Adaptive and Secure Load-Balancing Routing Protocol for Service-Oriented Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming more prevalent in a wide range of uses, including tracking the environment, medical care, and military monitoring. Yet, security, energy efficiency, and overall efficiency are important concerns for these networks. Ensuring the security of data transmission while maintaining energy efficiency is critical for the longevity and reliability of WSNs. This paper proposes a novel method to enhance both security and efficiency in WSNs done the integration of metaheuristic optimization algorithms. The proposed method leverages advanced optimization techniques such as Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to dynamically optimize key parameters, including node deployment, routing protocols, and encryption schemes. By optimizing the network topology, routing paths, and energy consumption strategies, the algorithm significantly improves data security, minimizes energy usage, and enhances network lifespan. The simulation results show that the suggested methodology beats standard methods in terms of throughput, security resilience and energy efficiency. The findings highlight the potential of metaheuristic optimization algorithms as a robust tool for improving WSN security and operational efficiency in real-world applications

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used for a wide range of things these days, from watching the environment to improving healthcare systems. But because these networks are used everywhere, they are also open to security risks like spying, data corruption, and node capture. It is very important to address these issues in order to protect the accuracy, privacy, and access of data being sent. Information-theoretic security looks like a good way to deal with these problems because it uses mathematical models to make sure that transmission in WSNs is safe and uses little energy. This essay goes into detail about information-theoretic security in WSNs. It gives a full rundown of the mathematical basics and real-world implications for getting strong security in places with limited resources. The idea of "secrecy capacity" is at the heart of this method. It measures the highest rate at which authorized nodes can communicate privately while preventing spying foes. Utilizing the chance that exists in wireless channels, encrypted keys can be generated without using shared secrets, making them resistant to attempts that try to steal them. Because sensor nodes only have a short power life, energy economy is very important in WSNs. Information-theoretic security methods, like physical layer security and joint communication, are designed to use as little energy as possible while still providing strong security. Nodes can work together to improve signal strength and fight channel fading using cooperative methods. This makes the network last longer without compromising security. This article also talks about the trade-offs between security, energy savings, and communication performance in WSNs. This helps us figure out how to make the best transfer schemes.

QoSNET: An integrated QoS network for routing protocols in large scale wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACTIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor devices have limited supply of energy. The sensor death due to dissipating battery energy is one of the fundamental design issues in WSNs. Hence, energy efficiency is argued to be the most important requirement for any protocol designed for WSNs. With sensors acting as routers to transport the packets from a source to a destination sensor, multipath protocols are used to discover multiple paths with the objective to improve the reliability, efficiency, and security in WSNs. Selecting the path that minimizes the rate of sensors death and extends the lifetime of the network is the main challenge for multipath protocols. In this paper, we propose a new energy and security aware route selection (ESARS) protocol for WSNs. The first part of ESARS selects a route that maximizes the network lifetime based on a novel metric. The second part of ESARS finds the optimal security level for the selected path based on the estimated security risk of the path. Traditionally, these two parts are addressed separately in the literature, and this paper combines the two parts in one protocol. The proposed protocol is evaluated and compared with other protocols using both analytical analysis and extensive simulations. The results show that the proposed protocol not only achieves its main objective to extend the network lifetime by significantly reducing the sensors death rate but also uses the most optimal security level for the selected route. Moreover, in ESARS protocol, several threshold parameters were employed to provide flexibility per the needs of the application in which the sensors are used. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) function with constraints in energy, computation and storage. The real-time monitored sensor data are transmitted to the base station through intermediate nodes. Application-specific protocols are being developed to enhance the functionality and performance of WSNs. WSN topology is classified into three phases: (i) topology construction; (ii) topology control and (iii) topology maintenance. The authors propose Swarm Intelligence (SI)-based topology maintenance for link failure and congestion control in WSN. SI-based models like Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) are used in topology maintenance. The proposed model is compared with the existing distributed topology control techniques based on neighbour, location and direction attributes for WSNs. SI-based techniques indicate performance improvement in topology as compared to the existing techniques. The proposed SI model for topology maintenance evaluates WSN attributes based on (i) particle position and particle velocity in PSO; (ii) pheromone cost and (iii) forage success rate in ACO. SI-based topology maintenance is based on finding global and local minima during the search process. Simulation results indicate performance improvement in throughput, data transmission rate and average power efficiency in SI techniques as compared to the existing topology maintenance techniques.

Wireless sensor networks congestion occurs easily due to its centralized traffic pattern. Normally, mono-sync wireless sensor network experiences multiple traffic flow congestion in the dense environment of the network, which leads to excess energy consumption and severe packet loss. To overcome these issues, a congestion detection and alleviation mechanism using cluster based heuristic optimized hierarchical routing protocol is proposed in this paper. Here, congestion detection and alleviation utilize the features of sensor nodes. The congestion is categorized into two types: (i) node level congestion and (ii) link level congestion. The node level congestion is detected by assessing the buffer utilization and the interval amid the consecutive data packets. The link level congestion is considered with computing link usage utilizing back-off step of round robin carrier sense multi-access with collision avoidance. Congestion detection and alleviation reactively affected node/link through cuckoo hosted rider search multi-hop routing algorithm. It has two phases: the cluster head selection and multi-path routing. Cluster head selection is performed through Taylor multiple random forest kernel fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and multi-path routing is performed through cuckoo hosted rider search multi-hop routing algorithm. The simulation of the proposed method is done in network simulator tool. Here, the performance metrics, like packet delivery ratio, delay, energy consumption, packet drop, overhead, network lifetime and throughput are calculated. The experimental outcomes of the proposed technique shows 11.6%, 18.4% and 28.1% lower delay, 78.2%, 65.4% and 52.6% higher packet delivery ratio, and 29.2%, 37.4% and 40.8% lower packet drop compared with the existing methods, like congestion detection and alleviation using multi-attribute decision-making in optimization-based hybrid congestion alleviation routing protocol in wireless sensor networks, congestion detection and alleviation using hybrid K-means with greedy best first search algorithms in packet rate reduction utilizing adaptive weight firefly algorithm ant colony optimization based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and congestion detection and alleviation using multi-input time on task optimization algorithm for altered gravitational search algorithm routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNS) is an important part of the perception layer for the Internet of Things (IoT). It is one of the basic tools of collecting data for the Internet of Things. Trusted architecture is key for trusted transmission in the wireless sensor networks and applying support of the Internet of Things. In the paper, the wireless sensor networks is studied for the Internet of Things in the farmland. Based on wireless sensor network architecture, the trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks is designed. The control flow of trusted architecture is discussed in detail. Additionally the trusted protocol model and the implement frame and phases are presented detailed. And the experimental data records show the trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks can afford trusted and reliable data transmission for wireless sensor networks.

Sensor networks are an apt amalgamation of sensing, processing and communication. These networks are formed using tiny inexpensive sensor nodes which have the attributes of low processing power and short radio ranges. They steer themselves to numerous applications and at the same instance, encounter stark energy constraints and face scarce memory resources. The discerning personas of sensor networks also have a direct influence on the hardware design of these nodes. Innumerable hardware platforms like Crossbow, Intel, and IvMote have been fabricated to examine the ideas of the research community and to implement applications in all arenas of science and technology. With so many applications designed in this area, security issues are of paramount importance. In this article, security architectures on the two layers of the network stack—link layer and network layer have been surveyed. The paper surveys the various security requirements for designing a wireless sensor network discussing the architecture of the protocols in comparison with the security primitives of IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless sensor network (Shon and Choi in Towards the implementation of reliable data transmission for 802.15.4-based wireless sensor. Ubiquitous intelligence and computing, 5061. Lecture notes in computer science, 363–372, 2008). The paper examines TinySec (Karlof et al. in TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on embedded networked sensor systems, 2004) a standard protocol used in TinyOS; the operating system deployed in sensor networks; and C-Sec (Moh’d et al. in C-Sec: energy efficient link layer encryption protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings in consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), 2012) at the link layer and MiniSec (Luk et al. in iniSec: a secure sensor network communication architecture. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on information processing in sensor networks (IPSN ‘07), New York, 2007) and MoteSec-Aware (Tsou et al. in IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 12(6):2817–2829, 2013) at the network layer. The survey focusses on the vulnerabilities dealt by each protocol, their challenges with respect to energy consumption, scalability and availability. It also highlights the challenges that the protocols have not been able to handle because of resource restrictions. It also projects some future research directions in the area of security.

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Mobile sink based routing strategies for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have drawn a lot of research attention in recent years. If sink mobility pattern is well designed, better WSNs performance can be achieved. In this paper, we provide a survey of state-of-the-art mobile sink based location-based routing strategies for WSNs routing strategies. Location-based routing strategies can be further classified into backbone-based and rendezvous-based routing protocols. We first describe the main principles of the two location-based routing protocols with sink mobility support respectively. Then we analyze their advantages and disadvantages.

Routing protocol in wireless sensor network (WSN) has always been a frequently adopted topic of research in WSN owing to many unsolved issues in it. This paper discusses about the multicast routing protocols in WSN and briefs up different forms of standard research contribution as well as significant recent research techniques toward leveraging the performance of multicast routing. The paper then discusses the beneficial factor and limiting factor in existing multicast techniques and highlights the research gap in this. In order to overcome the research gap, a novel architecture to address the optimization as a cost minimization problem associated with multicast routing in WSN is proposed. This paper contributes to show a present scenario of multicast routing performance in WSN and thereby assists the readers about the possible direction of future with clear visualization of system architecture.

Wireless sensor networks are a new emerging area where swarm intelligence can be applied with interesting implications. In fact, a strong analogy between unicellular organism colonies and wireless sensor networks can be emphasized: a sensor network can be viewed as a “colony” of simple, scarce resource nodes that, autonomously, are able only to perform simple tasks, but all together can accomplish very complex problems. In this paper we propose a routing protocol for multisink Wireless Sensor Networks with interesting properties: self organization, fault tolerance and environmental adaptation. The proposed protocol was inspired by the well known behavior (in artificial life studies) of “Slime Mold”. Such colony of unicellular organisms organizes itself in clusters by pheromone generation and evaporation mechanisms. In a similar manner our protocol manages the data traffic towards multiple sink nodes using the gradient concept and reaching high levels of autonomy and fault tolerance. We analyze the proposed protocol to examine the performances, the signalling overhead and the adaptation properties to environmental changes or nodes faults using simulation techniques.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a necessary position in todays actual world applications. WSNs are a team of autonomous sensor nodes that are geographically distributed to accumulate information and monitor events. WSNs are similarly sense that they rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneous formation of networks so that sensor information can be transported via wireless. Sometimes called dust network, minute sensors as small as dust referring to smart dust. WSNs are spatially distributed two to screen or bodily temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively ignore their data via the network to different locations. Each such sensor network node has typically various parts. Routing in WSNs in one of the important technique, because all node executes its battery power, if may be one node failure it collapse entire networks. Routing in WSNs is in reality difficult due to the intrinsic characteristics that differentiate these networks from different networks. The plan of routing protocols in WSN is affected via number of exigent factors. In this paper, a review on routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and performance of its execution.

In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical architecture for a large wireless sensor network (WSN) wherein sensors are arranged into a multi-layer architecture with the nodes at each layer interconnected as a de Bruijn graph and provide a hierarchical routing algorithm in the network. Using our approach, every sensor obtains a unique node identifier addressed by binary addressing fashion. We show that our algorithm has reasonable fault-tolerance, admits simple and decentralized routing, and offers easy extensibility. We also present simulation results showing the average delay, success data delivery radio in our approach. And we received acceptable results for some potential applications.

A scheme for WSNs (wireless sensor networks) security is given by dividing sensing tetrahedron into clusters and using the symmetric polynomials in this paper.The sensing tetrahedron is divided into a number of small grids.All those sensor nodes, both ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes are distributed in the sensing tetrahedron.In a grid, all ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.All the heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.At last, all sensor nodes establish their keys directly or indirectly in the whole sensing tetrahedron.Analysis and comparison demonstrate this scheme enhances the WSN security, has good network connectivity, saves node storage, reduces network computing load, and extends the network lifetime.