Adapting technologies to model contexts: Two approaches through RFID & NFC

The recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) has promoted for finding or localizing objects with different technologies. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in indoor localization applications due to its ease of deployment and low cost. With passive RFID tags, an object can be localized within less than 10cm. However, passive RFID localization systems cannot provide easy localization due to its limited reading range. Using Active RFID tags will provide longer localization range to a lost object. However, while pairing the mobile phone with the tag, the phone may capture any tag in its reading range; thus, the tag pairing process may be done improperly. Alternatively, Near Field Communication (NFC) has been proposed as an extension to the RFID technology in which the reader must be within close proximity to the NFC tag for achieving the reading task. With the deployment of NFC, several mobile phone applications have been developed employing NFC in payments and contactless systems. However, due to the short localization range of NFC, it becomes extremely difficult to find a lost item. Currently, RFID and NFC have been employed in object localization systems separately. Alternatively, in this paper we propose Radio Frequency Near Communication (RFNC) is an integrated RFID- NFC system for localization of lost item. Our experiments integrating RFID and NFC technologies confirm that NFC technology can be a complement to the RFID technology rather than an alternative.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is an advancement of inductively coupled proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and smart card technology. In our work we demonstrate proximity based relay attack simulations, within a University campus test environment. Consequently, the experiment required the use NFC enabled mobile devices of the Android and IOS operating systems. We produced attack simulations on different proximity relay ranges confirming how easy it is becoming to compromise these mobile payment devices by way of eavesdropping, and deliberately forcing unauthorized access to the point that our results challenges the ISO 14443 standard definition on the NFC ranges as counter-intuitive. Our efforts contend the need for the standards on range proximity as the underlying goal of our study. In this context the research sought to answer three (3) research questions namely: 1. To what extent can you evaluate a relay attack on an NFC mobile device near ranges? 2. To what extent can you evaluate a relay attack on an NFC mobile device within far ranges? 3. How does the results compare in questions (1) to question (2)?

Advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) enable new personalized health care concepts which are often characterized by four “P” terms, i.e. personalized, predictive, preventive and participatory. However, real world implementations of the complete 4P spectrum hardly exist today. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been defined as an extension to the current Internet that enables pervasive communication between the physical and the virtual world. Smart devices and enabling elements like Near Field Communication (NFC) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology already exist and increasingly will be a mainstream element of our lives. This future vision paper attempts to assess if and how the Internet of Things for personalized health (IoT4pH) can help to facilitate the 4P healthcare paradigm and discusses related challenges and opportunities.

The day-to-day changes in the technology have paved way for many new inventions. Near Field Communication (NFC) technology is one among the new inventions in recent years. The NFC technology which is installed in smart devices and felicitates the customers to transfer their data, make payments and many more activities. In this modern era, people are much away from cash, moving from traditional way of payment to the modern ways from cash transactions to paying through online mode through the smart devices. To perform this payment activities NFC technology is used. The research was carried out with 100 NFC using respondents and the sampling tools used were Factor analysis, Correlation Analysis, Regression Analysis. The sampling method used for the study is simple random sampling. The research was carried out and Cronbach’s alpha reliability test proved to be consistent and reliable. The researcher has identified the factors influencing to use the NFC technology and also found the most influencing factors. The concluding observations are Services and Relative advantage is the most influencing factors from the study.

RFID technology and its diverse applications: A brief exposition with a proposed Machine Learning approach

Radio frequency identification (RFID), and more recently the development of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, have popularized the idea of linking real-world products with online information and services. Apart from early prototypes, however, the benefits of such automated identification technologies have so far been mostly available to industry, rather than consumers. With the next generation of mobile phones capable of reading both traditional bar codes through their integrated cameras, as well as RFID tags using the NFC standard, end-users themselves could take full advantage of such ubiquitous identification labels, given novel information architectures that go beyond simple web pages or industrial enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. This paper presents an open lookup infrastructure that allows commercial, public, and private entities to easily provide information and services associated with tagged items, thus facilitating the rapid development and deployment of applications based on everyday products.

Every now and then, our lives are influenced by the development of technologies and this had changed the perception of business in several ways. Now the world is focusing on wireless devices that can be developed to have exchange of data either using internet or not. Near Field Communication (NFC) is one of the devices that has the capability to securely exchange data with its paired devices and Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is developed to broadcast a unique identifying number upon request. This paper concentrates on the security element in the NFC and RFID in the implementation of NFC technology in blood transfusion; to solve the problems of human error and to avoid from transfusing different blood types than the ones actually needed by the patient. The information in the wrist tag should be synchronized with the current hospital system. This NFC technology is also for reducing the use of paper-based documents, consequently promoting green technology. As a result, choosing the NFC or RFID based on the security features is very important for patient identification as well as moving towards green technology.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is emerged in the last decade. NFC is a short range high frequency and low bandwidth wireless communication technology. Passive Radio Frequency identification (RFID) tags are usually used with a system where one end of communication is isolated and powerless in nature. There are several applications of RFID-NFC systems despite of its drawback such as communication can happen between only two devices at a time and, its short range (0–20 cm). In this paper, the simulation results of a novel antenna at 13.56 MHz are presented. NFC works on both active and passive devices using various modes of operation. Its short-range property is utilized here for authentication of degree certificate awarded by universities. The antenna is flexible, robust and light weight so that it can be easily sandwiched inside the paper. In this paper a NFC antenna is designed which is ideal for manufacturing and assembling into the thin layers of degree certificate paper issued by examining authority. Calculations are done to select antenna dimensions before the final process. An antenna design is achieved using simulations and parameter optimization with simple method without making it complicated.

One of the most important limitations for people with visual impairment is the inability of unassisted navigation and orientation in unfamiliar buildings. An low-cost indoor navigation system, which is based on mobile terminals, supporting technology Near Field Communication (NFC), and Java program access to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, is developed. The proposed navigation system enables users to imagine the map of the rooms (dimensions, relative position of points of interest). This information is stored in RFID tags in WAP Binary eXtensible Markup Language (WBXML) format. The system allows leaving audio messages that are recorded in RFID tags in Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) format. Voice enabled navigation, that is familiar to users with visual disabilities, is used.

Integration of current Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) system with the Near Field Communication (NFC) technology provides Ubiquitous Learning Environment (ULE) in education. The utilization of NFC technology in U-Learning concept will help to improve accessibility and encourage collaborative learning methods in the education sector. In this paper, we conduct a study to investigate eleven (11) adoptions factors of U-Learning with NFC and ranking them using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. We also utilized Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Technology Readiness (TR), and combination of TAM and TR (TRAM) as theoretical framework. We have identified TRAM as the best tool based on literature review and utilized the theory to propose an NFC-Enabled Ubiquitous Technology model. The model was utilized to design a questionnaire for survey about user acceptance. Results from the online survey were analyzed using AHP in an absolute measurement approach method. Results from AHP show that optimism is the most influencing factor in adoption of U-Learning using NFC technology followed by innovativeness and accessibility. Finally, this paper contributes in designing an NFC research model.

Nowadays; the adoption of Internet of things (IoT) technologies and applications in everyday is rising. IoT technology such as Near Field Communication (NFC) is vastly adopted due to its short range frequencies, making it a good candidate for token based security access control applications such as door systems and attendance systems. However, due to the miniature size of NFC tags; its clear text contents and unprotected communication channel between tag-reader-database; NFC technology is prone to security attacks such as the man in the middle; denial of services (DOS) and etc. These attacks lead to leakage of user critical data which could impact any organization adopting NFC applications and technologies. In this paper; NFC vulnerability, causing both security and privacy attacks studies in depth. By focusing on attacks such as DOS and data corruptions; existing risk assessment models are evaluated using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. Best practice in mitigating these attacks is presented as well. A case study on an existing NFC access control application is then used to demonstrate the effectiveness of best practice solutions proposed.  Â

Development in technology bring digital world to be border-less. It's proven through a developed technology, when trade and transaction can be done not only using real money but also virtual one. Shopping process using virtual money has even more supported by existed Near Field Communication (NFC) device. This particular device works using radio frequency. In the year of 2011, Google was integrating this device into a Android-based cell phone, which made transactions using virtual money gradually developed. E-Ticket is one of the utmost services in online trading. E-ticket is basically a paper-less electronic document, which commonly used for passenger tickets of a transportation system. One of the aims in using NFC in daily life can be implemented within public transportation application. This particular research offers a application prototype for train ticket purchasing and exterminating that use a Near Field Communication (NFC) integrated cell phone. This train ticketing application integrated with NFC device that had been planted in an Android 2.3.3 Operation System based cell phone. Designed system made for passenger interface and train conductor interface. NFC technology applied within two created applications. Cell phone that is used within this research is Google Nexus S, which has been integrated with NFC device; therefore created application can provide a circumstance where applications for passenger and conductor are able to work as a single entity of train ticketing application.

The near field communication (NFC) technology helps save both time and power when compared with Bluetooth and other similar technologies. However, NFC is vulnerable to various networking attacks such as message modification. In this work, a secure processing technique is introduced to protect the NFC devices and associated data from several attacks. A certificate record is added to the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) message to enhance security. The proposed processing technique in a NFC system checks the authenticity of the sender, then if appropriate, processes the incoming NDEF messages and stores them in device memory. Using MATLAB, an NFC system with the proposed processing technique is simulated. Simulation results suggest that the processing time increases linearly as the certificate size increases and the processing time remains almost the same for various record sizes. It is also observed that the proposed protocol offers better security by detecting tag manipulation, certificate modification, etc. The proposed secure processing technique for NFC can be extended to enhance security in ubiquitous computing and mobile communication.

Nowadays, Near Field Communication (NFC) technology is being experimented for payment systems to perform purchase transactions without physical contact, without entering a PIN code or a signature. An NFC purchase transaction is mainly executed between a client's payment device (NFC bank card or NFC smartphone) and a merchant's payment device. The latter may be either an NFC point of sale machine for big traders (in a department store for example), or a simple NFC payment terminal attached to the outside of a smartphone for small traders. In this paper, we propose a new secure cloud-based NFC payment architecture for small traders: which allows them to benefit from their smartphones integrating NFC technology for use directly as NFC merchant payment devices, without needing to buy an external NFC payment terminal. In addition, the proposal introduces a new protocol aiming to secure NFC payment transactions.

A major design challenge for medical sensor networks (MSN) is to assure security of the communication links despite of the extremely scarce computational resources. From the security perspective, the establishment of trust during the initial key negotiation phase is a critical issue. The work presented is dedicated to the problem of initially pairing a network node with its sink. The proposed algorithm greatly benefits from near field communication (NFC) technology. Its small operating distance inherently introduces a close coupling between a node's physical presence and its logical certificate. Important advantage is drawn from the hierarchical architecture of typical MSNs.