A VMS–based fractional step technique for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations using conservative variables

(English) This thesis deals with finite element methods to solve compressible flow problems, an important branch of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) whose applications are widespread in many areas of engineering and science. In spite of the increasing amount of computational resources made available for the scientific and engineering research communities, the numerical simulation of complex compressible phenomena in many practical applications is still a challenge. These type of flow problems are extremely demanding in what concerns numerical computations and memory requirements. In particular, in this thesis we investigate the possibility to solve the underlying algebraic systems in a decoupled manner, a technique usually called fractional step or segregation method. Although segregation techniques have been broadly studied and analyzed for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, allowing for the separate resolution of velocity and pressure unkonwns, much less has been explored for compressible problems. The interest on this type of technique not only comes from the fact that it permits a segregated calculation of the problem unkonwns (usually leading to better conditioned systems) but from the associated reduction of the computational cost. We study three different problems inside the compressible CFD research branch in separated chapters: the isentropic Navier-Stokes equations, the Navier-Stokes problem written in primitive variables (velocity, pressure and temperature), and the navier-Stokes problem written in the classical formulation with conservative variables (momentum, density, total energy). For each of these problems, first we propose a finite element stabilized formulation framed within the Variational MultiScale concept, which allows to use equal interpolation spaces for all the variables in play. Second, and once space and time discretizations are selected, we derive fractional step methods up to second order in time. Finally, all the schemes are implemented in a parallel multiphysics code and representative simulations are carried out in order to analyze the performance of the proposed techniques. (Español) Esta tesis se centra en la aplicación del método de elementos finitos a problemas de flujo compresible, unas de las ramas más importantes dentro de la mecánica de fluidos computacional (CFD, por sus siglas en inglés), y cuya aplicación es amplia en distintas áreas de ciencia e ingeniería. A pesar del aumento de los recursos computacionales que se ponen a disposición de la comunidad científica, la solución numérica de problemas complejos de flujo compresible para distintas aplicaciones prácticas es aún un reto. Este tipo de problemas de flujo son extremadamente exigentes en lo que se refiere al cálculo numérico y los requisitos de memoria computacionales. En particular, en esta tesis se estudia la posibilidad de resolver los sistemas algebraicos que subyacen tras la aplicación del método de elementos finitos de una forma desacoplada, una técnica que usualmente se denomina de paso fraccionado o método de segregación. Aunque las técnicas de segregación han sido ampliamente estudiadas y analizadas para el problema incompresible de Navier-Stokes, lo que permite un cálculo separado de las variables velocidad y presión, poco se ha explorado su aplicación a problemas de flujo compresible. El interés en este tipo de técnicas radica no solo en el hecho de que permite un cálculo segregado de las incógnitas del problema (generalmente dando lugar además a sistemas algebraicos mejor condicionados), sino también en la reducción de coste computacional que ofrecen. Se estudian tres problemas distintos dentro de la rama de investigación en CFD de flujos compresibles: las ecuaciones isentrópicas de Navier-Stokes, el problema compresible de Navier-Stokes escrito en variables primitivas (velocidad, presión y temperatura) y el problema compresible de Navier-Stokes planteado de manera clásica en variables conservativas (momento, densidad y energía total). Para cada uno de estos casos, primero se propone una formulación de elementos finitos, estabilizada bajo el marco de trabajo de las multiescalas variacionales (VMS, por sus siglas en inglés), lo que en la práctica permite utilizar la misma interpolación para las variables del problema. En segundo lugar, y una vez las discretizaciones en tiempo y espacio han sido seleccionadas, se proponen métodos de paso fraccionado para cada problema de hasta segundo orden en tiempo. Finalmente, todos los algoritmos se implementan en una plataforma de código paralelo para problemas multifísicos y se llevan a cabo simulaciones representativas con el fin de analizar el rendimiento de las técnicas propuestas.

Development of an algebraic fractional step scheme for the primitive formulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

A stabilized mixed finite element method for the incompressible shear-rate dependent non-Newtonian fluids: Variational Multiscale framework and consistent linearization

High-resolution finite element simulation of 4:1 planar contraction flow of viscoelastic fluid

SummaryThe fractional step method (FSM) is an efficient solution technique for the particle finite element method, a Lagrangian‐based approach to simulate fluid–structure interaction (FSI). Despite various refinements, the applicability of the FSM has been limited to low viscosity flow and FSI simulations with a small number of equations along the fluid–structure interface. To overcome these limitations, while incorporating nonlinear response in the structural domain, an FSM that unifies structural and fluid response in the discrete governing equations is developed using the quasi‐incompressible formulation. With this approach, fluid and structural particles do not need to be treated separately, and both domains are unified in the same system of equations. Thus, the equations along the fluid–structure interface do not need to be segregated from the fluid and structural domains. Numerical examples compare the unified FSM with the non‐unified FSM and show that the computational cost of the proposed method overcomes the slow convergence of the non‐unified FSM for high values of viscosity. As opposed to the non‐unified FSM, the number of iterations required for convergence with the unified FSM becomes independent of viscosity and time step, and the simulation run time does not depend on the size of the FSI interface. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Comparison of numerical methods for the solution of viscous incompressible and low Mach number compressible flow

본 연구에서는 비구조격자 좌표계상에서 천수방정식 해석을 위한 수치모형을 개발하였다. Fractional step method를 이용하여 이차원의 천수방정식을 두개의 일차원 문제로 분리하여 계산 효율이 우수한 수치연산을 수행하였다. 분리된 일차원 문제는 이차정확도의 TVD 기법을 이용하여 해석하였다. TVD 기법은 HLLC 기법을 이용하여 Riemann 해를 구한후 WAF 기법을 기반으로 이용하였으며 WAF 흐름율 제한자를 이용하여 이차정확도 문제에 수반되는 비물리적인 수치진동을 제어하였다. 개발된 모형을 다양한 문제에 적용한 결과, 해석해와 계산된 결과가 매우 잘 일치하였으며, 본 모형이 불연속해나 상류사류의 혼합흐름 및 이동경계 문제 등에 이용될 수 있음을 보였다. A numerical model for the solution of two-dimensional free surface flow is developed on unstructured grid. By using fractional step method, the two-dimensional shallow water equations (SWE) are treated as two one-dimensional problems. Thus, it is possible to simulate computational hydraulic problems with higher computational efficiency. The one-dimensional problems are solved using upwind TVD version of second-order Weighted Averaged Flux (WAF) scheme with HLLC approximate Riemann solver. The numerical oscillations which are common with second-order numerical scheme are controlled by exploiting WAF flux limiter, Some idealized test problems are solved using this model and very accurate and stable solutions are obtained. It can be concluded as an efficient implement for the computation of SWE including dam break problems that concerning discontinuities, subcritical and supercritical flows and complex domain.

In this chapter a finite element method for analysing transient non-Newtonian flow is presented. Examples of transient non-Newtonian flows occur widely in industry in many situations e.g. extrusion, spinning, injection and blow moulding. Numerical simulation of such problems is facilitated through the theory embodied in Computational Fluid Dynamics. This chapter provides some insight into how this may be achieved for the generalised non-Newtonian flows by employing finite element methods in a transient solution process. The method chosen here is a Taylor-Galerkin Pressure correction method [1] which belongs to a large class of methods using uncoupled or segregated approaches (where velocity and pressure variables are uncoupled, as opposed to the mixed methods discussed earlier). The basic idea for segregated solutions stems from the work of Chorin [2]. Two main variants of this method have matured simultaneously in finite element circles over the past decade. The first method preferred by Gresho et. al. [3] has come to be known as the fractional step method, an appellation given by Donea et. al. [4]. The second method is sometimes referred to (as done here) as the velocity correction method according to Kawahara and Ohmiya [5] (the Taylor-Galerkin pressure correction method used here is a variant of this). The essential difference between the two methods is that for the former the segregation (of velocity and pressure) is effected after the GFEM discretization of the differential equations, while for the latter, it happens at the differential equation stage. The segregated methods have also been identified as projection methods [2,6]. This can be seen by writing the Navier Stokes equations (6.4) and (6.5) as, $$\frac{{\partial {\text{v}}}}{{\partial t}} + \nabla P = f({\text{v}})$$ (6.1) and $$ \nabla \cdot {\rm v} = 0 $$ (6.2) where the (known) vector f (v) which is neither divergence free (∇-f ≠ 0) nor curl free (∇ × f (v) ≠ 0) is decomposed (projected) onto the sum of divergence free vector \(\frac{{\partial v}}{{\partial t}}\) and a curl free vector (∇P). Further discussion of this may be found in [6], in the context of the fractional step approach.

On the fast fluid dynamics and fractional step methods to predict the coupled indoor temperature and velocity fields

Fractional step method for stochastic evolution equations

Stress–displacement stabilized finite element analysis of thin structures using Solid-Shell elements, Part II: Finite strain hyperelasticity

In general, it needs to take about nearly 10 grid points inside a wall boundary layer for low accuracy order methods to get satisfactory wall-normal gradient related results, such as friction coefficient and wall heat flux. If there exist extreme points inside the boundary layer, this situation becomes even worse. In this work, with the help of the analytic solution of the one-dimensional steady compressible Navier-Stokes equations under some restrictions, we show that the flow variables actually vary in the form of an exponential function instead of a polynomial one inside the boundary layer. Then, we propose an exponential space for approximating the solutions inside the boundary layer and numerically implementing it in the frame of direct discontinuous Galerkin (DDG) method. We show that the DDG methods based on the exponential boundary-layer space give much better numerical results for both conservative variables and wall-normal gradients than those with the standard polynomial space. Generally only 1–2 grid points inside the boundary layer are demanded to resolve the wall boundary layer to obtain satisfactory wall-normal gradients under the exponential space. Preliminary extension to two-dimensional laminar boundary-layer flow shows a similar performance of the proposed exponential boundary-layer space, exhibiting its potential applications in high dimensions.

We present the mathematical foundation of a fluid animation method for unstructured meshes. Key contributions not previously treated are the extension to include diffusion forces and higher order terms of non-linear force approximations. In our discretization we apply a fractional step method to be able to handle advection in a numerically simple Lagrangian approach. Following this a finite element method is used for the remaining terms of the fractional step method. The key to deriving a discretization for the diffusion forces lies in restating the momentum equations in terms of a Newtonian stress tensor. Rather than applying a straightforward temporal finite difference method followed by a projection method to enforce incompressibility as done in the stable fluids method, the last step of the fractional step method is rewritten as an optimization problem to make it easy to incorporate non-linear force terms such as surface tension.

We study domain decomposition counterparts of the classical alternating direction implicit (ADI) and fractional step (FS) methods for solving the large linear systems arising from the implicit time stepping of parabolic equations. In the classical ADI and FS methods for parabolic equations, the elliptic operator is split along coordinate axes; they yield tridiagonal linear systems whenever a uniform grid is used and when mixed derivative terms are not present in the differential equation. Unlike coordinate-axes-based splittings, we employ domain decomposition splittings based on a partition of unity. Such splittings are applicable to problems on nonuniform meshes and even when mixed derivative terms are present in the differential equation and they require the solution of one problem on each subdomain per time step, without iteration. However, the truncation error in our proposed method deteriorates with smaller overlap amongst the subdomains unless a smaller time step is chosen. Estimates are presented for the asymptotic truncation error, along with computational results comparing the standard Crank-Nicolson method with the proposed method.

A stabilized edge-based implicit incompressible flow formulation