Addressing-Based Routing Optimization for 6LoWPAN WSN in Vehicular Scenario

Background & Objective: The Internet of things (IoT) refers to the connection of smart electronics devices to the Internet which enables these devices to collect and exchange data. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are effectively connected in an ad-hoc manner which consists of collaborative sensing devices that have limited resources capabilities. The sensor nodes can work together to organize real-time monitoring, sensing, and collecting information about the various environments within the event area. Method: Connecting WSNs to the internet will allow new generations of WSN applications to appear. One of the main standards of Internet of Things (IoT) over WSN is IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) which has been designed to enable low-power wireless personal area network devices to integrate with IPv6 networks. This paper presents a 6LoWPAN test bed which has been conducted using MICAZ and TELOSB platforms. It implements TCP/IPv6 layers using Berkeley IP (BLIP) in TELOSB and MICAZ platforms. Conclusion: The finding in this paper opens up new Internet applications over WSNs. Keywords: Internet of Things, 6LoWPAN, WSNs, BLIP, electronic devices, sensor nodes.

A common radio technology used in wireless sensor networks is the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Wireless sensor networks have so far used custom, light-weight, and application specific network protocols on top of IEEE 802.15.4, often optimized for resource constrained low power hardware. In order to achieve interoperability at the network layer, the Internet Engineering Task Force published a standard for the transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 low-power wireless personal area networks, which provides an additional layer adapting the IPv6 network layer to the low power and resource constrained IEEE 802.15.4 link layer. This paper provides an evaluation of several independent implementations of the IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 standard. We describe the characteristics of the implementations and the protocol features supported. Our interoperability tests, carried out using two different hardware platforms, show that at least three implementations are to a large extend compatible with each other. At the end of the paper, we summarize recent work in the IETF to improve the IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 technology.

With the rapid development of technology and application for Internet of Things (IoT), Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (LoWPAN) devices are more popularly applied. Evaluation of power efficiency is important to LoWPAN applications. Conventional method to evaluate the power efficiency of different LoWPAN devices is as follows: first measure the current of the devices under working/idle/sleep state and then make an average and estimation of the lifetime of batteries, which deeply relied on the accuracy of testing equipment and is not that accurate and with high cost. In this work, a low-cost, real-time power measurement platform called PTone is proposed, which can be used to detect the real-time power of LoWPAN devices (above 99.63%) and be able to determine the state of each module of DUT system. Based on the PTone, a novel abnormal status diagnosis mechanism is proposed. The mechanism can not only judge abnormal status but also find accurate abnormal status locating and classify abnormal status accurately. According to the method, each state of Device Under Test (DUT) during wireless transmission is estimated, different abnormal status can be classified, and thus specific location of abnormal module can be found, which will significantly shorten the development process for LoWPAN devices and thus reduce costs.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the imbalanced energy consumption in data transmission may cause energy holes around the sink, which dramatically shortens the network lifespan. Current solutions have two limitations: one is the inevitable traffic gathered around the sink, and the other is the overly ideal network model, e.g., the square region or circular area. In this article, we focus on strip-shaped networks and propose a novel data transmission scheme, which employs a few super nodes near the sink to take traffic load. Due to the high energy capacities and communication abilities, super nodes transfer a part of the data of the network and send it to the sink directly. The entire network is partitioned into multiple clusters, and super nodes are placed in a specific cluster. We discover that the greatest effect on the network lifetime is the energy consumption of two clusters: 1) the cluster nearest to the sink and 2) the upstream cluster nearest to the super nodes. To improve the system longevity, we make the two clusters have equal energy dissipation, and thus obtain the optimal location of super nodes. Some simulations are carried out to verify the reasonability of the results and exhibit the advantage of our scheme in terms of network lifetime.

In the mobility support standards, when a node moves between IP domains, it must be configured with a care-of address (CoA) and registers the new CoA with its home agent. As a result, before a target node is accessed its home agent must be first visited to acquire the information on the foreign network where the target node is located. Therefore, the mobility handover latency is prolonged due to the CoA configuration, and the communication latency is increased due to visiting a target’s home agent. This paper proposes a mobility frame for IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network wireless sensor network and aims to reduce the handover latency and the communication latency. In this frame, a device managing sensor nodes is identified by a network prefix and can provide the geographical information on these sensor nodes, so the sensor nodes do not need to be configured with a CoA and can directly be accessed without visiting their home agent. In this way, the handover latency and the communication latency are reduced.

Secured lightweight authentication for 6LoWPANs in machine-to-machine communications

Newer concepts like Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Internet of Things (IoT), 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) etc are emerging. So, protocols, techniques and concepts that have been developed for the traditional computational devices do not essentially apply to the newer low power, less capable devices which are an integral part of the Internet of Things paradigm. So newer protocols need to be developed and [1] has drafted in specifications for the routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks. Routers in LLN mostly operate with constraints like memory, processing power, and battery power (energy). Interconnects are characterized by low data-rate, high loss-rates, and instability. We aim to propose an authentication and encryption protocol for these Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN).

Wireless networks of future generation are envisioned to be a combination of diverse networks environment and access technologies that can give us convenient wireless environment. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a low cost, low-rate, low-power wireless personal area network technology. IP for smart objects (IPSO) seeks to extend the use of IP networking into resource-constrained devices over a low-power network. IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) is specified by the IETF Working Group, and advanced by the IPSO alliance. 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector routing (LOAD) is based on ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), and simplifies the routing protocol for 6LoWPAN mesh network. Although the LOAD simplifies the AODV for 6LoWPAN mesh network, but the broadcasting route request (RREQ) message of route discovery is still caused whole network overhead. In this paper, we would like to use the concept of Ad Hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) for LOAD to find multipath during the route discovery. If the path fail, we still have alternate path can be used for reducing the overhead of route discovery for the network.

The application of wireless personal area network (WPAN) and simple point-to-point wireless communication devices has increased drastically both in private household and in our workspaces in general over the last decade. Combined with the fact that the total number of wireless devices and associated standards present in the wireless environment is experiencing an extreme growth, the frequency spectrum scarcity is exposed as a severe challenge. Setting up efficient and reliable wireless WPAN links can be challenging even today. This is especially true because of the intensive use of the license-free frequency bands, where the level of interference can be extremely high. Combined with the challenges associated with multi-path propagation and attenuation, setting up and maintaining an acceptable level of perceived QoS is a challenging job even for trained professionals. This paper discusses the challenges associated with the implementation of highly reliable low-power WPAN networks for the future and the adaption of Cognitive Radio technology as a potential solution. A brief status on the maturity of CR technology will be presented as an integral part of this discussion.

A scheme for WSNs (wireless sensor networks) security is given by dividing sensing tetrahedron into clusters and using the symmetric polynomials in this paper.The sensing tetrahedron is divided into a number of small grids.All those sensor nodes, both ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes are distributed in the sensing tetrahedron.In a grid, all ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.All the heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.At last, all sensor nodes establish their keys directly or indirectly in the whole sensing tetrahedron.Analysis and comparison demonstrate this scheme enhances the WSN security, has good network connectivity, saves node storage, reduces network computing load, and extends the network lifetime.

IoT technology is widely employed to solve the problem of large-scale monitoring, e.g. in the context of smart cities or smart industries. Nevertheless, several issues have to be addressed in this context. The number of nodes can be very large and, sometimes, nodes can be not be easily reachable for humans interventions. Other important issues are battery life and node failure, two aspects that can affect the quality of service provided by the IoT system as well as related costs. To deal with the aspects above we propose a LoWPAN (Low power Wire-less Personal Area Network) network protocol that supports an automatic network construction without any human intervention. The resulting network is a tree structure featuring a main node which, in turn, is linked with the wireless gateway and a number of middle nodes (the first layer of the tree), while the leafs are called End nodes. The network structure and the underlying protocol described in this paper are designed to face the problem of configuration and to balance inter-node communication to ensure a fair power consumption. The proposed approach also features self-repair capabilities, as it is able to perform automatic recovery after a node failure. A case study is briefly discussed to show a potential application of the described approach.

Node placement for connected target coverage in wireless sensor networks with dynamic sinks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a flagship project that aims to connect objects to the Internet to extend their use. For that, it was needed to find a solution to combine between the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol for Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs) and IPv6 network protocol that its large address space will allow million devices to integrate the internet. The development of 6LoWPAN technology was an appropriate solution to deal with this challenge and enable the IoT concept becoming a reality. But this was only the beginning of several challenges and problems like the case of how to secure this new type of networks, especially since it includes two major protocols so the combination of their problems too, over and above new problems specific to that network. In this paper, we analyze the security challenges in 6LoWPAN, we studied the various countermeasures to address these needs, their advantages and disadvantages, and we offer some recommendations to achieve a reliable security scheme for a powerful 6LoWPAN networks.

IEEE 802.15.5 is the first official standard to enable meshing communications over IEEE 802.15.4 Low-Rate low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). The use of mesh technology can reduce energy usage in distributed networks, and enhance reliability through route redundancy; however, the additional header required adds overhead to the packet and increases both the energy requirements and transmission times of the packets. This overhead can be minimized using header compression. This paper proposes a compression scheme for the IEEE802.15.5 headers and evaluates the benefits of the proposed scheme: it is shown that the throughput can be increased by up to 15%, while energy consumption can be reduced by approximately 30% compared to the use of the existing 802.15.5 header.

Internet of things has become a subject of interest across a different industry domain. It includes 6LoWPAN (Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network) which is used for a variety of application including home automation, sensor networks, manufacturing and industry application etc. However, gathering such a huge amount of data from such a different domain causes a problem of traffic congestion, high reliability, high energy efficiency etc. In order to address such problems, content based routing (CBR) technique is proposed, where routing paths are decided according to the type of content. By routing the correlated data to hop nodes for processing, a higher data aggregation ratio can be obtained, which in turns reducing the traffic congestion and minimizes the energy consumption. CBR is implemented on top of existing RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy network) and implemented in contiki operating system using cooja simulator. The analysis are carried out on the basis average power consumption, packet delivery ratio etc.