Assessing Relay Attacks in NFC Enabled Devices A Three Factor Relay Test Environment (RATE) Approach

The recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) has promoted for finding or localizing objects with different technologies. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in indoor localization applications due to its ease of deployment and low cost. With passive RFID tags, an object can be localized within less than 10cm. However, passive RFID localization systems cannot provide easy localization due to its limited reading range. Using Active RFID tags will provide longer localization range to a lost object. However, while pairing the mobile phone with the tag, the phone may capture any tag in its reading range; thus, the tag pairing process may be done improperly. Alternatively, Near Field Communication (NFC) has been proposed as an extension to the RFID technology in which the reader must be within close proximity to the NFC tag for achieving the reading task. With the deployment of NFC, several mobile phone applications have been developed employing NFC in payments and contactless systems. However, due to the short localization range of NFC, it becomes extremely difficult to find a lost item. Currently, RFID and NFC have been employed in object localization systems separately. Alternatively, in this paper we propose Radio Frequency Near Communication (RFNC) is an integrated RFID- NFC system for localization of lost item. Our experiments integrating RFID and NFC technologies confirm that NFC technology can be a complement to the RFID technology rather than an alternative.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short- range wireless communication technology that supports several features, one of which is an electronic payment. NFC works at a limited distance to exchange information. In terms of security, NFC technology has a gap for attackers to carry out attacks by forwarding information illegally using the target NFC network. A relay attack that occurs due to the theft of some data by an attacker by utilizing close communication from NFC is one of them. Relay attacks can cause a lot of loss in terms of material sacrifice. It takes countermeasures to overcome the problem of electronic payments with NFC technology. Detection of anomalous data is one way that can be done. In an attack, several abnormalities can be detected which can be used to prevent an attack. Markov Chain is one method that can be used to detect relay attacks that occur in electronic payments using NFC. The result shows Markov chain can detect anomalies in relay attacks in the case of electronic payment.

NFC(near field communication) technology is a kind of technology to provide close RFID communication channel on mobile devices. Peer-to-Peer applications based on mobile equipment rely on NFC. The NFC system is facing a security problem that it is susceptible to a relay attack. This paper discusses the realization of relay attack on a legitimate peer-to-peer NFC. The attackers use mobile phones with the NFC function of the Android platform, and install the programs on the mobile phones, can finish the attack. While these attack programs only need to call the public NFC protocol API, without illegal intrusion to device memory. On this foundation, how the existing NFC protocol to avoid the above attack is discussed.

As the technology of mobile devices spreads fast, the price of mobile devices is getting cheaper. Most of the people have mobile devices, and these devices have the technology of near field communication (NFC). With the long time development and research, the mobile devices use NFC technology on the payment and authentication applications, and replace the smartcard, the access control card, and the credit card by using the card emulation mode. It helps the development of NFC applications. In recent years, more and more users begin using NFC technology on mobile payment and authentication. Many researches have proposed the related NFC authentication protocols, but their schemes are still lack of some security properties and functions, which are necessary for NFC authentication protocols. In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient NFC authentication scheme between two NFC devices by the help of the authentication server that provides mutual authentication.

Every now and then, our lives are influenced by the development of technologies and this had changed the perception of business in several ways. Now the world is focusing on wireless devices that can be developed to have exchange of data either using internet or not. Near Field Communication (NFC) is one of the devices that has the capability to securely exchange data with its paired devices and Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is developed to broadcast a unique identifying number upon request. This paper concentrates on the security element in the NFC and RFID in the implementation of NFC technology in blood transfusion; to solve the problems of human error and to avoid from transfusing different blood types than the ones actually needed by the patient. The information in the wrist tag should be synchronized with the current hospital system. This NFC technology is also for reducing the use of paper-based documents, consequently promoting green technology. As a result, choosing the NFC or RFID based on the security features is very important for patient identification as well as moving towards green technology.

International audience

Near Field Communication (NFC) is widely used today in many useful applications, such as contactless payment, identification, and file exchange. Due to the limitations on computation, power, and cost of NFC devices, NFC systems are often lack of encryption or weakly encrypted, leaving them exposed to security attacks. One solution for this problem is to install strong cryptographic protocols on NFC devices. However, it involves upgrading and revoking deployed NFC devices, which is costly and impractical. Moreover, encryption algorithms are usually considered expensive for resource constrained NFC devices in terms of computation overhead and energy consumption. In this paper, aiming at securing NFC from eavesdropping at physical layer, we propose SecNFC, a solution that changes the signals on the initiators to hide the communications, but does not require any changes to the targets. In this work, for the first time, we address a practical problem of synchronization offset between two NFC terminals, which can be exploited by an eavesdropper to compromise the transmitted bits. SecNFC takes into consideration the synchronization offset and solves the challenge by introducing blocking signals around the transition point when the target switches load between on and off. With this solution, even with the existence of synchronization offset, eavesdroppers cannot extract any bit information from eavesdropping. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of SecNFC. We also build a testbed based on USRP software defined radio and off-the-shelf NFC tags to evaluate SecNFC in a real-world environment. Both simulation and experimental results show that SecNFC can efficiently prevent NFC from eavesdropping with a slight and tolerable decoding performance degradation at the initiator.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is emerged in the last decade. NFC is a short range high frequency and low bandwidth wireless communication technology. Passive Radio Frequency identification (RFID) tags are usually used with a system where one end of communication is isolated and powerless in nature. There are several applications of RFID-NFC systems despite of its drawback such as communication can happen between only two devices at a time and, its short range (0–20 cm). In this paper, the simulation results of a novel antenna at 13.56 MHz are presented. NFC works on both active and passive devices using various modes of operation. Its short-range property is utilized here for authentication of degree certificate awarded by universities. The antenna is flexible, robust and light weight so that it can be easily sandwiched inside the paper. In this paper a NFC antenna is designed which is ideal for manufacturing and assembling into the thin layers of degree certificate paper issued by examining authority. Calculations are done to select antenna dimensions before the final process. An antenna design is achieved using simulations and parameter optimization with simple method without making it complicated.

The adaptability of sensorial capabilities is crucial for the performing of daily activities in intelligent environments. There are a number of features that have to be considered, however, in order to avoid constraints of certain technologies. In this work we analyze model and interaction changes using Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication (NFC) technologies. When these kinds of technologies are adapted in an attempt to put proactive systems into practice, context-aware applications can suffer some changes; the interaction involved also undergoes changes.

Near Field Communication (NFC) provides means to close-range contactless identification and communication for mobile phones and other devices alike. NFC is a new technology but it is maturing fast as it is being standardized. The first NFC services have mostly been simple applications but with the expansion of NFC technology and its application areas there is an urgent need to move from stand-alone applications to operator driven service creation and delivery model. In this paper we present a new NFC gateway protocol for network driven services. It is designed to allow network based service creation and delivery for operators and lightweight applications for end users. We also demonstrate and evaluate our implementation of the proposed NFC gateway protocol.

RFID technology and its diverse applications: A brief exposition with a proposed Machine Learning approach

130 million people in Western Europe and the USA suffer from chronic cardiac degeneration or kidney insufficiency. The medical treatment requires a routine medical examination accompanied by laboratory blood analyses. This is cost-intensive for the health care system and also time consuming for the patients. This paper presents an economical, wireless sensor node solution in terms of an intelligent near field communication (NFC) potassium measurement strip (NPMS) usable in a home environment. The NPMS comprises two different electrochemical sensors for the acquisition of two parameters in capillary blood and an autonomous sense and identification grain (ASIG) for the electrical analysis, communication, and data transfer. The ASIG is equipped with an integrated amperometric and potentiostatic functionality, radio frequency identification (RFID) interface for high frequency (HF)/NFC, and has been designed using a 130 nm CMOS standard process. It facilitates the implementation of two different measurement techniques, which are necessary for the accurate determination of the potassium concentration in capillary blood, whereby the occurrence of hemolysis can be detected. This NPMS impresses with its large scale integration and is solely powered by the NFC reader device.

In July 2010, more than 5 billions of Earth inhabitants (out of 6.8) had a cell phone (Ericsson Study) with more than 2 millions of new subscribers a day in 2010. We expect 3.3 billion of Smart phones in 2015, Google just announced mid November 2010 that their Nexus "S" smart phones will be NFC (Near Field Communication) by the end of 2010. This changes drastically the landscape of information service engineering. RFID tags and NFC standard in cell phones will be cornerstone of the ICT future in this new paradigm of "local wide web": "Smart objects with smart phones on ...smart LOCAL places is a summary of our digital future; digital divide will not be on infrastructure but on SERVICES". In this paper we give an overview of a portfolio of NFC innovative services prototyped at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis since the inception of the standard in 2004, infer some architectural and economics lessons, and propose a key research contribution based upon a genuine generic framework for multi-mode NFC applications within a SIM card.

The Consumer-Oriented Trusted Service Manager (CO-TSM) model has been recognised as a significant advancement in managing applications on Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled mobile devices and multi-application smart cards. Traditional Trusted Service Manager (TSM) models, while useful, often result in market fragmentation and limit widespread adoption due to their centralised control mechanisms. The CO-TSM model addresses these issues by decentralising management and offering greater flexibility and scalability, making it more adaptable to the evolving needs of embedded systems, particularly in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the CO-TSM model, highlighting its application in various technological domains such as smart cards, HCE-based NFC mobile phones, TEE-enabled smart home IoT devices, and RFID-based smart supply chains. By evaluating the CO-TSM model’s architecture, implementation challenges, and practical deployment scenarios, this paper demonstrates how CO-TSM can overcome the limitations of traditional TSM approaches. The case studies presented offer practical insights into the model’s adaptability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Through this examination, the paper aims to underscore the CO-TSM model’s role in enhancing scalability, flexibility, and user autonomy in secure embedded device management, while also identifying areas for future research and development.

Smart health record management with secure NFC-enabled mobile devices