Trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical architecture for a large wireless sensor network (WSN) wherein sensors are arranged into a multi-layer architecture with the nodes at each layer interconnected as a de Bruijn graph and provide a hierarchical routing algorithm in the network. Using our approach, every sensor obtains a unique node identifier addressed by binary addressing fashion. We show that our algorithm has reasonable fault-tolerance, admits simple and decentralized routing, and offers easy extensibility. We also present simulation results showing the average delay, success data delivery radio in our approach. And we received acceptable results for some potential applications.

SOHCL-RDT: A self-organized hybrid cross-layer design for reliable data transmission in wireless network

Moisture sensor acquires data of moisture content and water height of farmland; the data are transmitted by wireless sensor network and stored in data server to provide data mining and decision support for users, the utilization of wireless moisture sensor network could facilitate the excellent growth of crops and sustainable development of water resources. Based on self-design moisture sensor and actual monitoring needs of farmland moisture, this paper presents the architecture of wireless moisture sensor network and format of moisture data packet, designs the mechanisms of hierarchical storage, hierarchical error control and retransmission. Especially, the paper analyzes and simulates the mechanism of error control from respects of consuming time and correcting error ability, simulation results show that BCH coding is more suitable for wireless moisture sensor network than RS coding.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming an increasingly important technology that will be used in a variety of applications such as environmental monitoring, infrastructure management, public safety, medical, home and office security, transportation, and military. WSNs will also play a key role in pervasive computing where computing devices and people are connected to the Internet. Until now, WSNs and their applications have been developed without considering a management solution. This is a critical problem since networks comprising tens of thousands of nodes are expected to be used in some of the applications above. This article proposes the MANNA management architecture for WSNs. In particular, it presents the functional, information, and physical management architectures that take into account specific characteristics of this type of network. Some of them are restrict physical resources such as energy and computing power, frequent reconfiguration and adaptation, and faults caused by nodes unavailable. The MANNA architecture considers three management dimensions: functional areas, management levels, and WSN functionalities. These dimensions are specified to the management of a WSN and are the basis for a list of management functions. The article also proposes WSN models to guide the management activities and the use of correlation in the WSN management. This is a first step into a largely unexplored research area.

Sensor networks are an apt amalgamation of sensing, processing and communication. These networks are formed using tiny inexpensive sensor nodes which have the attributes of low processing power and short radio ranges. They steer themselves to numerous applications and at the same instance, encounter stark energy constraints and face scarce memory resources. The discerning personas of sensor networks also have a direct influence on the hardware design of these nodes. Innumerable hardware platforms like Crossbow, Intel, and IvMote have been fabricated to examine the ideas of the research community and to implement applications in all arenas of science and technology. With so many applications designed in this area, security issues are of paramount importance. In this article, security architectures on the two layers of the network stack—link layer and network layer have been surveyed. The paper surveys the various security requirements for designing a wireless sensor network discussing the architecture of the protocols in comparison with the security primitives of IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless sensor network (Shon and Choi in Towards the implementation of reliable data transmission for 802.15.4-based wireless sensor. Ubiquitous intelligence and computing, 5061. Lecture notes in computer science, 363–372, 2008). The paper examines TinySec (Karlof et al. in TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on embedded networked sensor systems, 2004) a standard protocol used in TinyOS; the operating system deployed in sensor networks; and C-Sec (Moh’d et al. in C-Sec: energy efficient link layer encryption protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings in consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), 2012) at the link layer and MiniSec (Luk et al. in iniSec: a secure sensor network communication architecture. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on information processing in sensor networks (IPSN ‘07), New York, 2007) and MoteSec-Aware (Tsou et al. in IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 12(6):2817–2829, 2013) at the network layer. The survey focusses on the vulnerabilities dealt by each protocol, their challenges with respect to energy consumption, scalability and availability. It also highlights the challenges that the protocols have not been able to handle because of resource restrictions. It also projects some future research directions in the area of security.

In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes have limited battery power. Data aggregation is an important technique in a wireless sensor network to reduce the energy consumption by eliminating the redundant data and delivering useful data to the user. Data aggregation technique is used to gather the data sensed by the sensor nodes in the network and aggregates the sensed data in an energy-efficient way so that overall network lifetime can be increased. Cluster, tree, chain, and grid are some of the architectures for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, authors present an analysis-based survey of data aggregation protocols for tree-based architecture in wireless sensor networks. The authors analyze each algorithm on the basis of performance measurements such as network lifetime, energy consumption, and node distance. Authors also compare these algorithms on the basis of the preferred parameter and a key feature of each algorithm. In the fifth section of the paper, authors described the proposed approach to construct the data aggregation tree to maximize the network lifetime. In the proposed approach, authors used distance parameter to construct minimum spanning tree, and other parameters such as load and energy are preferred in a balanced manner to reduce the energy consumption and to maximize the network lifetime.

The Internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been rapidly and tremendously developing recently as computing technologies have brought about a significant revolution. Their applications and implementations can be found all around us, either individually or collaboratively. WSN plays a leading role in developing the general flexibility of industrial resources in terms of increasing productivity in the IoT. The critical principle of the IoT is to make existing businesses sufficiently intelligent to recognize the need for significant fault mitigation and short-cycle adaptation to improve effectiveness and financial profits. This article presents efficiently applied security protocols at the data link layer for WSN and IoT-based frameworks. It outlines the importance of WSN–IoT applications as well as the architecture of WSN in the IoT. Our primary aim is to highlight the research issues and limitations of WSNs related to the IoT. The fundamental goal of this work is to emphasize a suggested architecture linked to WSN–IoT to enhance energy and power consumption, mobility, information transmission, QoS, and security, as well as to present practical solutions to data link layer difficulties for the future using machine learning. Moreover, we present data link layer protocol issues, attacks, limitations, and research gaps for WSN frameworks based on the recent work conducted on the data link layer concerning WSN applications. Current significant issues and challenges pertain to flow control, quality of service (QoS), security, and performance. In the context of the literature, less work has been undertaken concerning the data link layer in WSN and its relation to improved network performance.

ABSTRACTThe exponential growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has intensified the demand for efficient data transmission in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), particularly in 5G and beyond technology. This study introduces DeepCuckoo, a novel hybrid framework that synergizes deep learning with bioinspired optimization to enhance energy‐efficient cluster head (CH) selection in WSNs. Leveraging deep belief networks (DBNs) for unsupervised clustering, the framework classifies sensor nodes based on energy levels and proximity. Concurrently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) dynamically evaluate residual energy, distance, and node capacity to optimize CH selection. Further refinement is achieved through the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm, which optimizes routing paths to minimize energy consumption and balance the network load. Simulation results demonstrate that DeepCuckoo achieves up to 55% energy savings, significantly outperforming existing methods such as EPOA‐CHS and E‐CERP. The framework also extends the network lifetime by 36% and reduces the latency by 50%, ensuring reliable data transmission in dynamic environments. By integrating adaptive learning with bioinspired optimization, this study advances the scalability and resilience of WSNs, offering a robust solution for future IoT ecosystems.

Service-oriented architectures for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been proposed to provide an integrated platform, where new applications can be rapidly developed through flexible service composition. In WSNs, the existing multipath routing schemes have demonstrated the effectiveness of traffic distribution over multipaths to fulfill the quality of service requirements of applications. However, the failure of links might significantly affect the transmission performance, scalability, reliability, and security of WSNs. Thus, by considering the reliability, congestion control, and security for multipath, it is desirable to design a reliable and service-driven routing scheme to provide efficient and failure-tolerant routing scheme. In this paper, an evaluation metric, path vacant ratio, is proposed to evaluate and then find a set of link-disjoint paths from all available paths. A congestion control and load-balancing algorithm that can adaptively adjust the load over multipaths is proposed. A threshold sharing algorithm is applied to split the packets into multiple segments that will be delivered via multipaths to the destination depending on the path vacant ratio. Simulations demonstrate the performance of the adaptive and secure load-balance routing scheme. © 2014 IEEE.

This paper presents the main application scenarios under investigation within the network of excellence CRUISE, which is funded in the 1ST 6th framework programme. First an application scenario framework is presented being used for the design process of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Using the framework WSN applications can be compared and contrasted in terms of user, systems requirements, and object interaction. Following the applications are mapped to the sensor network architecture applied in CRUISE and described in the paper. Finally the application scenarios are mapped into the network architecture to demonstrate its generic structure and applicability across multiple application domains.

This paper presents an approach of noise-immune data transmission in wireless sensor networks using Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum. Redundancy of Residue Number System codes is explored, and adaptive errors correction system is proposed without code algorithm changing by reduction of information modules number or increasing of reference modules number.

A hierarchical architecture for wireless sensor network (WSN) consisting of heterogeneous devices is introduced in this paper. Proposed architecture is well suited for surveillance of critical infrastructures and it is designed to be scalable for various different scenarios. Low power consumption will be achieved by utilizing a wake-up radio concept which enables to keep the most power consuming devices at the sleep mode as long as possible. A WSN OpenAPI gateway (WOAG) component of the architecture supports high scalability by enabling data collection and sharing from networks deployed using multiple different technologies. WOAG facilitates WSNs information availability to local and remote end-users. Analytical energy efficiency optimization model for the architecture is developed. Results show energy efficiency gains that can be achieved with the proposed wake-up concept based intelligent hierarchical architecture design. For low event frequency case the energy efficiency is found to be one order of magnitude better than for duty cycle (1 %) radio based network.

In the centralized Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architecture there exists a central entity, which acquires, processes and provides information from sensor nodes. Conversely, in the WSN applications in distributed Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, sensor nodes sense data, process, exchange information and perform collaboratively with other sensor nodes and endusers. In order to maintain the trustworthy connectivity and the accessibility of distributed IoT, it is important to establish secure links for end-to-end communication with proper authentication. The authors propose an implicit certificate-based authentication mechanism for WSNs in distributed IoT applications. The developed two-phase authentication protocol allows the sensor nodes and the end-users to authenticate each other and initiate secure connections. The proposed protocol supports the resource scarcity of the sensor nodes, heterogeneity and scalability of the network. The performance and security analysis justify that the proposed scheme is viable to deploy in resource constrained WSNs.

Wireless sensor networks for industrial communication require high reliability and low latency. Since state of the art wireless sensor networks do not entirely meet these requirements, novel system approaches need to be developed. Ultra wideband communication systems seem to be a promising approach due to the high bandwidth and the resulting robustness against frequency selectivity. Therefore, this paper analyzes the IEEE 802.15.4a impulse-radio ultra-wideband physical layer for the application in wireless sensor networks. The packet error rate for two types of receiver - energy detector and correlation receiver - is evaluated with respect to signal-to-noise ratio. Taking into account regulatory limitations and realistic transceiver characteristics, the maximal achievable coverage range is derived. As a result, the dependency between required reliability of a wireless sensor transmission and the achievable operating distance is given. This upper bound can be used as decision guideline in order to select a suitable system for deployment of a wireless sensor network.

Advancements in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies have enabled their introduction in various application fields. A large number of these applications use sensitive data that require securing algorithms. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on the most commonly used security techniques in wireless sensor networks. In this survey, we also present the different implementations on numerous platforms used to realize these security algorithms with special attention to power consumption. Based upon our findings, we propose the main characteristics and parts of a new solution to realize a low power wireless sensor node with high level of security.