AFSCM 375-5 as a Methodology for System Engineering

The Air Traffic Control industry is being increasingly exposed to rising levels of risk, as criminals and cyber‐attackers look to exploit system vulnerabilities. Air Navigation Service Providers become more demanding regarding cybersecurity concerns in the products they acquire. Consequently, systems engineers need to consider cyber security concerns early in their system's development life cycle. Model‐Based Systems Engineering methodologies are widely used to manage complex engineering projects in terms of system requirements, design, analysis, verification, and validation activities, leaving cyber security aspects aside. This paper presents a conceptual solution of a model‐based security method that aims to enable systems engineers to perform threat modeling analysis of cyber‐physical systems early and incorporate mitigation strategies into the system design, thereby reducing the cyber‐physical system's overall security‐related risks. Based on a real‐life case study the method will be validated later during execution period from Jan. – May 2022.

: The goal of our research is to provide a framework for constructing complex, distributed systems that can autonomously adapt to their environment. There were three key elements to this framework. The first element was a metal-model for developing distributed, adaptive systems based on organization theory - the Organization Model for Adaptive Computational Systems (OMACS). OMACS defines the required components for an adaptive organization - agents, goals, roles, and capabilities - as well as an approach for computing the best organization of those components. The second framework element created was a the Goal Model for Adaptive Systems, which handles the runtime goals based on precedence between goals as well as runtime instantiation of new goals based on events that occur in the environment. The final part of the framework developed was a software engineering methodology for designing distributed, adaptive systems using a dynamic goal model. The Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering (O-MaSE) methodology is based on the Multiagent Systems Engineering methodology and incorporates all OMACS components.

This paper proposes a new methodology for system engineering. It provides an integrated approach covering formal specification and performance evaluation. Therefore it associates the advantages of formal techniques that allow formal proof and automatic implementation with the benefits of performance evaluation. The basic idea is to abstract the relevant features of the system in the formal specification (structure, functional description), enhance it with relevant information for performance modeling (quality of service, operating load, processing architecture and processing constraints), and map them into a performance evaluation environment. In this paper, we develop the suitable extensions for the formal language SDL and apply them to an example: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how an Object Oriented Systems Engineering (OOSE) methodology developed at Lockheed Martin (LM) Management and Data Systems (M&DS) is being applied to the Army Global Command and Control System (GCCS‐A). This system is now migrating from a legacy Army system to a modern integrated Army wide system that supports the Joint GCCS. The focus of this paper is on providing practical examples of how some fundamental issues for using System Engineering methods (previously accomplished with structured analysis and design techniques) in conjunction with software OO methods were resolved using this OOSE methodology. These include: (1) how the system and software requirements specification must be synchronized; (2) capture of requirements and system design information using Object Oriented (OO) techniques and relationships; and (3) using the system objects to better manage the allocation of functionality in the system, maintenance of a legacy system, and ease of system analytical model maintenance during periods of requirements change.

In the twenty-first century, mission success will require unprecedented interoperability among disparate constituent systems resulting in a System of Systems (SoS). Unlike traditional systems engineering where systems are created based on a set of user needs, a SoS is composed of multiple constituent systems, at various stages within their lifecycles (i.e. new start systems, systems in-development, legacy systems), to satisfy needed mission capabilities. System of Systems Engineering has been exploring appropriate methods and processes for almost two decades. This paper takes the discussion further by introducing a System of Systems Engineering and Integration (SOSE&I) methodology. SoSE&I is the planning, analyzing, and integrating of constituent systems into an SoS capability greater than the sum of those individual systems. The SoSE&I "Vee" process model is introduced and discusses how it is used to engineer the SoS throughout its lifecycle to increase systems integration and interoperability, and directly impact the operational success.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Systems engineering is largely the analysis and planning that support the design, development, and operation of systems. The most common application of systems engineering is in guiding systems development projects that use a phased process of requirements, specifications, design, and development. This paper investigates how systems engineering techniques should be applied in research and technology development programs for advanced space systems. These programs should include anticipatory engineering of future space flight systems and a project portfolio selection process, as well as systems engineering for multiple development projects.</div>

Currently, a wide range of newly designed devices are based on high‐end quantum technologies. To successfully design a quantum system, it is necessary to appropriately address the increasing complexity which exists in the development procedure of the system. A suitable approach to deal with this problem is to employ systems engineering models and integrate them with domain engineering tools. The model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) methodology is commonly used to analyze, design, manufacture, and test various complex systems. In this paper, the MBSE approach is chosen for the development of quantum dot solar cells as a typical quantum system and to deal with the complexity existing in this procedure. The analysis, manufacturing, and verification, validation, and testing (VV&T) for this system are described using SysML in Cameo Systems Modeler software to represent the role of models in this regard. Then a detailed design is performed in MATLAB and integrated with SysML to identify how changing various parameters during the system development process affects the overall system performance. This technique facilitates the communication between different engineering teams and helps to manage the complexity in the entire system lifecycle.

The engineering of space systems is a collaborative, iterative process that integrates various domain-specific viewpoints to represent the final system. To ensure consistency across these viewpoints, the European Space Agency (ESA) employs Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) and Semantic-Based System Engineering (SBSE) methodologies together to improve digital continuity and interoperability across collaborative space system developments. One significant application of semantic engineering in SE is the ESA MBSE Methodology. The ESA MBSE Methodology provides a standardized approach aligned with the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS), promotes interoperability across MBSE methodologies and tools, and overcomes integration challenges. ESA MBSE Methodology is the input for the Overall Semantic Modeling for Space System Engineering (OSMoSE) which leverages interoperability in the space community. Case studies, such as the EagleEye Earth Observation mission, demonstrate practical applications, highlighting how semantic models enhance efficiency in complex space systems. This paper discusses the importance of semantics and data management in SE and presents a practical solution derived from the ESA MBSE Methodology.

System engineering (SE) methods and principles are nowadays widely adopted in the product development processes, especially in the industrial sector, where saving production time and costs are primary goals. This work describes an application of a particular SE methodology, the V-model-based design, in which the system development lifecycle is divided on the basis of a graphical V-shaped scheme, called V-model. Following this approach, a new concept of charging arm for Robotic Train Inspection Monorail (TIM) of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) has been developed. The current charging arm version is affected by several issues and limits that have led to the necessity of a new solution. Starting from the first stages of functional requirements (FRs) definition and decomposition (left side of the “V”), a new concept has been implemented, in order to be tested for its verification and validation (right side of the “V”). As part of the principles of SE, the process has been based on virtual models of the product and on virtual simulations of its operation, rather than on the realization of time-consuming and expensive physical models and tests, even if a final physical prototype has also been built and some physical operative tests have also been carried out on it. These tests have showed that the new product appears to fulfill each one of its FRs and overcome the limits imposed by the previous version. The future commissioning and operative tests in the real operating condition and location shall definitely validate the new product.

In modern systems, the operational capability of the system to the user needs is expanding rapidly to accommodate the size of the system, functionality, and interfaces are becoming increasingly complex. Accordingly, the systematic practice of project management and systems engineering in the system development process, as an important element in successful systems development is recognized. EIA/ANSI 632, ISO/IEC15288, the leading international standard for systems engineering and is the leading international standard on project management PMBOK. CMMI is also contains information about the activities of project management and systems engineering and worldwide basis to assess the maturity of an organization's ability to develop system being used. But CMMI model is too complex of structure and there are many overlap parts of contents. So there are many problems for members of organization understanding all of CMMI model, applying organization and, achieving improvement activity. In this study, through the analysis and integration between the model and the related standard coverage activities essential for successful systems development in organizations that require systems engineering and project management capabilities(SEPMC) for self-assessment and continuous improvement activities to provide useful reference guideline.

The implementation of eHealth systems in South Africa did not generate the expected output. This paper investigates the impact of system engineering management (SEM) practices on the efficiency and effectiveness of eHealth system in two South African institutions in Gauteng and the Western Cape Province, respectively. The System Engineering Capability Model (SECM) is combined with the four major outcomes for eHealth systems as concepts in designing open ended questions for narrative enquiry adressing efficiency and effectiveness as part in the context of a result based development framework to collect stories from multidisciplinary teams in healthcare having varying knowledge of SEM. Three eHealth projects implemented in the two facilities show indications that the efficiency of eHealth projects is directly influenced by how well SEM is implemented. For this study, the environment capability category was the strongest contributor to efficiency for two projects and the technical capability category was the highest for the other one. Two of the eHealth projects were in the pilot phase and demonstrated low system outcome levels; however the third project in the operations phase showed a better system outcome level despite its low capability maturity level.

Developing new businesses is one of the important activities in Japanese companies. There have been many training programs or professional services for developing new businesses in this country. However, most of them have been designed for large enterprises that are rich in resources. On the other hand, small and midsized enterprises (SMEs) that are poor in resources have little access to such programs or services. Meanwhile, SMEs comprise 99.7 % of the total number of Japanese companies. In order for Japan’s economy to have sustainable growth, business development in SMEs is critically important. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a system to design training programs for developing new businesses for SMEs. It employs systems engineering methodology with participatory systems analysis. The evaluation result indicates that this system is quite effective and means a lot for SMEs. By applying systems engineering in service design, our study shows that the designed programs could provide high customer satisfaction, even if they were designed by nonprofessionals.

In the context of technology development and systems engineering, knowledge is typically treated as a complex information structure. In this view, knowledge can be stored in highly sophisticated data systems and processed by explicitly intelligent, software-based technologies. This paper argues that the current emphasis upon knowledge as information (or even data) is based upon a form of rationalism which is inappropriate for any comprehensive treatment of knowledge in the context of human-centred systems thinking. A human-centred perspective requires us to treat knowledge in human terms. The paper sets out the particular importance of tacit knowledge in this regard. It sets out two case studies which reveal the critical importance of a careful treatment of tacit knowledge for success in two complex, technology-driven projects.

Systems engineering methodologies are complex and interconnected, reflecting various philosophies and problem‐solving approaches. Practitioners often question their suitability for all contexts, especially complex adaptive systems. This has led to the need for meta‐methodologies to help select appropriate methodologies. Michael C. Jackson's “Critical Systems Thinking: A Practitioners Guide” introduces a more pluralistic approach, exploring different systemic perspectives to inform the selection and combination of methodologies, replacing the term “Meta‐methodology” with the term “Practice” to imply Critical Systems Practice (CSP). Taking the lead from this, this paper reviews a set of similarly constructed publications, termed Systems Practice Frameworks (SPF), that all seek to aid the reader in characterizing their unique problem and proposing pointers to tools, techniques, heuristics or methodologies. It compares and contrasts these approaches to assess their suitability, guides readers in selecting suitable approaches to address complex challenges and identifies recommendations for improving SPFs. It concludes that SPFs are increasingly pivotal in helping Systems Engineers face their unique, complex challenges. CSP is identified as the most useful SPF, but the other SPFs indicate improvements that can be made, such as simplifying the advice and pointing towards a more comprehensible and accessible range of practices.

With the rapid advancement of technologies in the era of Industry 4.0, the inter-connected nature of operations and systems is introducing a rapidly changing landscape of digitized and connected systems. Cybercrime is considered as possibly the greatest threat to connected systems worldwide, and therefore there exists a large drive in engineering to include cybersecurity in the design, development and maintenance of smart cyber-physical systems. Traditionally, the cybersecurity space was considered the responsibility of Information Technology (IT) professionals, where the greater IT infrastructure was required to keep these engineering systems safe. However, through the evolution of engineering and control systems, the IT infrastructure has started to become more integrated with these systems, improving the efficiency of the systems, but also making them more susceptible to cyber-attacks. These changes mean that securing these systems cannot remain the sole responsibility of the IT professionals, as systems must be designed with cybersecurity in mind. Considering that engineers are designing and developing more integrated systems, there exists a knowledge gap in the field of cybersecurity engineering and engineers' understanding of their cybersecurity responsibilities. This study aimed to determine the level of security that is currently considered in standard electrical engineering projects in a typical academic environment. This baseline serves as a motivation to develop a practical approach to assist engineering students in considering cybersecurity when developing engineering systems and products.