QoS Analysis for Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a one that has decentralized, self-organized and self-configurable network. All mobile nodes are moving arbitrarily. It consists of mobile wireless nodes that communicate themselves without any well defined infrastructure and also do not required any interference of third party base station. MANET’s routing protocols are classified in three categories. Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols are three routing Protocols. But we basically Focus on only one of each routing protocol by varying by Data Dropped and Retransmission. In this paper we analysis performance of routing protocol by using mobility models vector mobility and random way point. We are focusing performance comparison on routing protocols on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is proactive routing protocol also known as table driven protocol, (AODV)Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector is Reactive Routing Protocol and also establish a connection on demand and third one is Gathering-based Routing Protocol (GRP) which is hybrid routing protocol. In this paper we have compare two mobility models with above three protocols. In simulation results AODV shows best results by using OPNET 14.5 simulators. We can also compare its performance by using 50 nodes and show its outcome with the help of comparison table.

Wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.11 standard is widely deployed. This technology is used to support multiple types of communication services (data, voice, image) with different QoS requirements. MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETwork) does not require a fixed infrastructure. Mobile nodes communicate through multihop paths. The wireless communication medium has variable and unpredictable characteristics. Furthermore, node mobility creates a continuously changing communication topology in which paths break and new one form dynamically. The routing table of each router in an adhoc network must be kept up-to-date. MANET uses Distance Vector or Link State algorithms which insure that the route to every host is always known. However, this approach must take into account the adhoc networks specific characteristics: dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, limited physical security, ... Two main routing protocols categories are studied in this paper: proactive protocols (e.g. Optimised Link State Routing - OLSR) and reactive protocols (e.g. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - AODV, Dynamic Source Routing - DSR). The proactive protocols are based on periodic exchanges that update the routing tables to all possible destinations, even if no traffic goes through. The reactive protocols are based on on-demand route discoveries that update routing tables only for the destination that has traffic going through. The present paper focuses on study and performance evaluation of these categories using NS2 simulations. We have considered qualitative and quantitative criteria. The first one concerns distributed operation, loop-freedom, security, sleep period operation. The second are used to assess performance of different routing protocols presented in this paper. We can list end-to-end data delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, routing load, activity distribution. Comparative study will be presented with number of networking context consideration and the results show the appropriate routing protocol for two kinds of communication services (data and voice).

Routing protocol is the primary strategy to design any wireless network. In Mobile AdHoc Network many routing protocols are present for sending packets from source to destination. Routing protocols in Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) are reactive routing protocols, proactive routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols. Performance analysis of different routing protocols is the major step before selecting the routing protocol. Routing protocols perform different under different traffic conditions in different environments. In this paper, the TCP and UDP based performance analysis is carried out in reactive routing protocols and proactive routing protocols with different packet size using NS2 simulator under different traffic conditions. The delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio are common measures parameters used for the comparison of performance of reactive protocols and proactive protocols.

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes, that forms on the fly a temporary wireless multi-hop network in a self-organizing way, without relying on any established infrastructure. In MANET, a pair of nodes exchange messages either over a direct wireless link, or over a sequence of wireless links including one or more intermediate nodes. For this purpose, an efficient routing protocol is required. This paper introduced performance study of three of MANET protocols (AODV, GRP and OSPFv3). This study was one of the newer studies because wireless communication played an important role in today’s application and the field of mobile ad hoc network becomes very popular for the researchers in the last years. This study was done using OPNET Modeler v14.5 and the comparison between the protocols was done in terms of throughput, routing traffic received, traffic sent, load and delay with increased number of mobile nodes from 10, 25 and 50 mobile nodes. The results showed that AODV (reactive routing protocol) was better in delay and had smaller load and smaller throughput than GRP (reactive and proactive routing protocols) and OSPFv3 (proactive routing protocols).

Today, the use of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is becoming increasingly popular due to its flexibility and ease of use wherever and whenever. MANET is able to adapt to many applications, such as disaster management and military operations. The MANET routing protocol consists of two types, namely Proactive Routing Protocols and On Demand Routing Protocols. Destination-Sequence Distance-Vector (DSDV) is an example of a protocol that includes Proactive Routing Protocols. Meanwhile, Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) are examples of protocols that include On Demand Routing Protocols or Reactive Routing Protocols. Because routing protocols greatly affect MANET performance significantly, it is necessary to study the performance of routing protocols. This paper discusses the performance comparison of MANET routing protocol based on RandomWaypoint mobility model. The experiment was carried out by applying the MANET routing protocol to the RandomWaypoint mobility model. Routing protocols used are AODV, DSDV and DSR. The simulation is done using NS-2 software. The total of nodes used in simulations is 100, 150, 200 and 250 nodes respectively. Length of simulation time 900 s. The simulation area take place in urban residential areas. Performance evaluation is performed on variable packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, average end to end delay, packet loss and normalized routing load (NRL).

Due to the increased use of mobile devices with the high demand for applications such as video application, most companies have tended to pay attention to Mobile Ad hoc Networks. This type of network is characterized by multi-hop wireless networks where data packets are sent in a "store and forward" manner from the source to an arbitrary destination via intermediate nodes. The mobile nodes are connected by multi-routes routing as the nodes in this network not only serve as hosts but also as routers where data is routed to and from other nodes in the network and therefore the mobile node not only sends its data packets but also sends data packets of other mobile nodes. The network architecture changes dynamically, mainly because of Mobility of nodes, so we need routing protocols to establish the connection. Routing protocols are categorized into proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols. So in this research, we has been studied Geographical Routing Protocol (GRP ), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) routing protocols which is one of proactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols respectively on the basis of Throughput, Delay and Load..etc and evaluated the performance in a large mobile ad hoc network and in a small mobile ad hoc network as well as for different video resolutions, the OPNET 14.5 network simulator was used to obtain research results. It was found that the GRP protocol performs better for a small number of nodes whether the video resolution is low or high while its performance decreases when the number of nodes increases in the network but the OLSR protocol improves when the number of nodes is increased.

Ad hoc networks are self-organizing and multi-hop networks for data communication. Subarea Tree Routing (STR) has used for multi-hop networks for network division into various subareas. The main objective of this paper is creating a dynamic sub-area tree infrastructure for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). The proposed architecture uses the hierarchical procedure to divide the whole network into many geographical sub-area networks. In addition, each sub-area has a selected root node, we can configure the root node manually due to small ad hoc network and uses auto-discovery procedure to select the roots for large networks. The root node is located at the center of sub-area with hop level zero. The root function is used to update the routing table and root table for sub-area. After sub-area created any interconnected node detects a new inefficient node for sending the invitation message to join the sub-area tree. In the same sub-area, proactive routing protocols are used between the sub-area root node and its interconnect nodes and reactive routing protocols are used between all sub-areas root nodes. The new sub-area tree provides an infrastructure to avoid the flooding procedures. Routing in the sub-area tree avoids the transmission collision to optimize the ad-hoc networks. Â

In Mobile Adhoc networks (MANET) the mobility of nodes results in regular and random changes of network topology, which results in regular route changes, network partitions and possibly packet losses, making routing a challenging task in MANET network. The mostly used routing protocols in such networks are proactive and reactive routing protocols, but a reactive routing strategy is the most popular technique for wireless adhoc routing that provides a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. However Hybrid GRP (Geographical Routing Protocol) are introduced comprises of both reactive and proactive routing properties to give high QoS parameter performance. This paper evaluates the performance of AODV- and DSR reactive routing protocols with hybrid GRP protocol in MANET network using QoS parameters like End-to-End Delay, Network Load, Throughput, Number of Hops/Route, PDR and NRL.

Critical and public safety operations require real-time communication from the incident area(s) to the distant operations command center going through the evacuation and medical support areas. Data transmitted throughout such type of network is extremely useful for decisions makers and operations' conducting. Therefore, any delay in communication may cause lives' loss. Above all, the existing infrastructure communication systems (PSTN, WiFi, 4/5 G, etc.) can be damaged and is often not available solution. An alternate option is to deploy autonomous tactical network at unpredictable location and time. However, in this context there are many challenge especially how to effectively rout or disseminate the information. In this paper, we present behavior of varied multi-hops routing protocols evaluated in a disaster-simulated scenario with different communication technologies (i.e. WiFi IEEE 802.11; WSN IEEE 802.15.4; WBAN IEEE 802.15.6). Studied routing strategies are classified: Ad hoc proactive and reactive protocols, geographic-based and gradient-based protocols. To be realistic, we have conducted our simulations by considering a Mall in Doha city in the State of Qatar. Moreover, we have generated a mobility trace to model the rescue teams and crowd movements during the disaster. In conclusion, extensive simulations showed that WiFi IEEE 802.11 is the best wireless technology to consider in an emergency urban with the studied protocols. On the other hand, gradient based routing protocol performed much better especially with WBAN IEEE 802.15.6. Keyword: Tactical Ad-hoc Networks; Public Safety and Emergency; Routing Protocols; IEEE 802.11; IEEE 802.15.4; IEEE 802.15.6; Performance Evaluation I. Introduction Public safety is a worldwide governments' concern. It is a special continuous reactive set of studies, operations and actions in order to predict plan and perform a successful reaction in a disaster case. Coupled with the raise of number and variety of disasters, not only the economies and infrastructures are affected, but significant number of human lives. With regards to the emergency response to these disasters, the role of existing Public Safety Network (PSN) infrastructures (e.g. TETRA, LTE) is extremely vital. However, it is anticipated that, during and after the disasters, existing PSN infrastructures can be flawed, oversaturated or completely damaged. Therefore, there is a growing demand for ubiquitous emergency response system that could be easily and rapidly deployed at unpredictable location and time. Wherefore Wearable Body Area Networks (W-BAN) is a relevant candidate that can play a key role to monitor the physiological status of involved workforces and the affected individuals. Composed by small and low-power devices connected to a coordinator, WBAN communication architecture relies on three levels: On-Body (or intra-Body), Body-to-Body (or inter-Body) and off-Body communication networks. In disaster scenarios, the network connectivity and data is a challenging problem due to the dynamic mobility and harsh environment [1]. It is envisioned that, in case of unavailable or out-of-range network infrastructures, the WBANs coordinators along with WBANs sensors can exploit cooperative and multi-hop body-to-body communications to extend the end-to-end network connectivity. The Opportunistic and Mobility Aware Routing (OMAR) scheme is an on-body routing protocol proposed in one of our earlier works [2]. A realistic mobility model is also a major challenge related to the simulations. To the best knowledge of the authors, no comparable study in disaster context is conducted by considering a realistic disaster mobility pattern. In this paper, we investigate varied classes of multi-hop Body-to-Body routing protocols using a realistic mobility modeling software provided by Bonn University in Germany [3]. The mobility pattern is exploited by the WSNET simulator as a mobility trace of the nodes moving during and after the disaster. Note here that individuals are considered mobile nodes in the scenario. In the conducted simulations, each iteration, one communication technology configuration is selected (i.e. WiFi IEEE 802.11; WSN IEEE 802.15.4; WBAN IEEE 802.15.6), then simulations are ran with the routing protocols (i.e. proactive, reactive, gradient-based and geographical-based). This strategy provides a vision not only on the behavior of the routing protocols in the disaster context, but evaluates the communication technologies in such case also. For proactive, reactive, gradient-based and geographical-based routing protocols, Optimized Link State Routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) [4], Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) [5], Directed Diffusion (DD) [6] and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) [7] protocols are selected respectively The remainder of this abstract is organized as follows. In section II, we present briefly the disaster scenario considered. In section III, we explain the results of the simulations. Finally, in Section IV, we conclude and discuss perspectives. II. Landmark disaster scenario we are investigating a disaster scenario (fire triggering) in the “Landmark” shopping mall. The mobility model used is generated by the BonnMotion tool. We assume that the incident is caused by fire into two different locations. Rescuers are immediately called to intervene. We consider that firefighters are divided into 3 groups of vehicles with 26 firefighters in each group. Medical emergency teams that probably could reach the mall just after the incident, are consisting of 6 ambulances with 5 medical staff in each ambulance (30 rescuers in total). Civilians could also help rescuers and they are also considered in the mobility trace generation. Injured individuals are transported from the incident areas to the patients waiting for treatment areas to get first aids. Then, they will be transported to the patients clearing areas where they will be either put under observation or evacuated to hospitals by ambulance or helicopter. A tactical command center conducting the operations is represented by WSNET is an event-driven simulator for wireless networks. WSNET is able to design, configure and simulate a whole communication stack from the Physical to the Application Layer. We benefit from these features to vary the payload with the selected MAC and routing layer in each iteration. These combinations provided a deep review on the possible communication architecture to consider in disaster operations. The following section describes the outcome of these extensive simulations. III. Performance evaluation The main difference between the disaster and any other scenario is the emergency aspect. All flowing data in the network is considered highly important. The probability of packets that did not reach the destination must be zero. For this reason, our evaluation is regarded to the Packet Reception rate (PRR). Likewise, a delayed packet is such like an unreceived packet. That's why we consider the delay as decisive factor. Similarly, the energy consumption is also observed. The following table summarizes the obtained results. In terms of average PRR, WiFi IEEE 802.11 is convincingly better than the two counterparts combined with all the routing protocols. GPSR has a considerable PRR with WBAN IEEE 802.15.6, but the location information of the nodes is considered as known. Regarding the delay, DD is particularly efficient with WiFi and WBAN. To conclude, DD is an efficient routing protocol to consider in case of Indoor operations, while GPSR is most relevant in Outdoor operations where locations can be obtained from GPS. IV. Conclusion Disasters are growing remarkably worldwide. The existing communication infrastructures are not considered a part of the communication recuing system. Consequently, to monitor deployed individuals (rescue teams, injured individuals, etc.) data should be forwarded throughout these individuals (WBANs) to reach a distant command center. In order to evaluate the performance of diverse multi-hop routing protocols, we have conducted extensive simulations on WNSET using a realistic mobility model. The simulations showed that all evaluated routing protocols (i.e.AODVv2, OLSRv2, DD and GPSR) has the best PRR with the WiFi technology. While, DD was found to be the most efficient with the WBAN technology. GPSR also could be considered when the location information is available. Acknowledgment The work was supported by NPRP grant #[6-1508-2-616] from the Qatar National Research Fund which is a member of Qatar Foundation. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.

Mobile ad-hoc networks are self-organized infrastructure less networks that consists of mobile nodes, which are capable of maintaining and forming the network by themselves. Recently, researchers are designed several routing protocols on these networks. However, these routing protocols are more vulnerable to attacks from the intruders, which can easily paralyze the operation of the network due to its inherited characteristics of MANETS. One such type of attack is wormhole attack. Because of its severity, the wormhole attack has attracted a great deal of attention in the research community. This paper compares reactive and proactive routing protocols in adversarial environment. Specifically, wormhole attack is applied to these routing protocols to evaluate its performance through simulation. Comprehensively the results shows the comparative performance of these protocols against wormhole attack is hard to detect and easy to implement.

Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) is a kind of mobile adhoc network (MANET) which integrates wireless connectivity to accelerate data transfer between vehicles as well as between roadside equipment and available traffic in network. In VANET, routing protocols play an important role in terms of the performance because they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between vehicular mobile nodes. In this paper we design the vehicular adhoc network using DSDV and DSR protocol for the WiMAX network with city base environment. The main objectives of our research work are to increase the security of the network and to compare the result of packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio and throughput of the network. In addition to communication among the vehicles, VANET interface with communication points is provided by on-road infrastructure. Thus we propose that the design of a city environment VANET network with MAC 802.16e by using different routing protocol with two key strategies which are multiple input and multiple output technology (MIMO) and adaptive modulation coding (AMC). Combining these gives the significantly enhanced data rate and maximum throughput with high efficiency in wireless network.

The field of the ad-hoc network and its routing protocols had attracted a lot of researchers for many years, due to the various usage of the ad-hoc networks in many fields and especially the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Routing protocols in the ad-hoc network are the main focused problem, for their characteristics and role during the communication process of the ad-hoc networks, with its different types. In this paper, we are going to analyze and sheds the light on the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols, for both Flying ad-hoc network (FANET) and vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET) when applying three different ad-hoc routing protocols, respectively Reactive routing protocol, Proactive routing protocol, and Hybrid routing protocol, in order to shed light on the ambiguous misunderstanding of ad-hoc routing protocols functionality and to choose the best routing protocol to be used and adapted for UAVs.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) frameworks assemble an entryway that gives remote availability back to the wired world and conveyed node. Finding appropriate routes in a network is the main objective considered for WSN. Many routing protocols have been developed for selecting efficient and reliable paths but it is strenuous to tell which protocol acts better for various network frameworks. Simulations are performed in WSN by using different software or simulators for analyzing the routing protocols. In this research work, extensive performance analysis has been done on three types of routing protocols. Performance evaluation on Proactive routing protocol (DSDV and OLSR), Reactive routing protocol (AODV and AOMDV) and Hybrid protocol (ZRP) with a changeable network environment have been done in this paper. The performance measuring is analyzed on the basis of throughput, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, average jitter and transmit energy consumption depends by changing the number of nodes and pause time. Five different performance parameters have made this work unique as well as help to the proper understanding of the working procedure of three categories routing protocols. The performance has been calculated with the help of network simulator NS-2.35.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a type of wireless ad-hoc network which is a self-arranging network of mobile nodes connected by wireless links which creates a discretionary topology. The mobile nodes are free to move randomly and to arrange themselves in a random manner. Thus, the wireless ad hoc network topology may expand rapidly and unpredictably. In Mobile Adhoc networks, the routing protocol plays an important role in improving Quality of Service (QoS). There are many different types of routing protocols such as reactive, proactive and hybrid. The AODV is a reactive routing protocol which establishes routes on-demand, as they are needed. In this paper, we described a new protocol based on the AODV which gives better performance than the original AODV routing protocol with respect to set of performance metric such as a packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption and overhead, under different conditions. The proposed routing protocol Modified Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (M-AODV) describes that the new operation for routing path reconstruction should be made from the source. It also explains a new method for identifying multiple disjoint routes. Performance analysis of routing protocol designed for wireless networks has been very challenging. Hence, simulations are always utilized to obtain the desired performance results. Simulations were performed by Network Simulator (NS2).

An ad hoc network, a self-organizing wireless network is made up of mobile nodes, each node act as relay for providing data communication. The topology of the ad hoc networks changes often and needs large and frequent exchange of data among the network nodes for efficient routing. Existing routing protocols are distance vector method and link state routing protocols. The location information of the adhoc network nodes are broadcasted within the transmission range. The enemy can receive the location information of the nodes. Current position aided routing protocols were not designed for use in high risk environment. We have proposed a method for secured routing in adhoc network. It is a hierarchical method to solve the above problem. This method need not maintain the route information explicitly. This reduces the number of query control messages and suits well in dynamic environment. This method is better adaptive to dynamic environment than the present proactive, reactive and zone routing protocol methods (ZRP) and improves the security, efficiency and performance in ad-hoc routing.