Adapting Ad-hoc Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Routing protocol is the primary strategy to design any wireless network. In Mobile AdHoc Network many routing protocols are present for sending packets from source to destination. Routing protocols in Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) are reactive routing protocols, proactive routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols. Performance analysis of different routing protocols is the major step before selecting the routing protocol. Routing protocols perform different under different traffic conditions in different environments. In this paper, the TCP and UDP based performance analysis is carried out in reactive routing protocols and proactive routing protocols with different packet size using NS2 simulator under different traffic conditions. The delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio are common measures parameters used for the comparison of performance of reactive protocols and proactive protocols.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a one that has decentralized, self-organized and self-configurable network. All mobile nodes are moving arbitrarily. It consists of mobile wireless nodes that communicate themselves without any well defined infrastructure and also do not required any interference of third party base station. MANET’s routing protocols are classified in three categories. Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols are three routing Protocols. But we basically Focus on only one of each routing protocol by varying by Data Dropped and Retransmission. In this paper we analysis performance of routing protocol by using mobility models vector mobility and random way point. We are focusing performance comparison on routing protocols on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is proactive routing protocol also known as table driven protocol, (AODV)Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector is Reactive Routing Protocol and also establish a connection on demand and third one is Gathering-based Routing Protocol (GRP) which is hybrid routing protocol. In this paper we have compare two mobility models with above three protocols. In simulation results AODV shows best results by using OPNET 14.5 simulators. We can also compare its performance by using 50 nodes and show its outcome with the help of comparison table.

An adaptive and multi-path greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol in flying ad hoc networks

QoS Analysis for Ad-Hoc Networks

Wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.11 standard is widely deployed. This technology is used to support multiple types of communication services (data, voice, image) with different QoS requirements. MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETwork) does not require a fixed infrastructure. Mobile nodes communicate through multihop paths. The wireless communication medium has variable and unpredictable characteristics. Furthermore, node mobility creates a continuously changing communication topology in which paths break and new one form dynamically. The routing table of each router in an adhoc network must be kept up-to-date. MANET uses Distance Vector or Link State algorithms which insure that the route to every host is always known. However, this approach must take into account the adhoc networks specific characteristics: dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, limited physical security, ... Two main routing protocols categories are studied in this paper: proactive protocols (e.g. Optimised Link State Routing - OLSR) and reactive protocols (e.g. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - AODV, Dynamic Source Routing - DSR). The proactive protocols are based on periodic exchanges that update the routing tables to all possible destinations, even if no traffic goes through. The reactive protocols are based on on-demand route discoveries that update routing tables only for the destination that has traffic going through. The present paper focuses on study and performance evaluation of these categories using NS2 simulations. We have considered qualitative and quantitative criteria. The first one concerns distributed operation, loop-freedom, security, sleep period operation. The second are used to assess performance of different routing protocols presented in this paper. We can list end-to-end data delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, routing load, activity distribution. Comparative study will be presented with number of networking context consideration and the results show the appropriate routing protocol for two kinds of communication services (data and voice).

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) frameworks assemble an entryway that gives remote availability back to the wired world and conveyed node. Finding appropriate routes in a network is the main objective considered for WSN. Many routing protocols have been developed for selecting efficient and reliable paths but it is strenuous to tell which protocol acts better for various network frameworks. Simulations are performed in WSN by using different software or simulators for analyzing the routing protocols. In this research work, extensive performance analysis has been done on three types of routing protocols. Performance evaluation on Proactive routing protocol (DSDV and OLSR), Reactive routing protocol (AODV and AOMDV) and Hybrid protocol (ZRP) with a changeable network environment have been done in this paper. The performance measuring is analyzed on the basis of throughput, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, average jitter and transmit energy consumption depends by changing the number of nodes and pause time. Five different performance parameters have made this work unique as well as help to the proper understanding of the working procedure of three categories routing protocols. The performance has been calculated with the help of network simulator NS-2.35.

This paper reports experimental results on self-organizing wireless networks carried by small flying robots. Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) composed of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are flexible, inexpensive and fast to deploy. This makes them a very attractive technology for many civilian and military applications. Due to the high mobility of the nodes, maintaining a communication link between the UAVs is a challenging task. The topology of these networks is more dynamic than that of typical mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and of typical vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs). As a consequence, the existing routing protocols designed for MANETs partly fail in tracking network topology changes. In this work, we compare two different routing algorithms for ad hoc networks: optimized link-state routing (OLSR), and predictive-OLSR (P-OLSR). The latter is an OLSR extension that we designed for FANETs; it takes advantage of the GPS information available on board. To the best of our knowledge, P-OLSR is currently the only FANET-specific routing technique that has an available Linux implementation. We present results obtained by both Media Access Control (MAC) layer emulations and real-world experiments. In the experiments, we used a testbed composed of two autonomous fixed-wing UAVs and a node on the ground. Our experiments evaluate the link performance and the communication range, as well as the routing performance. Our emulation and experimental results show that P-OLSR significantly outperforms OLSR in routing in the presence of frequent network topology changes.

Due to the increased use of mobile devices with the high demand for applications such as video application, most companies have tended to pay attention to Mobile Ad hoc Networks. This type of network is characterized by multi-hop wireless networks where data packets are sent in a "store and forward" manner from the source to an arbitrary destination via intermediate nodes. The mobile nodes are connected by multi-routes routing as the nodes in this network not only serve as hosts but also as routers where data is routed to and from other nodes in the network and therefore the mobile node not only sends its data packets but also sends data packets of other mobile nodes. The network architecture changes dynamically, mainly because of Mobility of nodes, so we need routing protocols to establish the connection. Routing protocols are categorized into proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols. So in this research, we has been studied Geographical Routing Protocol (GRP ), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) routing protocols which is one of proactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols respectively on the basis of Throughput, Delay and Load..etc and evaluated the performance in a large mobile ad hoc network and in a small mobile ad hoc network as well as for different video resolutions, the OPNET 14.5 network simulator was used to obtain research results. It was found that the GRP protocol performs better for a small number of nodes whether the video resolution is low or high while its performance decreases when the number of nodes increases in the network but the OLSR protocol improves when the number of nodes is increased.

Among the technological advances, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) saw an evolution in this last decade, their employment in civil applications, such as firefighting, disaster management, environmental monitoring and policing, is increased recently. The UAVs are connected with Ad- hoc modes like Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), this is another innovation in the wireless network where requirements change largely from long-established networking systems. Furthermore, the cooperative work is required in both civil and military applications to accomplish intensive missions. Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) have been developed using techniques that assist the transmission of information in real-time. The high mobility and quick topology change in UAV networks caused the difficulty for specialists to insert routing in FANETs. Routing protocols have a useful role to improve the performance of these networks. This paper presents a comparison between the different dynamic routing protocols to attain the high quality of service using the NS3 simulator.

Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) are Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) subtypes where Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) collection communicates with each other for sharing information. The mobility models are developed for representing the nodes movement. The mobility model principal part is to develop realistic simulation environment and to evaluate the performance of different routing protocols. The article considers the Gauss-Markov mobility model describing UAVs movement in a monitoring scenario. All findings were obtained while the experimental study. Simulation modelling was as a research method and it was based on NS-2 network simulator. There were specified characteristics of the network developed according to the simulation model using the AODV and OLSR routing protocols. The connectivity dependence on network parameters (the number of nodes and the transmission range) has been examined.

Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANET) play a vital part in military (defence), environment and civilian areas, for examples surveillance, traffic monitoring, search, rescue, weather monitoring, fire fighting, agriculture, videography, photography and delivery goods or product from one place to another place etc. Flying Ad-hoc Network is mainly ad-hoc network between unmanned air vehicles. There are several difficulties in flying ad-hoc network. The primary problem is in the communication between unmanned air vehicles. UAV are also known as Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). The problem of Flying Ad-hoc Network is routing of multiple unmanned air vehicles. The reason behind is high speed which required highly dynamic routing protocols. The designing of routing protocol is a complicated for various parameters such as traffic monitoring, load balancing etc. Here, flying ad-hoc networks are described along with mobility models, features and routing protocols. This paper presented various routing protocols used to resolve these types of problems in Flying Ad-hoc Networks. Finally, some open research challenges in developing efficient routing protocols in the Flying Ad-hoc Networks are highlighted.

The field of Adhoc Network has gained an important art of the awareness of researchers and become very popular in last few years.Adhoc network can operate without fixed infrastructure and can survive rapid changes in the network topology.This paper presents a survey on the art of energy efficient routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET).Since the nodes in MANET are movable, the routing and power management become significant issue.In this paper, the performance comparisons of mobile ad hoc network's protocol with its quality of service factors has been considered.The main concentration of the paper is on hybrid routing protocols which is basically combination of proactive and reactive routing protocols.In this paper three different types of hybrid protocols are chosen for performance comparison on the basis of diverse simulation parameters.

Due to complex and varied environment in the sea and high mobility of nodes, establishing a communication connection between UAVs is a difficult point. In addition, these existing routing protocols designed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) or vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) could not play a good role in communication in Flying ad hoc Networks (FANETs). In this paper, we put forward a new form of the Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR) protocol: it can suit rapid dynamic topology changes and prevent the interruption of communication. The key idea is to make full use of Global Positioning System (GPS) information to calculate node link expiration time and take into account residual energy. The improved multi metric ETX (Expected Transmission Count) simulation in OLSR is carried out in the NS-3 simulator. So, this paper reports the experimental results of routing protocols carried by small flying robots in marine scenes, and these numerical results show that the new protocol is significantly superior to the traditional OLSR in terms of packet transmission rate, End-to-End delay and routing overheads, providing reliable communication in the ocean FANETs.

Unmanned aerial vehicle is one of the main announced use cases of 5G/IMT2020, which is expected to have various applications in many fields. These devices have limited capabilities in terms of energy and processing. Due to the complex structure of unmanned aerial vehicle networks and the high mobility constraints, design of efficient routing protocol, for supporting such network, is a challenge. Thus, efficient routing of data among unmanned aerial vehicles between source and destination is an important issue in designing unmanned aerial vehicle networks. Proactive routing protocols are one of the main categories of routing protocols developed for mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. Optimized link state routing protocol is one of the most common proactive routing protocols that has been modified to support unmanned aerial vehicle networks, considering high mobility feature of the network. In this work, we propose a latency and energy-efficient proactive routing protocol for dense unmanned aerial vehicle networks, with high-density devices, based on optimized link state routing protocol algorithm, referred to as multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol is topology aware and can be used for low-latency and high-mobility applications. The proposed multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol routing algorithm considers all modified versions of optimized link state routing protocol and introduces a novel method for selecting multipoint relay nodes that considers the traffic load on the communication channel and the load on each unmanned aerial vehicle node. Moreover, the proposed algorithm considers the communication link stability and the energy constraints. The system is simulated over a reliable environment for various scenarios, and it is compared to the original optimized link state routing protocol and its modified versions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency, energy, and reliability.

Critical and public safety operations require real-time communication from the incident area(s) to the distant operations command center going through the evacuation and medical support areas. Data transmitted throughout such type of network is extremely useful for decisions makers and operations' conducting. Therefore, any delay in communication may cause lives' loss. Above all, the existing infrastructure communication systems (PSTN, WiFi, 4/5 G, etc.) can be damaged and is often not available solution. An alternate option is to deploy autonomous tactical network at unpredictable location and time. However, in this context there are many challenge especially how to effectively rout or disseminate the information. In this paper, we present behavior of varied multi-hops routing protocols evaluated in a disaster-simulated scenario with different communication technologies (i.e. WiFi IEEE 802.11; WSN IEEE 802.15.4; WBAN IEEE 802.15.6). Studied routing strategies are classified: Ad hoc proactive and reactive protocols, geographic-based and gradient-based protocols. To be realistic, we have conducted our simulations by considering a Mall in Doha city in the State of Qatar. Moreover, we have generated a mobility trace to model the rescue teams and crowd movements during the disaster. In conclusion, extensive simulations showed that WiFi IEEE 802.11 is the best wireless technology to consider in an emergency urban with the studied protocols. On the other hand, gradient based routing protocol performed much better especially with WBAN IEEE 802.15.6. Keyword: Tactical Ad-hoc Networks; Public Safety and Emergency; Routing Protocols; IEEE 802.11; IEEE 802.15.4; IEEE 802.15.6; Performance Evaluation I. Introduction Public safety is a worldwide governments' concern. It is a special continuous reactive set of studies, operations and actions in order to predict plan and perform a successful reaction in a disaster case. Coupled with the raise of number and variety of disasters, not only the economies and infrastructures are affected, but significant number of human lives. With regards to the emergency response to these disasters, the role of existing Public Safety Network (PSN) infrastructures (e.g. TETRA, LTE) is extremely vital. However, it is anticipated that, during and after the disasters, existing PSN infrastructures can be flawed, oversaturated or completely damaged. Therefore, there is a growing demand for ubiquitous emergency response system that could be easily and rapidly deployed at unpredictable location and time. Wherefore Wearable Body Area Networks (W-BAN) is a relevant candidate that can play a key role to monitor the physiological status of involved workforces and the affected individuals. Composed by small and low-power devices connected to a coordinator, WBAN communication architecture relies on three levels: On-Body (or intra-Body), Body-to-Body (or inter-Body) and off-Body communication networks. In disaster scenarios, the network connectivity and data is a challenging problem due to the dynamic mobility and harsh environment [1]. It is envisioned that, in case of unavailable or out-of-range network infrastructures, the WBANs coordinators along with WBANs sensors can exploit cooperative and multi-hop body-to-body communications to extend the end-to-end network connectivity. The Opportunistic and Mobility Aware Routing (OMAR) scheme is an on-body routing protocol proposed in one of our earlier works [2]. A realistic mobility model is also a major challenge related to the simulations. To the best knowledge of the authors, no comparable study in disaster context is conducted by considering a realistic disaster mobility pattern. In this paper, we investigate varied classes of multi-hop Body-to-Body routing protocols using a realistic mobility modeling software provided by Bonn University in Germany [3]. The mobility pattern is exploited by the WSNET simulator as a mobility trace of the nodes moving during and after the disaster. Note here that individuals are considered mobile nodes in the scenario. In the conducted simulations, each iteration, one communication technology configuration is selected (i.e. WiFi IEEE 802.11; WSN IEEE 802.15.4; WBAN IEEE 802.15.6), then simulations are ran with the routing protocols (i.e. proactive, reactive, gradient-based and geographical-based). This strategy provides a vision not only on the behavior of the routing protocols in the disaster context, but evaluates the communication technologies in such case also. For proactive, reactive, gradient-based and geographical-based routing protocols, Optimized Link State Routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) [4], Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) [5], Directed Diffusion (DD) [6] and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) [7] protocols are selected respectively The remainder of this abstract is organized as follows. In section II, we present briefly the disaster scenario considered. In section III, we explain the results of the simulations. Finally, in Section IV, we conclude and discuss perspectives. II. Landmark disaster scenario we are investigating a disaster scenario (fire triggering) in the “Landmark” shopping mall. The mobility model used is generated by the BonnMotion tool. We assume that the incident is caused by fire into two different locations. Rescuers are immediately called to intervene. We consider that firefighters are divided into 3 groups of vehicles with 26 firefighters in each group. Medical emergency teams that probably could reach the mall just after the incident, are consisting of 6 ambulances with 5 medical staff in each ambulance (30 rescuers in total). Civilians could also help rescuers and they are also considered in the mobility trace generation. Injured individuals are transported from the incident areas to the patients waiting for treatment areas to get first aids. Then, they will be transported to the patients clearing areas where they will be either put under observation or evacuated to hospitals by ambulance or helicopter. A tactical command center conducting the operations is represented by WSNET is an event-driven simulator for wireless networks. WSNET is able to design, configure and simulate a whole communication stack from the Physical to the Application Layer. We benefit from these features to vary the payload with the selected MAC and routing layer in each iteration. These combinations provided a deep review on the possible communication architecture to consider in disaster operations. The following section describes the outcome of these extensive simulations. III. Performance evaluation The main difference between the disaster and any other scenario is the emergency aspect. All flowing data in the network is considered highly important. The probability of packets that did not reach the destination must be zero. For this reason, our evaluation is regarded to the Packet Reception rate (PRR). Likewise, a delayed packet is such like an unreceived packet. That's why we consider the delay as decisive factor. Similarly, the energy consumption is also observed. The following table summarizes the obtained results. In terms of average PRR, WiFi IEEE 802.11 is convincingly better than the two counterparts combined with all the routing protocols. GPSR has a considerable PRR with WBAN IEEE 802.15.6, but the location information of the nodes is considered as known. Regarding the delay, DD is particularly efficient with WiFi and WBAN. To conclude, DD is an efficient routing protocol to consider in case of Indoor operations, while GPSR is most relevant in Outdoor operations where locations can be obtained from GPS. IV. Conclusion Disasters are growing remarkably worldwide. The existing communication infrastructures are not considered a part of the communication recuing system. Consequently, to monitor deployed individuals (rescue teams, injured individuals, etc.) data should be forwarded throughout these individuals (WBANs) to reach a distant command center. In order to evaluate the performance of diverse multi-hop routing protocols, we have conducted extensive simulations on WNSET using a realistic mobility model. The simulations showed that all evaluated routing protocols (i.e.AODVv2, OLSRv2, DD and GPSR) has the best PRR with the WiFi technology. While, DD was found to be the most efficient with the WBAN technology. GPSR also could be considered when the location information is available. Acknowledgment The work was supported by NPRP grant #[6-1508-2-616] from the Qatar National Research Fund which is a member of Qatar Foundation. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.