An Efficient Remote Authentication Scheme for Wireless Body Area Network.

The recent advancement in wireless body area networks (WBAN) plays an important role in remote health care systems. However, these networks are suffering from data security and privacy threats. Lack of anonymous authentication and secure data communication leads to operation failure in WBAN. Computational cost and privacy preservation are the two major hindrances for anonymous authentication in many existing schemes. Therefore, a secure and efficient privacy-preserving anonymous authentication scheme is proposed to provide data security and privacy to the users with low computational and communication cost. The performance analysis and experimental simulation results ensure that our proposed anonymous authentication method outperforms the existing systems in terms of providing data security and privacy with less computational overhead.

Nowadays, the design and construction of efficient internet of things (IoTs) has become a new strategies for improving living quality of all aspects. Emerging as one of the most significant extension of medical IoTs, wireless body area networks (WBANs) is capable of monitoring crucial physiological and behavioral information through wearable sensors, offering a new paradigm for the next-generation healthcare systems. As a matter of fact, due to the inherent open wireless communicating characteristics, data security and user privacy issues of WBANs have attracted attentions from both industry and academia. So far, lots of relevant researches emphasize on secure transmission and privacy protection. However, the computation and communication limitations for individual WBAN sensor have not been taken proper consideration. Moreover, the implementation of cloud computing infrastructure has provided WBANs with superior transmission and processing qualities. Emphasizing on the above issues, this paper construct a pairing-free authentication and sensor cooperation scheme in cloud-assisted WBANs, where most of the practical requirements for WBAN sensors could be satisfied. Our design guarantee the sensor anonymity in the whole transmission session. Note that our design offers pairing-free validation procedure followed with active sensor cooperation, which is suitable for massive sensor scenarios. The security analysis proves that our designed scheme is capable of achieving desired security properties and offer adequate resistances to the charted malicious attacks. Meanwhile, security comparison demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure compared with the state-of-the-arts.

Power efficient ultra-wideband based wireless communication for wireless body area network applications

A wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of a single coordinator and multiple low-power sensors to monitor the biological signals and functions of the human body. Due to the highly mobile and social nature of WBANs, the performance of the individual WBANs could be degraded due to the adverse co-channel interference that results from their uncoordinated coexistence with other nearby wireless networks. Like other wireless networks, energy and spectrum in WBANs are both scarce resources. In fact, the limited spectrum resource is the cause of competition among WBANs and leads to interference. Dynamic and efficacious energy and interference management taking into account the channel state and traffics are both crucial and substantial to further upgrade the capacity and enhance the goodness of user experience. In addition to the co-channel interference, the individual communication links between the body-mounted sensors and the WBAN’s coordinator experience high signal attenuation and distortion due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the human body tissue. In this chapter, the issues related to the coexistence among WBANs and between WBANs and other wireless networks will be analyzed. A comparative review of the radio co-channel interference mitigation and avoidance techniques in the literature will be provided. Furthermore, we show that the existing solutions fall short from achieving satisfactory performance, and outline open problems that warrant more investigation by the research community.

Decoding motion aftereffects from activity patterns in human visual cortex

Current advances in wireless sensor technologies have contributed to the development of wireless body area network (WBAN). Due to specific features and reliability requirements in WBAN, a number of new challenges have been introduced to design novel WBAN protocols. In order to cope with these challenges, game theoretic approach can allow WBANs to improve their performance while increasing their flexibility and adaptability. In this paper, we develop a new WBAN resource sharing scheme based on the reverse-biform game model. Based on the dual-level phases, the limited WBAN resource is effectively shared by employing a game manner. The simulation results demonstrate that our game-theoretic framework can provide the ability to practically respond to current WBSN conditions. This approach is suitable for real WBAN operations, particularly for the energy efficiency, network throughput, and quality of service (QoS) provisioning.

In this paper, we have reviewed and presented a critical overview of “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” in the field of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In addition, we have theoretically analysed the importance of energy efficiency and reliability and how it affects the stability and lifetime of WBANs. WBAN is a type of wireless sensor network (WSN) that is unique, wherever energy-efficient operations are one of the prime challenges, because each sensor node operates on battery, and where an excessive amount of communication consumes more energy than perceiving. Moreover, timely and reliable data delivery is essential in all WBAN applications. Moreover, the most frequent types of energy-efficient routing protocols include crosslayer, thermal-aware, cluster-based, quality-of-service, and postural movement-based routing protocols. According to the literature review, clustering-based routing algorithms are the best choice for WBAhinwidth, and low memory WBAN, in terms of more computational overhead and complexity. Thus, the routing techniques used in WBAN should be capable of energy-efficient communication at desired reliability to ensure the improved stability period and network lifetime. Therefore, we have highlighted and critically analysed various performance issues of the existing “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” for WBANs. Furthermore, we identified and compiled a tabular representation of the reviewed solutions based on the most appropriate strategy and performance parameters for WBAN. Finally, concerning to reliability and energy efficiency in WBANs, we outlined a number of issues and challenges that needs further consideration while devising new solutions for clustered-based WBANs.

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is an emerging technology which is getting a lot of attention these days due to its application in medical field and health monitoring system. In this technology by using different bio-sensors which could be implanted or worn by patient, he/she get his/her health conditions at regular intervals. Wireless connectivity makes it more popular because of its patient could use it in his daily life activities also. There are various fields in WBAN where a lot of development could be made, as this field is still in its developing stages. Efficient energy utilisation techniques have been explained. Routing metrices which consists of residual energy, delay, packet collision, network lifetime, complexity, network traffic etc. is also an interesting area where we will be working to develop intelligent routing metrices for wireless body Area Network (WBAN).Fuzzy Logic(FL) is a powerful tool used to develop solution of various problems today which maps the crisps inputs to give corresponding outputs. Momdani Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) provides the atmosphere needed for Fuzzy Logics where depending on degree of membership functions maps the variables and a surface is generated with respect to various factors in routing metrics. In this paper we had reviewed its basic aspects like its constituents, layered architecture and Issues as well as requirements of WBAN with Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). Keywords: Wireless Body Area Network, WBAN, Routing Metrices, Layered Architecture, Fuzzy Logic, Energy efficiency, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS).

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an emerging field of research which has been progressing rapidly in recent years. WBAN is a network utilized for continuous monitoring of physiological state of the subject, where the patient can perform his regular activities while his body parameters get measured continuously and are accessed by the physician remotely. This chapter provides a thorough survey of current WBAN technologies in the healthcare sector. Besides the recording of physiological parameters, discussions have been provided on remote data transmission to a server called Virtual Doctor Server (VDS). During this transmission, WBAN network uses various technologies namely Ultra Wide Band WBAN, Technology Enabled Medical Precision Observation 3.1 (TEMPO 3.1), J2ME and Bluetooth. Details of several existing WBAN related projects have been discussed along with their applications. The next section of the chapter deals with the use and design of medical sensors in WBAN. Performance comparison between WBAN and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) has also been provided.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are integral to modern healthcare systems, providing continuous health monitoring and real-time data transmission. The sensitivity of medical data being transmitted makes security a significant concern in WBANs. This study explores the application of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (ECDH) algorithm to enhance security within WBANs. The study investigates the suitability of ECC for this context and evaluates the performance and security implications of implementing ECDH in WBANs. The findings reveal that ECDH provides a robust and computationally efficient solution for secure key exchange in WBANs, addressing inherent vulnerabilities. The adoption of ECC-based ECDH is poised to bolster data confidentiality and integrity in WBANs, promoting trust and widespread use of these networks in healthcare applications. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge regarding security measures in WBANs and opens new avenues for the secure transmission of sensitive medical information.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a promising solution for Healthcare applications. However, how to mitigate the interference between WBANs is still challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to mitigate the interference between WBANs using geometric programming (GP), which is a special optimization that can be transformed to convex optimization. To make sure that all receivers in WBANs can receive the signals sent from their pairwise transmitters, we require that the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) for each WBAN must be more than a given threshold. Then we can optimize the overall transmission power to save energy. We also propose to use convex optimization to solve location problem of WBANs based on their received signal strength indicators (RSSI). We set three WBANs to be anchor nodes with known locations, calculate the approximate distance between the transmitters, and then solve the convex problem to get the location for all other WBANs. The effectiveness of the proposed methods has been demonstrated through numerical simulations.

Chapter 7 - WBAN: Driving e-healthcare Beyond Telemedicine to Remote Health Monitoring: Architecture and Protocols

Wireless medical sensor networks improve patients’ value of care without upsetting their comfort. The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an application that is used to watch a patient’s physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure level, and electrocardiography. To enhance security of WBAN-based healthcare systems, an anonymous authentication scheme based on secret identity key provided to the users is used in this paper. The data and the secret identity are encrypted so that eavesdropping and other active attacks are prevented. In order to prevent data from being discovered, bilinear pairing has been applied in this research work. To ensure privacy of health data and to thwart the security attacks launched over private health data, an effective validation based on total number of bytes has been followed. The system proposed in this paper also includes an efficient access control scheme to retrieve the data in a secured manner by the stakeholders of the system.

Wireless Body area Networks (WBANs)- groups of sensors deployed inside a human body- are envisioned to improve the healthcare domain by continuously monitoring and reporting patient's health to the health care systems. However, the nature of openly deployed sensor nodes, coupled with the lack of security, make it easy for intruders to attack WBANs. In this paper, we propose a new scheme, PMAS, to achieve mutual authentication between a cell phone (personal device representing the sink) and WBANs' sensor nodes. In addition, based on a modified idea of Diffie-Hellman key exchange scheme, we establish a shared secret key between that sink and every sensor node in the network. The security analysis shows that PMAS thwarts different attacks, including the replay, fake sink, fake sensor, and Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. Furthermore, comparing to previous authentication schemes, the computation and communication overheads added by our scheme are much smaller than those in previous schemes.

This paper explores how the integration and performance of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) contribute to sustainable healthcare practices. WBANs play a crucial role in reducing the environmental footprint of healthcare systems by providing continuous monitoring that can prevent unnecessary hospitalizations and reduce the consumption of disposable medical supplies. Additionally, the design of WBANs using environmentally friendly materials, low-power devices, and recyclable components is discussed to optimize the sustainability of healthcare practices. To enhance infrastructure, services, and quality of life, new technologies have been integrated to improve WBANs. Patients' essential health data may be continuously and instantly collected thanks to these networks, and healthcare providers can receive the data right away for quick analysis and action. WBANs have healthcare benefits, but there are also major drawbacks. Technologies that can combine low power consumption, minimal delay, and high enough data rates are needed for WBANs in order to support a variety of medical applications. The effectiveness of the LoRaWAN and IEEE 802.15.6 technologies in WBAN is assessed in this paper. With the use of seven crucial metrics which are throughput, arrival rate, delay, energy consumption, residual energy, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio (PDR), this paper seeks to study which technology is appropriate with WBANs using NS3 as a simulation program. With network parameters, 1000 seconds, and 50 nodes, the paper evaluated the performance of each technology. The results show that IEEE 802.15.6 is superior in terms of throughput, PDR, and arrival rate whereas LoRaWAN is superior in terms of energy consumption, residual energy, network lifetime, and delay.