AAC Foray red spring wheat

AAC Camrose, an awned hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, combines high grain yield and good agronomic characteristics with excellent resistance to leaf, stripe, and stem rust, Fusarium head blight (FHB) and common bunt. Based on 33 station-years of registration trial data from 2020 to 2022, the grain yield of AAC Camrose was 5% higher than AAC Foray and 11% over AAC Penhold. AAC Camrose was significantly shorter than AAC Foray, had straw strength similar to AAC Penhold and maturity was one day later than AAC Foray. AAC Camrose had similar test weight and protein concentration but lower thousand kernel weight as compared to AAC Foray. AAC Camrose had milling and baking quality suitable for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring Red wheat market class.

AAC Perform, an awned hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, combines high grain yield and good agronomic characteristics with excellent resistance to leaf, stem, and stripe rust. Based on 43 station years of registration trial data from 2017 to 2019, the grain yield of AAC Perform was about 6% higher than AAC Foray and about 12% over AAC Penhold. AAC Perform was significantly shorter than AAC Foray and had straw strength similar to AAC Penhold. It was about two days later maturing than AAC Foray. AAC Perform had similar test weight, smaller kernel size and lower protein concentration as compared with AAC Foray. AAC Perform had milling and baking quality suitable for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring Red wheat market class.

Common or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop in the world, including Kazakhstan, where it is a major agricultural commodity. Fungal pathogens producing leaf, stem, and yellow (stripe) rusts of wheat may cause yield losses of up to 50–60%. One of the most effective methods for preventing these losses is to develop resistant cultivars with high yield potential. This goal can be achieved using complex breeding studies, including the identification of key genetic factors controlling rust disease resistance. In this study, a panel consisting of 215 common wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Kazakhstan, Russia, Europe, USA, Canada, Mexico, and Australia, with a wide range of resistance to leaf rust (LR), stem rust (SR), and yellow rust (YR) diseases, was analyzed under field conditions in Southern Kazakhstan. The collection was genotyped using the 20K Illumina iSelect DNA array, where 11,510 informative single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were selected for further genome-wide association study (GWAS). Evaluation of the phenotypic diversity over 2 years showed a mostly mixed reaction to LR, mixed reaction/moderate susceptibility to SR, and moderate resistance to YR among wheat accessions from Kazakhstan. GWAS revealed 45 marker–trait associations (MTAs), including 23 for LR, 14 for SR, and eight for YR resistances. Three MTAs for LR resistance and one for SR resistance appeared to be novel. The MTAs identified in this work can be used for marker-assisted selection of common wheat in Kazakhstan in breeding new cultivars resistant to LR, SR, and YR diseases. These findings can be helpful for pyramiding genes with favorable alleles in promising cultivars and lines.

Several tests were done in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to demonstrate the occurrence of genes on D-genome chromosomes that suppress resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici Rob. ex Desm.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. &Henn.). Ten rust-resistant wild tetraploid wheats (T. turgidum var. dicoccoides) were crossed with both durum (T. turgidum var. durum) and bread wheats. In all cases, resistance to leaf rust and stem rust was expressed in the hybrids with durum wheats but suppressed in the hybrids with bread wheats. Crosses were made between five diverse durum wheats and four diverse bread wheats. The pentaploid hybrid seedlings of 12 crosses were tested with leaf rust race 15 and in all cases the resistance of the durum parents was suppressed. Fourteen D-genome disomic chromosome substitution lines in the durum wheat 'Langdon' were tested with stem rust race 15B-1 and leaf rust race 15. Chromosomes 1B, 2B, and 7B were found to carry genes for resistance to stem rust but no suppressors were detected. Chromosomes 2B and 4B carried genes for resistance to leaf rust, and 1D and 3D carried suppressors. Crosses between seven D-genome monosomies of 'Chinese Spring' and three dicoccoides accessions showed that 'Chinese Spring' possesses genes on 1D, 2D, and 4D, which suppress the stem rust resistance of all three dicoccoides accessions. All three chromosomes must be present to suppress resistance, indicating that some form of complementary gene interaction is involved. In addition, 'Chinese Spring' carries a gene or genes on 3D that suppresses the leaf rust resistance of all three dicoccoides accessions, plus a gene or genes on 1D that suppresses the leaf rust resistance of only one of them. The data raise some interesting questions about the specificity of the suppressors. The high frequency of occurrence of suppressors in the bread wheat population suggests that they must have a selective advantage.Key words: Triticum aestivum, stem rust, leaf rust, rust resistance, suppressor.

Understanding the impacts of climate on insect pest population dynamics is crucial in forecasting pest outbreaks and developing a sustainable pest management strategy. The orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), is a chronic winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pest in China, and its population density can strongly fluctuate. We analyzed climate factors (temperature and precipitation) associated with population dynamics of S. mosellana in a large-scale field trial in central China from 1984 to 2013 using Generalized linear mixed effects models. We found total precipitation during January–March was significantly positively correlated with population density of S. mosellana, whereas temperature parameters were not correlated with the population levels. Moreover, S. mosellana population size was significantly negative effected by interaction between temperature and precipitation, which showed that high precipitation with low temperature in spring also reduced the population density. This suggests that annual population size of S. mosellana in Central China is determined by soil moisture in early spring. These results provide basic information that will help in forecasting population levels and in developing a sound pest management strategy for S. mosellana.

Graf, R. J., Thomas, J. B., Beres, B. L., Gaudet, D. A., Laroche, A. and Eudes, F. 2012. Flourish hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 183–189. Flourish is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) eligible for all grades of the Canada Western Red Winter wheat class. Compared with the check cultivars in the Western Winter Wheat Cooperative registration trials (CDC Osprey, AC Bellatrix, Radiant, CDC Buteo), Flourish produced similar grain yield with earlier maturity, shorter straw, improved lodging resistance and higher grain protein content. Flourish displayed winter survival similar to the checks. In the eastern prairie rust hazard region of Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan, Flourish yielded about 5% more grain than CDC Buteo and CDC Falcon, cultivars that are well-adapted and widely grown in the region. Flourish exhibited intermediate resistance to stem and leaf rust combined with moderate resistance to stripe rust and common bunt, a unique combination of disease resistance traits for a western Canadian winter wheat cultivar.

BackgroundSecale strictum subsp. africanum, a self-fertile and perennial wild rye species, is endemic to the Roggeveld Mountains of the south-western Karoo, South Africa. Despite historical abundance on the Roggeveld plateau, S. strictum subsp. africanum is currently threatened with extinction. Many reasons have been given for its decline, including susceptibility to rusts. MethodsLeaves with stem, leaf and stripe rust pustules were sampled from cultivated and naturally occurring S. strictum subsp. africanum on the farm Kanariesfontein near Sutherland. Identity of the rust pathogens was determined through infection and sequencing studies. ResultsInoculation studies showed that stem and leaf rust collected from wild rye were avirulent on bread wheat, but virulent on Secale cereale. The stripe rust specimen was virulent on bread wheat and was identified as Puccinia striiformis race 6E16A−. Using ITS sequencing, the wild rye leaf rust specimen was confirmed as Puccinia recondita, and the stripe rust specimen as P. striiformis. ITS sequences did not distinguish between Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis, respectively the causal organisms of wheat and rye stem rust. Inoculation of wild rye plants with P. graminis f. sp. tritici proved its susceptibility to stem rust races attacking wheat and triticale. ConclusionThis study established that S. strictum subsp. africanum is a host for both rye and wheat stem rust, rye leaf rust and wheat stripe rust.

Graf, R. J., Thomas, J. B., Gaudet, D. A., Laroche, A. and Beres, B. L. 2012. Broadview hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 177–181. Broadview is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is well adapted to the Canadian prairies. Compared with the check cultivars (CDC Falcon, CDC Harrier) in the Western Winter Wheat Cooperative registration trials, Broadview produced grain yield similar to CDC Falcon, the highest yielding check. In the eastern prairie rust area, it yielded 2% and 7% more grain than CDC Falcon and CDC Harrier, respectively. Broadview had good winter survival, early maturity, short straw, good lodging resistance and high test weight. It exhibited very good resistance to stem and leaf rust, and is believed to be the first winter wheat cultivar in North America to deploy the Lr21 leaf rust resistance gene. Broadview is eligible for all grades of the Canada Western General Purpose wheat class.

Wheat being a staple food crop is essential for food security. Rust diseases like stem and leaf rust continues to be a serious threat to wheat production at national and international level. In recent years, powdery mildew disease is emerging as a threat to wheat production due to the climate change and intensive crop cultivation practices. Development of resistant cultivar is the most economical, reliable and sustainable way to control rusts and powdery mildew diseases. Stem rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance genes viz., Sr2/Lr27/Yr30, Sr24/Lr24 and Sr36/Pm6 were pyramided using marker assisted backcross breeding approach. Based on phenotypic observations, five populations were selected at BC4F6 with respect to yield traits, leaf and stem rust and powdery mildew reactions. These populations were subjected to molecular marker analyses. Out of the five populations, Sr2+ were present in all the populations, while Sr24/Lr24 and Sr36/Pm6 was present in the fourth and fifth population. The identified population carrying Sr24/Lr24, Sr36/Pm6 and Sr2+ genes were stabilized at BC4F7 generation. The use of gene stacks/pyramids of major (Sr24/Lr24 and Sr36/Pm6) and minor gene (Sr2+) that confer resistance to most of the pathotypes of stem rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew could impart durability and sustainability to the cultivars than single gene deployment.

Ethiopia is the largest producer of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance as food and industrial crop, wheat production and productivity around the globe is hampered by a number of factors including biotic and a biotic stresses as well as low adoption of new agricultural technologies. Of the biotic stresses, diseases caused by fungi are the most important factors constraining wheat production. Among the diseases stem rust and yellow rust, are highly destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. The recurrent occurrence of yellow rust and stem rust, diseases in the study area causes considerable yield losses. To prevent the yield loss due to these diseases, farmers used different fungicides released for either wheat diseases or other crop diseases alone or in a combination of fungicides with each other due to the disease's aggressiveness under field conditions. Field experiment was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the Wabe300 EC fungicide (Tebuconazole 225g/L + Triadimenol 75g/L) relative to another promising standard fungicide, Royal 750 WDG, for the management of stem rust and yellow rust of wheat. The experiment was conducted at Kokate, Dalibo Wogane and Zala Shasha, on farmers’ field in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications during 2023 cropping season. The experiment result confirmed that, fungicide treated plots were showed significant difference compared to the control treatments in all variables. Wabe 300 EC foliar application at the rate of 0.5 L/ha with 200 liter water per hectare was highly effective in controlling yellow and stem rust of wheat and increased grain yield of wheat. Hence, it is recommended for registration for the management of stem and yellow rust in wheat production. During the growing periods, no foliar toxic effect was observed from the effect of any tested fungicides.

Fowler, D. B. 2012. Moats hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 191–193. Moats is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat class. It has excellent stem and leaf rust resistance and higher grain yield and protein concentration than the Central Winter Wheat Cooperative Registration Trial CWRW grain quality check cultivar, CDC Buteo. Its grain yield is similar to the high-yielding Registration Trial check cultivar, CDC Falcon, and lower than Accipiter, which is a more recent high-yielding winter wheat cultivar released in the Canada Western General Purpose wheat class. A suitable combination of grain quality, rust resistance and yield make Moats widely adapted in the winter wheat production area of western Canada.

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. is noted for its resistance to diseases including leaf and stem rust of wheat. Only one gene (Lr18) for leaf rust resistance has been transferred from T. timopheevii to bread wheat. The objectives of this work were to study the inheritance of leaf rust resistance in five accessions of T. timopheevii and to transfer genes for resistance into durum and bread wheats. A diallel set of crosses was made among five T. timopheevii accessions that gave a fleck infection type with an isolate of leaf rust race CBB. None of the F2 populations of the 10 crosses segregated for resistance, indicating that the five accessions all had at least one gene for resistance in common. Several accessions were crossed and backcrossed twice to durum and to bread wheat. At least three genes for leaf rust resistance were transferred to durum wheat and one to bread wheat. The gene transferred to bread wheat and one of those transferred to durum wheat conditioned good resistance to a set of 10 diverse races of leaf rust. Resistance conditioned by all three genes was dominant in durum wheat but the one gene was recessive in bread wheat. Monosomic analysis of the bread wheat line showed that the gene is on chromosome 1A. It should be useful in breeding for leaf rust resistance in both durum and bread wheat. Key words: Triticum timopheevii, leaf rust resistance, durum wheat, bread wheat

Seven families of soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines were compared for yield, kernel weight, and test weight. Each family consisted of two lines, nearly isogenic, except for awns vs. awnlets. The families of lines (F3BC6 sibs) were developed by backcrosslng to ‘Vermillion’ and by selection. Treatments consisting of flag leaf removal at anthesis, leaf rust, and leaf rust plus stem rust were imposed on the lines.Leaf rust, leaf rust plus stem rust, and removal of the flag leaf, each greatly reduced yield, test weight, and kernel weight within a given year and had a much greater effect on these characteristics than did the presence or absence of awns. However, due to the large year × leaf‐removal interaction effect, the leaf‐removal treatment was not statistically significant when analyzed over yearsAwnedli nes yielded as well as or higher than their awnleted isolines in each of the experiments. Awns appeared to have a more consistent advantage for kernel weight than for yield but compensated little for removal of the flag leaf or its impaired function by rust as compared with the awnless condition. Awned types showed the greatest advantage under severe rust conditions.

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of varietal resources of soft spring wheat cultivated in the conditions of Western Siberia. For 2020, 261 varieties of this crop are included into the State Register of the Russian Federation, including 97 varieties (36.8 %) created by breeders of 15 institutions in the West Siberian region. In the Omsk region, depending on the climatic zone, the largest areas are occupied by the following varieties: mid-early – Omskaya 36 (242.16 thousand hectares), Pamyati Azieva (59.94 thousand hectares), Boevchanka (48.27 thousand hectares), Novosibirskaya 31 (36.3 thousand hectares); mid-season – Omskaya 38 (82.91 thousand hectares), OmGAU 90 (52.84 thousand hectares), Sigma (49.99 thousand hectares), Altaiskaya zhnitsa (35.2 thousand hectares); mid-late – Uralosibirskaya (145.72 thousand hectares), Melodiya (59.53 thousand hectares), Omskaya 28 (57.41 thousand hectares), Pavlogradka (67.31 thousand hectares), Element 22 (65.87 thousand hectares), Omskaya 35 (41.7 thousand ha). The joint creation of varieties with scientists from the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences made it possible to use, along with collection samples and selection varieties, alloplasmatic introgressive lines of soft wheat carrying the cytoplasm of the cultivated barley Hordeumvulgare L. As the result, there have been developed Sigma, Uralosibirskaya 2, Ishimskaya 11 and Sakmara varieties with a high level of resistance to stem and leaf rust and a medium level to powdery mildew. Due to the massive increase of the leaf and stem rust, varieties with a high level of resistance to these pathogens have been created and recommended for cultivation – Omskaya 38, Sigma, Uralosibirskaya, Uralosibirskaya 2 and Element 22. In the main grain-growing soil-climatic territories of the Omsk region, 15 droughts have been recorded over the past 45 years. Thus, a method for in vitro testing of drought resistance has been developed. Varieties with increased drought resistance and high level of stem rust resistance (Omskaya 37, Omskaya 38, Uralosibirskaya and Omskaya 42) in drought-specific and epiphytotic 2020 exceeded the standard varieties by 0.90-1.74 t / ha in yield. Of special interest among new varieties are Omskaya 42, Uralosibirskaya 2, OmGAU 100, Stolypinskaya 2, Lider 80 and Omskaya 44. It is concluded that close cooperation with Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other scientific institutions is necessary in order to create varieties that combine increased productivity with resistance to unfavorable biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is a common and widespread disease of wheat in the US. On an annual basis, over 50 races of the leaf rust fungus are detected. There are at least 5 major groups of genetically distinct P. triticina isolates in the US based on allelic variation at microsatellite loci. Distinct regional race populations of P. triticina are found in the US, due to the widespread use of race-specific leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes in different market classes of wheat. In the south-eastern States where soft red winter wheats are grown, races with virulence to Lr9, Lr11, and Lr18 are predominant. In the southern Great Plains region where hard red winter wheats are grown, races with virulence to genes Lr9, Lr17, Lr24, and Lr26 are common. In the northern Great Plains region where hard red spring wheats are grown, races with virulence to Lr2a and Lr16 are common. Due to the wide dispersal of P. triticina, some races are found in all regions of the US. Highly effective durable resistance to leaf rust has been difficult to achieve due to the high degree of virulence variation in the P. triticina population and the rapid selection of races with virulence to effective Lr genes in wheat cultivars. Hard red spring wheat cultivars with genes Lr16, Lr23, and Lr34 have been highly resistant for more than 10 years in Minnesota and the Dakotas. Stem rust, caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici, has not been a common disease of wheat in the US since the last major epidemics in the 1950s. The low levels of stem rust infections in the US can be attributed to the increasing use of highly resistant winter and spring wheat cultivars, which has greatly reduced the overall level of stem rust urediniospores. Eradication of the alternate host, Berberis vulgaris, has reduced the number of races and slowed the emergence of new races. Resistance genes Sr2, Sr6, Sr17, Sr24, Sr31, Sr36, and SrTmp are common in the winter wheats. Genes Sr6, Sr9b, Sr11, and Sr17 are common in the spring wheats. Spring wheat cultivars may also have adult plant stem rust resistance derived from cv. Thatcher. Many of the winter and spring wheats are susceptible to the new stem rust race from East Africa; however, cultivars with resistance to this race can be found in each of the major wheat classes.