Heuristic resolution for multiple inheritance in object-oriented expert system building tools

The thermal profile of data centers plays a significant role in affecting the cooling cost and power budget of the system. While several dynamic and static approaches have been proposed so far, these have failed on considering the whole picture. This paper proposes a combined static and dynamic approach that shows the benefits of the efficient scheduling strategies on leading to thermal-efficient floorplans. The devised methodology comes out with a placement of processors and task scheduling for a heterogeneous system, where the main thermal metrics (maximum temperature and thermal gradient) have been optimized.

ContextClimate and land-use changes affect species ranges and movements. However, these changes are usually overlooked in connectivity studies, and this could have adverse consequences in the definition of effective management measures.ObjectivesWe evaluated two ways to incorporate landscape dynamics: (i) by analyzing connectivity as a fluctuating phenomenon (i.e., time-varying connectivity); and (ii) by analyzing species movements from past to current ranges (i.e., spatio-temporal connectivity). We also compared these dynamic approaches with traditional static connectivity methods.MethodsWe compared the overall connectivity values and the prioritization of critical habitat patches according to dynamic and static approaches using habitat availability metrics (Probability of Connectivity and Equivalent Connected Area). This comparative research was conducted for species associated with broadleaf forests of the different ecoregions of the Iberian Peninsula. We considered species habitat preferences during movement and a wide range of dispersal abilities to assess functional connectivity.ResultsStatic approaches generated varying overall connectivity values and priority patches depending on the time snapshot considered and different from those generated by dynamic approaches. The two dynamic connectivity approaches resulted in very similar priority conservation patches, indicating their potential to guide enduring conservation measures that enhance connectivity between contemporary habitat patches at multiple time snapshots but also species range shifts in time.ConclusionsConnectivity is affected by landscape changes, and only dynamic approaches can overcome the issues associated with these changes and provide valuable information to guide improved and enduring measures in changing landscapes.

Evaluation of annual forest disturbance monitoring using a static decision tree approach and 250 m MODIS data

To evaluate the economic efficiency of influenza vaccination using both dynamic and static modelling approaches. The Spanish National Health System. We modelled the progress of an influenza epidemic in Spain according to the epidemiological pattern of susceptible-->infective-->resistant, employing a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations that enables the measurement of epidemiological effects of an anti-influenza vaccination. We used a decision tree to represent the repercussion on healthcare resources use and on financial resources. The same analyses were conducted using a static approach, and the results were compared. Healthcare costs were valued in euro, year 2005 values. For the base case, the impact of the healthcare intervention (vaccination) was not efficient from the perspective of the healthcare payer when using a static approach (return rate 0.28 per euro invested in vaccination). Nevertheless, it was efficient when employing a dynamic approach (return rate 1.22 per euro). Furthermore, a considerable freeing of healthcare resources would have been produced over the entire influenza season. The indirect effect of vaccination on the non-vaccinated individuals (the 'herd immunity effect') can be greater than the direct effect on individuals vaccinated. This implies that the herd immunity effect needs to be taken into consideration in the economic evaluations of prophylactic measures employed against infectious diseases.

Vibrational spectroscopy is an omnipresent spectroscopic technique to characterize functional nanostructured materials such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and metal-halide perovskites (MHPs). The resulting experimental spectra are usually complex, with both low-frequency framework modes and high-frequency functional group vibrations. Therefore, theoretically calculated spectra are often an essential element to elucidate the vibrational fingerprint. In principle, there are two possible approaches to calculate vibrational spectra: (i) a static approach that approximates the potential energy surface (PES) as a set of independent harmonic oscillators and (ii) a dynamic approach that explicitly samples the PES around equilibrium by integrating Newton's equations of motions. The dynamic approach considers anharmonic and temperature effects and provides a more genuine representation of materials at true operating conditions; however, such simulations come at a substantially increased computational cost. This is certainly true when forces and energy evaluations are performed at the quantum mechanical level. Molecular dynamics (MD) techniques have become more established within the field of computational chemistry. Yet, for the prediction of infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of nanostructured materials, their usage has been less explored and remain restricted to some isolated successes. Therefore, it is currently not a priori clear which methodology should be used to accurately predict vibrational spectra for a given system. A comprehensive comparative study between various theoretical methods and experimental spectra for a broad set of nanostructured materials is so far lacking. To fill this gap, we herein present a concise overview on which methodology is suited to accurately predict vibrational spectra for a broad range of nanostructured materials and formulate a series of theoretical guidelines to this purpose. To this end, four different case studies are considered, each treating a particular material aspect, namely breathing in flexible MOFs, characterization of defects in the rigid MOF UiO-66, anharmonic vibrations in the metal-halide perovskite CsPbBr3, and guest adsorption on the pores of the zeolite H-SSZ-13. For all four materials, in their guest- and defect-free state and at sufficiently low temperatures, both the static and dynamic approach yield qualitatively similar spectra in agreement with experimental results. When the temperature is increased, the harmonic approximation starts to fail for CsPbBr3 due to the presence of anharmonic phonon modes. Also, the spectroscopic fingerprints of defects and guest species are insufficiently well predicted by a simple harmonic model. Both phenomena flatten the potential energy surface (PES), which facilitates the transitions between metastable states, necessitating dynamic sampling. On the basis of the four case studies treated in this Review, we can propose the following theoretical guidelines to simulate accurate vibrational spectra of functional solid-state materials: (i) For nanostructured crystalline framework materials at low temperature, insights into the lattice dynamics can be obtained using a static approach relying on a few points on the PES and an independent set of harmonic oscillators. (ii) When the material is evaluated at higher temperatures or when additional complexity enters the system, e.g., strong anharmonicity, defects, or guest species, the harmonic regime breaks down and dynamic sampling is required for a correct prediction of the phonon spectrum. These guidelines and their illustrations for prototype material classes can help experimental and theoretical researchers to enhance the knowledge obtained from a lattice dynamics study.

In this paper, we introduce a dynamic variant of the Location-Allocation problem: Dynamic Location-Allocation Problem (DULAP). DULAP involves the location of facilities to service a set of customer demands over a defined horizon. To evaluate a solution to DULAP, we propose two holistic metric approaches: Static and Dynamic Approach. In the static approach, a solution is evaluated with the assumption that customer locations and demand remain constant over a defined horizon. In the dynamic approach, the assumption is made that customer demand, and demographic pattern may change over the defined horizon. We introduce a stochastic model to simulate customer population and distribution over time. We use a Genetic Algorithm and Population-Based Incremental Learning algorithm used in previous work to find robust and satisfactory solutions to DULAP. Results show the dynamic approach of evaluating a solution finds good and robust solutions.

Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) has been widely criticized in the recent literature based on methodology rather than on theory. Here I argue that most of the criticisms of PAE result from confusion between thedynamicandstaticapproaches of PAE, by both users and critics of the method. Originally, PAE (the dynamic approach) was proposed primarily for historical comparisons of biotic distributions based on geological and stratigraphical information; that is, the stratigraphical record of the biota within two or more horizons was used to evaluate changes (layer by layer) in their distributional patterns. This led to an analysis of the biota throughout space and through time. On the other hand, the static approach excluded the temporal component and based the analysis on a single geological horizon. Most problems exemplified and discussed in the literature refer to the static approach. In addition to this defence of the original PAE, I present some new criticisms regarding the application of PAE using artificially delimited areas (for example areas defined by geopolitical boundaries), which may lead to incorrect interpretations. Recently, several variations of static PAE have appeared: some designed to accommodate ecological data (e.g. parsimony analysis of distributions – PAD); others that incorporate phylogenetic content (e.g. cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism – CADE); and some that have been integrated with other historical methods (e.g. panbiogeography) in order to detect and evaluate hypotheses of biogeographical homologies. Biogeographers, both ecological and historical, should be aware of the problems and limitations of both dynamic and static PAE and evaluate new variations of PAE (PAD, CADE, etc.). Finally, I argue in favour of an independent and pluralist discipline of biogeography that treats biogeography as related to systematics but not dependent on it, as some scholars have assumed.

The distinction between and temporality may, however, extend to certain particular concepts and also to certain more general temporal notions as well. This chapter examines the suggestion that we ask, not ?what could our temporal concepts, or predicates, in reality denote?', but ?what renders our universe a temporal universe (rather than an atemporal one)?' It examines contemporary scientific Eleaticism's pretense to account for the reality of time, especially as it attempts to designate a physical counterpart or manifestation of the so-called arrow of time - roughly, the notion that is uni-directional and irreversible. This notion will itself be clarified by examining also the distinction between linear and cyclical time. Finally, this chapter explains further the contrast just alleged between (contemporary) scientific Eleaticism and traditional (philosophical) Eleaticism, and in so doing also the crucial distinction between static and dynamic approaches to time.Keywords: dynamic approaches; Eleaticism; static approaches; temporality;

In this paper, we present a new test data compression method for intellectual property (IP) cores testing, based on the reuse of parts of dictionary entries. Two approaches are investigated: the static and the dynamic. In the static approach, the content of the dictionary is constant during the testing of a core, while in the dynamic approach the testing of a core consists of several test sessions and the content of the dictionary is different during each test session. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported with extensive simulation results and comparisons to already known test data compression methods suitable for IP cores testing.

In this paper the authors compare two mathematical approaches to the problem of determination of optimal water resources allocation. We compare standard static approach based on static network flow model in pure or generalized network with the dynamic approach based on MDGNFM model presented in [WOJAS 2008]. This comparison is done in the framework of three worked examples of water system. We discuss the following aspects: a possibility to guarantee in the model the availability of the water which is allocated to user in analysed time period; the influence of a choice of the length of time step on the final result, a possibility to consider different summary times in water allocation paths. Comparative analysis can recommend the dynamic approach as more appropriate in the case of water systems of high instability of water flows.

Dynamic multi-objective optimization applied to a solar-geothermal multi-generation system for hydrogen production, desalination, and energy storage

In this paper the type of instability of a T form frame with joint massM subjected to a compressive follower forceP applied at the joint is investigated on the basis of both the dynamic (variational) and static approach. It is shown that the frame loses its stability through divergence and its critical load is independent of the joint stiffness when the support of the compressed bar is hinged; in contrast, if this support is fully fixed the frame, depending on the joint stiffness, may lose its stability either through divergence or through flutter. However, the region of flutter type instability is very limited which shows that the divergence instability is the rule and not the exception and accordingly the simple static(stability) approach is applicable. Moreover, it is found that the change of the buckling mechanism from flutter to divergence and vice versa is associated with a jump in the critical load.

In this paper we introduce novel battery state aware strategies that improve the performance of battery operated systems. In our analysis, we consider the total amount of work done (or service) as the metric instead of considering just the lifetime. Based on our analysis using service curves, we formulate our static approach which generalizes many of the battery aware approaches introduced in the literatures. The results show that the static approach increases the battery utilization by 600% over a non battery aware approach. Furthermore, we show that our dynamic battery state aware approach improves upon the static approach by dynamically adapting the system performance level based on batteryes voltage slope. The results indicate that the dynamic approach achieves improvement of up to 20% over the static approach.

Stochastic supply and fluctuating travel demand in transport systems leads to stochastic travel times and travel costs for travelers. This chapter will establish a dynamic road network design approach considering stochastic capacity and its influence on travelers’ choice behavior under uncertainty. This chapter will firstly work on the modeling of travelers’ departure time/route choice behavior under stochastic capacities. A reliability-based dynamic network design approach is proposed and formulated of which numbers of lanes on all the potential links are the design variables. A combined road network-oriented Genetic Algorithm and set evaluation algorithm is proposed to solve the dynamic network design problem. The proposed reliability-based dynamic network design approach is applied to a hypothetical network, and its solutions are compared to a corresponding static network design approach. It is concluded that the static network design approach may lead to inferior designs. In general static traffic assignment underestimates the overall total network travel time and total network travel costs. Dynamic network design approach appears to derive a fairly good allocation of road capacity over space and makes the best utilization of the network capacity over time.

This article’s primary objectives are twofold. The first is to analyse and compare how terms associated with dynamic interpretation operate in the jurisprudence of Spain and Poland. In the process, it will be demonstrated how courts may avoid such terminology while still applying methods typically described as ‘dynamic.’ The second objective is to assess whether dynamicity is an inherent feature of legal interpretation or merely one possible approach. The study draws on over 3,200 judicial decisions handed down by Polish and Spanish courts where interpretation was adapted to changing circumstances, or where terms such as dynamic, evolutionary, or sociological interpretation appeared. The findings show that these expressions are often linked to varied legal principles and lack precision in judicial usage. Moreover, contrary to common assumptions, labels such as dynamic interpretation are frequently used in contexts that do not involve or otherwise denote significant external change. The paper argues that legal interpretation is inherently dynamic and that so-called static interpretation, understood as a fixed and unchanging meaning, does not constitute a distinct and equally accepted method. However, it does not follow that extreme static theories are not genuinely advocated or that static reasoning lacks relevance. On the contrary, static approaches may serve as important exceptions that protect key democratic values. The analysis focuses on statutory interpretation, which has received far less scholarly attention in debates on dynamic and static approaches, having long been centred on constitutional law.