An Integrated Dynamic Road Network Design Approach with Stochastic Networks

In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) based dynamic fuzzy network design approach is proposed. First, a dynamic fuzzy network (DyFN) constituted from a series of dynamic fuzzy if-then rules is introduced. One characteristic of DyFN is its ability to deal with temporal problems. Then, GA is adopted into the design process as a means of allowing the application of DyFN in situations where gradient information is costly to obtain or only a reinforcement signal is available. To promote the design performance, a modification to the traditional GA, the Relative-based Mutated Reproduction GA (RMRGA), is proposed. To show the efficiency of DyFN designed by GAs, including both traditional GA and RMRGA, two temporal problems, dynamic plant control and adaptive noise cancellation, are simulated. The simulated results have verified the efficiency of DyFN designed by GA.

Water distribution networks (WDNs) evolve continuously over time. Changes in water demands and pipe deterioration require construction upgrades to be performed on the network during its entire lifecycle. However, strategically planning WDNs, especially for the long term, is a challenging task. This is because parameters that are essential for the description of WDNs in the future, such as climate, population and demand transitions, are characterized by deep uncertainty. To cope with future uncertainty, and avoid overdesign or costly unplanned and reactive interventions, research is moving away from the static design of WDNs. Dynamic design approaches, aim to make water networks adaptive to changing conditions over long planning horizons. A promising, dynamic design approach is the staged design of WDNs, in which the planning horizon is divided into construction phases. This approach allows short-term interventions to be made, while simultaneously considering the expected long-term network growth outcomes. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of the art in staged design of water distribution networks. To achieve that, we critically examined relevant publications and classified them according to their shared key characteristics, such as the nature of the design problem (new or existing network design, expansion, strengthening, and rehabilitation), problem formulation (objective functions, length of planning horizon), optimization method, and uncertainty considerations. In the process, we discuss the latest findings in the literature, highlight the major contributions of staged design on water distribution networks, and suggest future research directions.

Heuristic resolution for multiple inheritance in object-oriented expert system building tools

This paper is concerned with stability analysis for a class of dynamical neural networks with distributed delays. The M-matrix theory and new analysis technique are used to obtain new sufficient conditions for the existence, uniqueness and global stability of the equilibrium point of dynamical neural networks with distributed delays. The importance of the new stability criteria in the design and application of dynamical neural networks with distributed delays is due to the fact that they can handle the case when the non-delayed terms can not dominate the delayed terms. The effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results are illustrated by numerical examples.

Reliability-based design for soil tillage machines

The thermal profile of data centers plays a significant role in affecting the cooling cost and power budget of the system. While several dynamic and static approaches have been proposed so far, these have failed on considering the whole picture. This paper proposes a combined static and dynamic approach that shows the benefits of the efficient scheduling strategies on leading to thermal-efficient floorplans. The devised methodology comes out with a placement of processors and task scheduling for a heterogeneous system, where the main thermal metrics (maximum temperature and thermal gradient) have been optimized.

Deep mixing with lime-cement columns is a ground improvement method used to improve the strength and deformation properties of soft cohesive soils. Due to the complex manufacturing process, the var ...

Cross-linking of polymer networks using two transition metals with distinctly different dissociation kinetics results in hydrogels with 2-fold viscoelastic relaxation. Here, we use rheology to demonstrate that gradual substitution of labile Fe(III) by kinetically inert Cr(III) complexes in a metallosupramolecular poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel slows down the faster viscoelastic relaxation mode by almost 2 orders of magnitude. We attribute this observation to an idle neighbor effect: Fe(III) associations display a longer lifetime when being located near Cr(III) ions. In an experiment with a constant high amount of Fe(III), spiking additional Cr(III) ions leads to a less pronounced increase of the Fe(III)-associated relaxation time. A microstructural perspective is provided by DLS, indicating possible clustering of metal ions in mixed cross-linker-PAA systems. Our results suggest that in the investigated system the approach to improve mechanical strength by mixing fast dissociating with highly inert coordination complex cross-linkers (“dual dynamics”) comes at the cost of an increasing relaxation time of the fast cross-linker. We thus point out a fundamental effect in the design of dual dynamic networks based on a complex interplay of cross-links with vastly differing dissociation kinetics.

ContextClimate and land-use changes affect species ranges and movements. However, these changes are usually overlooked in connectivity studies, and this could have adverse consequences in the definition of effective management measures.ObjectivesWe evaluated two ways to incorporate landscape dynamics: (i) by analyzing connectivity as a fluctuating phenomenon (i.e., time-varying connectivity); and (ii) by analyzing species movements from past to current ranges (i.e., spatio-temporal connectivity). We also compared these dynamic approaches with traditional static connectivity methods.MethodsWe compared the overall connectivity values and the prioritization of critical habitat patches according to dynamic and static approaches using habitat availability metrics (Probability of Connectivity and Equivalent Connected Area). This comparative research was conducted for species associated with broadleaf forests of the different ecoregions of the Iberian Peninsula. We considered species habitat preferences during movement and a wide range of dispersal abilities to assess functional connectivity.ResultsStatic approaches generated varying overall connectivity values and priority patches depending on the time snapshot considered and different from those generated by dynamic approaches. The two dynamic connectivity approaches resulted in very similar priority conservation patches, indicating their potential to guide enduring conservation measures that enhance connectivity between contemporary habitat patches at multiple time snapshots but also species range shifts in time.ConclusionsConnectivity is affected by landscape changes, and only dynamic approaches can overcome the issues associated with these changes and provide valuable information to guide improved and enduring measures in changing landscapes.

Evolutionary design of dynamic neural networks for evaporator control

The present study is devoted to the design and statistical investigations of dynamical gene expression networks. In our model problem, we aim to design genetic networks which would exhibit stable periodic oscillations with a prescribed temporal period. While no rational solution of this problem is available, we show that it can be effectively solved by running a computer evolution of the network models. In this process, structural rewiring mutations are applied to the networks with inhibitory interactions between genes and the evolving networks are selected depending on whether, after a mutation, they closer approach the targeted dynamics. We show that, by using this method, networks with required oscillation periods, varying by up to three orders of magnitude, can be constructed by changing the architecture of regulatory connections between the genes. Statistical properties of designed networks, including motif distributions and Laplacian spectra, are considered.

Dynamic hydrogels offer the opportunity to meet the expectations of smart materials with adaptable properties such as stimuli responsiveness, self‐healing, shear thinning, stress relaxation, dynamic viscoelasticity, energy dissipation mechanisms, time‐dependent adaptation, etc. In the past decades, reversible C═N bonds including imine, hydrazone, and oxime have received great research interest in the design of dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). Moreover, reversible C═N bonds can be well‐integrated into DPNs in combination with permanent covalent crosslinks and/or other dynamic bonds (supramolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bonds), thus outfitting the hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties, multiresponsiveness, printability, adhesion, and various other functions. This literature review first describes how reversible C═N bonds can be introduced into hydrogels from the perspective of dynamic bonds and network topologies. The design strategies (building blocks, crosslink type combinations, network topologies) reported in the literature are then discussed, as well as the effects of dynamic crosslinking on the hydrogel properties and the potential applications.

The deterministic approach is commonly used for designing geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls. This approach ignores the natural variability of the soil properties, which may lead to an uneconomic and/or unsafe design. This chapter presents a reliability-based design approach for geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls with granular backfills by using the first-order reliability method. The results are also verified with conventional Monte Carlo simulation. Reinforced soil retaining walls are designed considering both internal and external stability requirements. The associated modes of failure are formulated, and the design steps are discussed in detail. The steps involved in the reliability-based design are explained through illustrative examples.

The purpose of this paper is to design aircraft wing using reliability-based design optimization concerned to fuzzy uncertainty variables. A possibilistic safety index-based design optimization (PSIBDO) with fuzzy uncertainties is proposed to overcome difficult tasks from the original probabilistic problem. The design problem is to minimize mass of a composite aircraft wing subject to aeroelastic and structural constraints through consideration of the material properties are the uncertainties. The design variables include aircraft wing structure dimensions. The reliability-based design approach is needed to alleviate such a problem. Due to the complexity of the aircraft wing structures design and aeroelastic analysis, nonprobability-based design is an alternative choice to increase computational efficiency in the design process. The optimum results show the efficiency of our proposed approach.

Blue phase liquid crystal elastomers (BPLCEs) hold significant promise for flexible photonic devices due to their 3D periodic photonic lattices and intrinsic soft-matter characteristics. However, achieving an optimal balance between mechanical resilience and dynamic responsiveness remains a critical challenge. This study introduces a dynamic hydrogen-bonding network design strategy, wherein N,N'-bisacryloylcystamine monomers are incorporated to construct a hierarchical energy dissipation system, yielding BPLCEs with remarkable toughness (1.72 MJ m- 3) and ultralow hysteresis (4.8%). By integrating thermally induced topological bond rearrangement, programmable mechanical gradient films are developed to enable high-precision strain-induced patterning and an adaptive encryption mechanism governed by a "relaxation-concealment/stretching-development" paradigm. Furthermore, leveraging the spatiotemporal gating properties of embedded phosphorescent materials, a dual-mode dynamic verification system is established, facilitating multidimensional information decryption via ultraviolet-triggered rapid visualization and controlled afterglow decay lasting up to 5 s. This study not only mitigates the inherent trade-off between mechanical durability and stimulus responsiveness in soft photonic crystals but also establishes a novel framework for multidimensional synergistic regulation across mechanical, optical, and temporal domains. These findings provide a transformative strategy for advancing next-generation dynamic encryption systems, intelligent sensing technologies, and adaptive photonic displays, paving the way for innovative applications in flexible photonic devices.