Air Force highly integrated photonics (HIP) program

A waveguide lens, composed of multistage polymer-filled thin grooves in a silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) is proposed and a low-loss structure has been designed. A waveguide lens in a silica slab waveguide has been fabricated using reactive ion etching (RIE) and formed by filling with polymer. Both an imagding optical system and a Fourier-transform optical system can be configured in a PLC using a waveguide lens. It renders the PLC functional and its design flexible. To obtain a shorter focal length with a low insertion loss, it is more effective to use a multistage lens structure. An imaging optical system and a Fourier-transform optical system with a focal length of less than 1000 µm were fabricated in silica waveguides using a multistage lens structure. The lens imaging waveguides incorporate a 16–24-stage lens, with insertion losses of 4–7 dB. A 4 ×4 optical coupler, using a Fourier-transform optical system, utilizes a 6-stage lens with losses of 2–4 dB.

A transmission-type refractive index sensor, based on planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology is proposed. In the proposed structure, we introduce a combination of coarse measurements, using the dependence of the angle of refraction and fine measurement, and the dependence of the phase on the refractive index to measure the absolute refractive index precisely, without expensive optical measurement equipment. The theoretical model of the proposed refractive index sensor is derived based on Fourier optics and transfer function to simulate its performance. The simulation results for the use of the 2.5%-Δ silica-based PLC technology indicate that the proposed structure has the potential to achieve a refractive index error of approximately 1 × 10−6 RIU or less when a monitored power deviation of ±0.05 dB is accepted.

Recently, photonic networks based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems have developed considerably in response to the explosive growth of the Internet. Devices with novel functions are required for photonic networks, and planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) are being considered to meet this need. This paper reports recent progress on PLC- type devices with advanced functions developed for the photonic networks. We describe fabrication techniques and device applications for silica and silicone polymer based PLC technologies.

Fluorinated polyimide (FPI) is an attractive material for fabricating low-loss optical waveguides at 1.55 micrometers , because of its superior optical and thermal properties. Although FPI planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) are usually fabricated on silicon substrate, such PLCs exhibit relatively high polarization dependence and high transmission loss compared with those of silica PLCs. Use of an FPI substrate overcomes these problems that mainly originate from the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between FPI and silicon. It improves the optical property of FPI waveguides, e.g., the transmission loss and polarization dependent loss for straight waveguides reduce to less than 0.3 dB/cm and 0.1 dB, respectively, in the 1.55-micrometers band. The use of FPI substrates will enable the fabrication of high-optical-quality FPI PLCs such as 1x8 splitters.

In this paper, we review the status of monolithic and hybrid integration of planar lightwave circuits (PLCs). Building blocks needed for system integration based on polymeric materials, III-V semiconductor materials, LiNbO₃ and SOI on Silicon are summarized with pros and cons. Due to the maturity of silicon CMOS technology, silicon becomes the platform of choice for optical application specific integrated circuits (OASICs). However, the indirect bandgap of silicon makes the formation of electrically pumped silicon laser a remote plausibility which requires hybrid integration of laser sources made out of III-V compound semicouductor.

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The GaInNAs range of compounds is suitable for optoelectronic device applications in 1.3 and 1.55 µm lasers, because of the large conduction band discontinuity resulting in good electron confinement and improved temperature characteristics. GaInNAs is suited to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications in high-speed optical communication networks. Since WDM techniques are available for steady-state traffic, there is a need for an all-optical packet-switching layer at the end of the optical to electronic conversion domain, which consists of all-optical gates, such as semiconductor optical amplifiers, channel dropping filters, interferometers, resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors, and optical random access memory elements. In these planar lightwave circuits, GaInNAs microspheres with their morphology-dependent resonances, can be used as compact optical filtering elements. The spectral filtering characteristics of GaInNAs microspheres are analysed by calculating the elastic scattering spectra optimised for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic resonance modes at the optical communication wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 µm.

In order to discuss the access control and encrypted storage of Internet of Things data for e-commerce data, a method of Internet of Things data access control and encrypted storage based on optical fiber network communication is proposed. Build an IoT application model based on optical fiber network communication, which consists of a perception layer, a network layer, and an application layer. The network layer is through the optical fiber communication network. The information collected by the optical fiber sensor in the perception layer is transmitted to the application layer for processing. And the model-aware layer adopts the dynamic transformation encryption method for attribute decomposition, and the Internet of Things data access control strategy based on key management and implement IoT data access control and encrypted storage based on the IoT application model of optical fiber network communication. The experimental results show that when this method implements access control and encrypted storage of IoT data, it has the advantages of high efficiency, low storage space overhead, and low computational cost of fiber network nodes, and the security of the processed IoT data is as high as 97.77%. Conclusion. This method can effectively deal with the limited computing performance and storage performance of the perception layer nodes of the application model; larger and larger application requirements with a large number of nodes.

While silica waveguide PLC products have been deployed in various systems and applications, hybrid integration of semiconductor opto-electronic devices on silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) has become the mainstream platform for small form factor, low-cost and high volume integrated transceiver modules. One of the main benefits of hybrid integration is the wafer-scale process, which greatly reduces chip/module size and assembly cost. This paper reviews the development of this technology, and as an example, presents a hybrid integrated transmitter with four wavelengths on silica PLC chip for LX4 and 10GbE applications.

With the development of information age, the optical fiber communication network has also been greatly developed, and a large number of optical fiber systems should be shipped. Wavelength division multiplexing technology has become the most important technology in optical communication, which has a strong practical significance. The aim of this paper is to design and analyze the digital optical communication system by using the optical system. Using the most suitable configuration, including the optical transmission system at 1310nm and 1550nm wavelength as input power, using single-mode and multi-mode fiber as transmission, using zeroing code and non-zeroing code for modulation and demodulation system to code information, so as to maximize the spectral efficiency of the whole system. There are three evaluation indexes, including signal output power, signal noise spectrum, and transmission rate of two kinds of optical fiber.

Chapter 3 - Optical Technologies in Passive Optical Access Networks

Silica-based planar lightwave circuits (PLC) provide various important devices for both optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks and optical access networks. This paper is an overview of recent progress in PLC technology including optical power splitters, arrayed-waveguide gratings, thermo-optic switches, and hybrid integrated PLCs.

: The United States Air Force Graduate Student Research Program (USAF- GSRP) is conducted under the United States Air Force Summer Faculty Research Program. This is accomplished by the students being selected on a nationally advertised competitive basis for a ten-week assignment during the summer intersession period to perform research at Air Force laboratories/centers. Each assignment is in a subject area and at an Air Force facility mutually agreed upon by the students and the Air Force. In addition to compensation, travel and cost of living allowances are also paid. The USAF-GSRP is sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air force, and is conducted by Universal Energy Systems, Inc. The specific objectives of the 1988 USAF-GSRP are: (1) To provide a productive means for the graduate students to participate in research at the Air Force Laboratories/ Centers; (2) To stimulate continuing professional association among the Graduate Students and their professional peers in the Air Force; (3) To further the research objectives of the United States Air Force; (4) To enhance the research productivity and capabilities of the graduate students especially as these relate to Air Force technical interests.

Silica-on-silicon and silicon-based integrated devices are key components for future all-optical communication networks. New challenging trends in photonic integration are towards PLCs (planar lightwave circuits), based on silicon platforms for monolithic integration of passive dielectric components with semiconductor active photonic devices and electronic circuits. A novel low temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technology for silica-based channel waveguides and waveguide devices is presented. Devices based on silica-on-silicon waveguide technology with imprinted Bragg gratings find increasing applications in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication systems, as wavelength-selective devices, and in optical sensing, including biosensors and bioanalytical micro-techniques. The presented technologies have been applied for the fabrication of some test and new concept devices for optical communication systems. A brief review of these devices is given.

We propose a new implementation of an integrated 1×4 wavelength selective switch using a silica planar lightwave circuit. The channel spacing is 100 GHz and the number of channels is 40.