Analysis of cache-based transport protocol at congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks

Data delivery in low power and lossy networks like Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which has a significant role in Internet of Things (IoT), is vital due to the high probability of packet loss due to wireless and constrained environment. Data caching and transmission rate control are independent ways of improving the performance of transport protocols in WSN by immediately responding to packet losses in the network. However, a suitable rate control for cache-based transport protocols is not yet investigated. This work developed a dynamic cache-aware rate control algorithm that uses a transmission window rate as a function of cache size allocation used by intermediate nodes and utilizes cache elimination policy to notify packet losses in the network. A baseline cache-based transport protocol called DTSN+ is used to implement the rate control algorithm and evaluated under different network scenarios. Results show that the cache-aware approach improves the performance of the baseline transport protocol during high level of packet losses in the network in terms of cache utilization especially at lower cache size value. The algorithm also obtained outstanding throughput, transmission time and fairness performance as compared with original DTSN+ and DTC protocols. In the future, these results can serve as an underlying support in designing a new cache-aware congestion control framework that can be integrated in a transport protocol to mitigate packet losses in WSN.

Wireless sensor networks(WSN) are a kind of communication networks with in-dependent sensor nodes which could construct multi-hop ad hoc network to trans-fer data. The transport protocols for Wireless Sensor Network play an important role to promote the performance of the whole systems. This paper proposes a modified transport layer protocol for heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks(HWSN). As TCP is not suitable to use in HWSN directly, we design a modified transport protocol(named mTCP) based on TCP by a six-state finite state machine. Experimental results illustrate that our design can improve the communication capability of the transmission layer in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks significantly.

With the wave of the Internet of Things has been sweeping, people's lifestyles are undergoing tremendous changes. Wireless sensor networks as an important part of the Internet of things plays a huge role, it is not only one of the most influential technology of the 21st century, but also caused a strongly sought after in academia and industry. The transport protocols in wireless sensor networks have also become one of the hot spots. This paper started with the related knowledge of the wireless sensor network transport protocol and summarized the performance of the couples of classic transport protocol. In the end, concluded the necessity and importance of a superior performance transport protocol in a wireless sensor networks.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.

New wireless sensor network applications (e.g., military surveillance) require higher reliability than a simple best effort service could provide. Classical reliable transport protocols like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are not well suited for wireless sensor networks due to both the characteristics of the network nodes (low computing power, strong energy constraints) and those of the main applications running on those nodes (low data rates). Recent researches present new transport protocols for wireless sensor networks providing various type of reliability and using new mechanisms for loss detection and recovery, and congestion control. This paper presents a survey on reliable transport protocol for WSNs.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become widespread in recent years due to their uses in healthcare, infrastructure monitoring, environmental sensing, tactical surveillance, and defense. However, their inherent vulnerabilities pose significant security threats and performance challenges. WSNs are highly exposed to wormhole attacks and congestion which affects the reliability and efficiency of a network. Current routing protocols often lack comprehensive trust mechanisms to address these challenges effectively. This study aims to evaluate trust-based multi-path routing protocols to counter wormhole attacks and minimize congestion, enhancing security and performance in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It focuses on six key trust attributes to identify the most impactful factors. A survey of 29 network security experts of various experience levels examined six key trust attributes: encryption, authentication, route disjointedness, observation similarity, packet delivery, and end-to-end latency. Statistical techniques including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis were used to assess each attribute’s impact. The similarity of observation and route disjointedness were identified as the most crucial factors, with mean scores of 55.52 and 53.31. While authentication was valued, opinions varied, suggesting it should be part of a broader security framework. No differences were found in trust attribute evaluations based on qualifications or experience, indicating consensus among experts. The study shows that trust-based multi-path routing can curb wormhole attacks and detect congestion in WSNs.

In this article we present a survey of transport protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We first highlight several unique aspects of WSNs, and describe the basic design criteria and challenges of transport protocols, including energy-efficiency, quality of service, reliability, and congestion control. We then provide a summary and comparison of existing transport protocols for WSNs. Finally, we discuss several open research problems.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are quickly becoming an essential part of today's modern infrastructure, and it is becoming crucial to consider time synchronisation problems in WSNs. Furthermore, one of the main design issues in WSN time synchronisation is the efficient use of energy at each sensor node to prolong the lifespan of the network. This paper describes a new energy-efficient time protocol based on the spanning tree of the network model graph in a WSN. Three major cases are discussed: 1) time synchronisation using the energy-efficient spanning tree (EST) protocol in a WSN with approximately 300 sensors; 2) an improved EST protocol in large-scale WSNs; 3) an improved EST protocol under weighted graph. Additionally, a series of practical algorithms are proposed in this paper, where both energy and time efficient can be clearly shown through a number of simulated examples along with their comparative results.

QoSNET: An integrated QoS network for routing protocols in large scale wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are application-dependent networks. An application may require general event region information, per-node event region information, or prioritized event information in case of multiple events. All event flows are subject to congestion in wireless sensor networks. This is due to the sudden impulse of information flow from a number of event nodes to a single destination. Congestion degrades system throughput and results in energy loss of nodes. In this paper, we present a multievent congestion control protocol (MCCP) for wireless sensor networks. MCCP supports multiple event reporting modes, that is, general event reporting, per-node fair event reporting, and prioritized multiple event reporting. MCCP efficiently mitigates congestion and provides output according to selected event reporting mode. MCCP uses hop-by-hop packet delivery time and buffer size as the basic metrics for congestion detection. Moreover, we introduce a schedule-based scheme at the transport layer for rate assignment and ordered delivery of event packets to underlying routing layer. This helps to avoid packet collisions and increases the packet delivery ratio even in high densities. Detailed simulation analysis confirms that MCCP decreases packet drops and provides high packet delivery ratio (above 90%) for multiple event reporting modes.

Wireless sensor networks congestion occurs easily due to its centralized traffic pattern. Normally, mono-sync wireless sensor network experiences multiple traffic flow congestion in the dense environment of the network, which leads to excess energy consumption and severe packet loss. To overcome these issues, a congestion detection and alleviation mechanism using cluster based heuristic optimized hierarchical routing protocol is proposed in this paper. Here, congestion detection and alleviation utilize the features of sensor nodes. The congestion is categorized into two types: (i) node level congestion and (ii) link level congestion. The node level congestion is detected by assessing the buffer utilization and the interval amid the consecutive data packets. The link level congestion is considered with computing link usage utilizing back-off step of round robin carrier sense multi-access with collision avoidance. Congestion detection and alleviation reactively affected node/link through cuckoo hosted rider search multi-hop routing algorithm. It has two phases: the cluster head selection and multi-path routing. Cluster head selection is performed through Taylor multiple random forest kernel fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and multi-path routing is performed through cuckoo hosted rider search multi-hop routing algorithm. The simulation of the proposed method is done in network simulator tool. Here, the performance metrics, like packet delivery ratio, delay, energy consumption, packet drop, overhead, network lifetime and throughput are calculated. The experimental outcomes of the proposed technique shows 11.6%, 18.4% and 28.1% lower delay, 78.2%, 65.4% and 52.6% higher packet delivery ratio, and 29.2%, 37.4% and 40.8% lower packet drop compared with the existing methods, like congestion detection and alleviation using multi-attribute decision-making in optimization-based hybrid congestion alleviation routing protocol in wireless sensor networks, congestion detection and alleviation using hybrid K-means with greedy best first search algorithms in packet rate reduction utilizing adaptive weight firefly algorithm ant colony optimization based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and congestion detection and alleviation using multi-input time on task optimization algorithm for altered gravitational search algorithm routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

Using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in delay and reliability critical environments is highly desired due to their unique advantages such as low cost, ease of deployment, and redundancy. However, successful deployment of resource-limited WSNs in such applications requires strict quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning techniques to meet the desired latency and reliability targets of those applications. Implementation of QoS techniques in WSNs is significantly challenging since WSNs have been initially devised for low-data-rate non-real-time applications. Therefore, WSN designers and developers resort to different cross-layer interaction and optimization techniques to provision QoS in WSNs. In this paper, we present a survey on the state of the art of cross-layer QoS approaches in wireless terrestrial sensor networks to achieve delay and reliability bounds in critical applications. Our paper provides a unique classification of cross-layer QoS approaches in WSNs that allows surveying a large amount of studies with utmost clarity. Furthermore, we highlight the main challenges of implementing QoS protocols in WSNs and present an overview of QoS-aware WSN applications.

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks are a new emerging area where swarm intelligence can be applied with interesting implications. In fact, a strong analogy between unicellular organism colonies and wireless sensor networks can be emphasized: a sensor network can be viewed as a “colony” of simple, scarce resource nodes that, autonomously, are able only to perform simple tasks, but all together can accomplish very complex problems. In this paper we propose a routing protocol for multisink Wireless Sensor Networks with interesting properties: self organization, fault tolerance and environmental adaptation. The proposed protocol was inspired by the well known behavior (in artificial life studies) of “Slime Mold”. Such colony of unicellular organisms organizes itself in clusters by pheromone generation and evaporation mechanisms. In a similar manner our protocol manages the data traffic towards multiple sink nodes using the gradient concept and reaching high levels of autonomy and fault tolerance. We analyze the proposed protocol to examine the performances, the signalling overhead and the adaptation properties to environmental changes or nodes faults using simulation techniques.

In wireless sensor networks, MAC protocol is used to achieve efficient, fair and balanced allocation of wireless channel resources and access control of nodes in the network, and to control the communication process of nodes in the network. The energy consumption of wireless sensor nodes is mainly concentrated in the communication unit, including: data transceiver, idle listening, protocol control overhead, etc. A good MAC protocol is beneficial to reduce unnecessary energy consumption and enhance node life time. At the same time, MAC protocol, as the bottom protocol of wireless sensor network, provides a stable and reliable communication foundation for the realization of the upper protocol. Therefore, a large number of scholars at home and abroad have carried out extensive and in-depth research on MAC layer protocol of network. In this paper, the research process and progress of MAC layer protocol in wireless sensor networks are analyzed, and the research progress of MAC layer protocol in multi-radio frequency and multi-channel wireless sensor networks is analyzed.