interact in a complex protocol. These constraints are particularly difficult to understand and analyze because they may extend across type boundaries and even programming language boundaries. This thesis improves the state of the art through two mechanisms. First, it provides a deep understanding of these collaboration constraints and the framework designs which create them. Second, it introduces Fusion, an adoptable specification language and static analysis tool, that detects broken collaboration constraints in plugin code and demonstrates how to achieve this goal in a cost-effective manner that is practical for industry use. In this dissertation, I have done an empirical study of framework help forums which showed that collaboration constraints are burdensome for developers, as they take hours or even days to resolve. From this empirical study, I have identified several common properties of collaboration constraints. This motivated a new specification language, called Fusion, that is tailored for specifying collaboration constraints in a practical way. The specification language uses relationships to describe the abstract associations between objects and allows developers to specify collaboration constraints as logical predicates of relationships. Since a relationship is an abstraction above the code, this allows developers to easily specify constraints that cross type and language boundaries. There are three variants of the analysis: a sound variant that has false positives but no false negatives, a complete variant that has false negatives but no false positives, and a pragmatic variant that attempts to balance this tradeoff. In this dissertation, I successfully used Fusion to specify and analyze constraints from examples found in the help forums of the ASP.NET and Spring frameworks. Additionally, I ran Fusion on DaCapo, a 1.5 MLOC DaCapo benchmark for program analysis, to show that Fusion is scalable and provides precise enough results for industry with low specification cost. This dissertation examines many tradeoffs: the tradeoffs of framework designs, the tradeoffs of specification precision, and the tradeoffs of program analysis results are all featured. A central theme of this work is that there is no single right solution to collaboration constraints; there are only solutions that work better for a particular instance of the problem.

Before treating the specific properties of transition met als in silicon, their common properties should briefly be reviewed in order to provide the background for the following two sections on impurity contamination and on their impact on the device performance.KeywordsSilicon WaferImpurity AtomCarrier LifetimeDeep Level Transient SpectroscopyImpurity MetalThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The assessment of the tissue response in anti cancer therapy is a time critical process. The early recognition of a failing treatment might allow an adjustment to increase the success rate and spare unnecessary side effects. Today biopsy and nuclear medicine are commonly used procedures for assessing the treatment success. However biopsies are invasive and provide a limited sample volume and nuclear medicine on the other hand requires the application of radioactive agents. It has been observed that ultrasound backscatter properties of cell collections are altered when the cells are respond to an oncological treatment. In previous studies we have estimated spectral properties of ultrasound backscatter using commonly accepted procedures for eliminating system specific transfer properties. These methods proved to be sufficient when investigating regions close to the transducers focus. However, the application in a clinical environment will require the parameter estimation in an extended area combined with parametric imaging. The purpose of this work is to implement more accurate methods for the determination of the effective scatterer size in quantitative high frequency ultrasound. To improve the accuracy but also extend the axial image depth for parametric imaging we developed an algorithm for eliminating the transfer properties of the equipment. It accounts for the distortion of the incident pulse due to the relative defocus position of a time gate and the corresponding alterations in the spectral shape. Two different methods for estimating the transfer properties were applied. One method used the echoes obtained from a plane reflector at 51 positions within the plusmn 5 mm range around the transducers focus. The second method derived the required compensation function from the signal variation within a pellet of untreated cells. Both, the axial amplitude variation and the alterations of the spectral shape were derived as a function of the defocus position. The slope of the normalized power spectrum, the effective scatterer size and integrated backscatter coefficients were computed from ultrasound backscatter of cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cells after applying the compensation algorithms. Chemotherapy was applied to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. At 6 time points after treatment cells were harvested and ultrasound backscatter was recorded using a 20 MHz (f# 2.35) and a 40 MHz (f# 3) transducer. Within the axial -12 dB range of the transducer slope differences of up to -1.2 dB/MHz were observed and compensated. Integrated backscatter coefficients increased by over 300% of the initial values. This study contributes towards a non-invasive method for estimating tissue responses in anti-cancer therapy.

Decision making with multiple criteria requires preferences elicited from the decision maker to determine a solution set. Models of preferences, that follow upon the concept of nondominated solutions introduced by Yu (1974), are presented and compared within a unified framework of cones. Polyhedral and nonpolyhedral, convex and nonconvex, translated, and variable cones are used to model different types of preferences. Common mathematical properties of the preferences are discussed. The impact of using these preferences in decision making is emphasized.

Implementations of concurrent objects should guarantee linearizability and a progress property such as wait-freedom, lock-freedom, obstruction-freedom, starvation-freedom, or deadlock-freedom. Conventional informal or semi-formal definitions of these progress properties describe conditions under which a method call is guaranteed to complete, but it is unclear how these definitions can be utilized to formally verify system software in a layered and modular way. In this paper, we propose a unified framework based on contextual refinements to show exactly how progress properties affect the behaviors of client programs. We give formal operational definitions of all common progress properties and prove that for linearizable objects, each progress property is equivalent to a specific type of contextual refinement that preserves termination. The equivalence ensures that verification of such a contextual refinement for a concurrent object guarantees both linearizability and the corresponding progress property. Contextual refinement also enables us to verify safety and liveness properties of client programs at a high abstraction level by soundly replacing concrete method implementations with abstract atomic operations.

The present paper proposes a method by which to translate outputs of a robust HPSG parser into semantic representations of Typed Dynamic Logic (TDL), a dynamic plural semantics defined in typed lambda calculus. With its higher-order representations of contexts, TDL analyzes and describes the inherently inter-sentential nature of quantification and anaphora in a strictly lexicalized and compositional manner. The present study shows that the proposed translation method successfully combines robustness and descriptive adequacy of contemporary semantics. The present implementation achieves high coverage, approximately 90%, for the real text of the Penn Treebank corpus.

Current concepts of the cause, pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of acute and chronic DIC have been discussed. Considerable attention has been devoted to interrelationships that have remained confusing. Only by clearly understanding these pathophysiologic interrelationships can the clinician and laboratorian appreciate the divergent and wide clinical spectrum of often confusing clinical and laboratory findings in patients with DIC. Many of the therapeutic decisions to be made in these patients remain controversial and will remain so until more series of patients are published with respect to specific therapeutic modalities and survival patterns. Many syndromes that remain organ specific share common pathophysiologic properties with DIC but are identified as an independent disease entity, such as HUS, adult shock lung syndrome, eclampsia, and many other isolated organ-specific disorders. Many of these similar disorders, some systemic and some organ specific or multiorgan specific, are listed in Table 36.

High Levels of Nm23-H2 Protein Are a Specific and Invariable Feature of CML-CP Cells Due to Post Transcriptional Control Via a Bcr-Abl Dependent Pathway

The mechanism behind the three-spin chiral interaction (TCI) included in the\nextended Heisenberg Hamiltonian and represented by an expression worked out\nrecently (Phys.\\ Rev.\\ B, {\\bf 101}, 174401 (2020)) is discussed. It is\nstressed that this approach provides a unique set of the multispin exchange\nparameters which are independent of each other either due to their different\norder of perturbation or due to different symmetry. This ensures in particular\nthe specific properties of the TCI that were demonstrated previously via fully\nrelativistic first principles calculations, and that result from the common\ninfluence of several issues not explicitly seen from the expression for the TCI\nparameters. Therefore, an interpretation of the TCI is suggested, showing\nexplicitly its dependence on the relativistic spin-orbit coupling and on the\ntopological orbital susceptibility (TOS). This is based on an expression for\nthe TOS that is worked out on the same footing as the expression for the TCI.\nUsing first-principles calculations we demonstrate in addition numerically the\ncommon topological properties of the TCI and TOS. To demonstrate the role of\nthe relativistic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for the TCI, a so-called\ntopological' spin susceptibility (TSS) is introduced. This quantity\ncharacterizes the SOC induced spin magnetic moment on the atom in the presence\nof non-collinear magnetic structure, giving a connection between the TOS and\nTCI. Numerical results again support our conclusions.\n

We have previously identified NME2 (Nm23-H2) as a tumor antigen in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Here we investigated the association between NME2 and Bcr–Abl. NME2 protein was highly overexpressed in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 29/30 patients with CML at diagnosis and 10/10 patients resistant to imatinib. Protein was overexpressed in the absence of increased levels of mRNA and was limited to Bcr–Abl + populations, being absent from Bcr–Abl − patient cells, normal donors and 14/15 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. Furthermore, the Bcr–Abl dependent overexpression of NME2 protein was reversed specifically by tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment of Ba/F3 expressing wild-type and TKI-sensitive, but not TKI-resistant, mutants of Bcr–Abl. The post-transcriptional up-regulation of the tumor antigen NME2 is therefore a common and specific property of CML closely associated with Bcr–Abl activity.