Application of active disturbance rejection control to integrated flight-propulsion control

Automatic carrier landing system based on active disturbance rejection control with a novel parameters optimizer

The PID control strategy is usually used to control the motor in the electric servo loading system CESLS), however there are some nonlinear factors such as mechanism clearance and surplus torque in the loading process, the conventional PID control method can't guarantee the control performance and the loading accuracy of the ESLS. A position feed-forward compensation controller is introduced in the ESLS, and an outer loop active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy is designed to eliminate position disturbance and surplus torque disturbance in this paper. The method of “observation + compensation” used in the outer loop ADRC controller is not only to suppress the surplus torque, but also to improve the steady-state performance of the ESLS. The simulation result shows that the electric servo loading system based on ADRC strategy can effectively improve the tracking accuracy of the ESLS and enhance the stability of the ESLS.

In order to overcome the problems of linear control method, which are unfavorable performance and highly depending on the accuracy of vehicle model, active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) strategy is used to complete active front wheel steering(AFS) control in this paper. According to the general principle of ADRC, a second order ADRC strategy is designed. Under the operation conditions of high speed single lane change and braking on µ-split road, the control performance is studied by means of simulation. The results show that the ADRC strategy can realize AFS control effectively and decrease the dependence on the accuracy of vehicle model. At the same time, the performance is better than that of PID control.

Hybrid underwater gliders (HUGs) combine buoyancy-driven gliding with propeller-assisted propulsion, offering extended endurance and enhanced mobility for complex underwater missions. However, precise depth control remains challenging due to system uncertainties, environmental disturbances, and inadequate adaptability of conventional control methods. This study proposes a novel optimized line-of-sight active disturbance rejection control (OLOS-ADRC) strategy for HUG depth tracking in the vertical plane. First, an Optimized Line-of-Sight (OLOS) guidance dynamically adjusts the look-ahead distance based on real-time cross-track error and velocity, mitigating error accumulation during path following. Second, a Tangent Sigmoid-based Tracking Differentiator (TSTD) enhances the disturbance estimation capability of the Extended State Observer (ESO) within the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) framework, improving robustness against unmodeled dynamics and ocean currents. As a critical step before costly sea trials, this study establishes a high-fidelity simulation environment to validate the proposed method. The comparative experiments under gliding and hybrid propulsion modes demonstrated that OLOS-ADRC has significant advantages: the root mean square error (RMSE) for depth tracking was reduced by 83% compared to traditional ADRC, the root mean square error for pitch angle was decreased by 32%, and the stabilization time was shortened by 14%. This method effectively handles ocean current interference through real-time disturbance compensation, providing a reliable solution for high-precision HUG motion control. The simulation results provide a convincing foundation for future field validation in oceanic environments. Despite these improvements, the study is limited to vertical plane control and simulations; future work will involve full ocean trials and 3D path tracking.

A modified active disturbance rejection control strategy based on cascade structure with enhanced robustness

Finite-time output consensus control of nonlinear uncertain multi-agent systems via extended state observer

This paper presents the design and implementation of a novel sliding mode control integrated with active disturbance rejection (SMCDR) for precise robust trajectory tracking of piezoelectric nanopositioning stages. The model uncertainties, nonlinearity, and external disturbances of the piezoelectric nanopositioning stage are regarded as a lumped disturbance, which is estimated by an extended state observer. The active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy is used to realize a preliminary trajectory tracking, while the sliding mode control is adopted to handle the estimation error and residual uncertainties, and to improve the tracking performance. The exponential stability of the proposed SMCDR is proved using Lyapunov’s direct method. The proposed SMCDR controller combines the strength of both ADRC and sliding mode control, exhibits a simple structure, requires only the position measurements, and does not require any information of model parameters except for an approximate constant gain. Experimental results reveal the robustness of the SMCDR approach in suppressing the hysteresis of piezoelectric actuator, and illustrate the superior performance over conventional ADRC, integral sliding mode controller (ISMC) and PID controller for trajectory tracking control of piezoelectric nanopositioning stages.

In order to meet the precision requirements and tracking performance of the continuous rotary motor electro-hydraulic servo system under unknown strong non-linear and uncertain strong disturbance factors, such as dynamic uncertainty and parameter perturbation, an improved active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy was proposed. The state space model of the fifth order closed-loop system was established based on the principle of valve-controlled hydraulic motor. Then the three parts of ADRC were improved by parameter perturbation and external disturbance; the fast tracking differentiator was introduced into linear and non-linear combinations; the nonlinear state error feedback was proposed using synovial control; the extended state observer was determined by nonlinear compensation. In addition, the grey wolf algorithm was used to set the parameters of the three parts. The simulation and experimental results show that the improved ADRC can realize the system frequency 12 Hz when the tracking accuracy and response speed meet the requirements of double ten indexes, which lay foundation for the motor application.

Active disturbance rejection control for spacecraft relative motion in libration point orbits subject to actuator saturation and time-delays

This paper presents an in-depth study of the application of Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) in the high-precision motion control system of the “WeHoST” 2.5-meter large-aperture telescope using a Programmable Multi-Axis Controller (PMAC). The goal is to enhance the telescope's tracking accuracy and stability under complex environmental conditions. In response to disturbances encountered during the telescope's observation process, an optimized solution based on ADRC was designed and implemented. At first, based on ADRC theory, a controller architecture was constructed, incorporating an Extended State Observer (ESO) and a Nonlinear State Error Feedback (NLSEF) control law. Subsequently, the key parameters of the controller were determined according to the specific parameters and performance requirements of the “WeHoST” telescope to ensure the controller's fast response and stability. The ADRC was then implemented in the PMAC control system, and the telescope's position was monitored in real-time using high-precision encoders. Experimental data show that the positioning accuracy of the “WeHoST” telescope was significantly improved after the introduction of ADRC. In dynamic tracking tests, the tracking error decreased from 0.01817” to 0.01261”, a reduction of approximately 30.59%. The PP(Peak to Peak) value decreased from 0.04585” to 0.03201”, a reduction of approximately 30.18%, significantly enhancing the telescope's tracking accuracy and stability. The study successfully applied ADRC to the main axes of the “WeHoST” telescope. demonstrating its effectiveness in improving the tracking accuracy and stability of the telescope. It provides valuable insights and references for instruments requiring high-precision motion control.

To improve the anti-disturbance ability of LCL grid-connected inverter system, a novel immersion and invariance based on active disturbance rejection control(I&I-ADRC) scheme is proposed in this paper. First, the target system with stronger anti-disturbance ability is immersed into the ADRC standard model by using the target system mapping method of immersion and invariance control. Then, the disturbance estimated by extended state observer (ESO) is compensated, and the immersion and invariance(I&I) control law is adopted to design the state error feedback（SEF）control law, thus I&I-ADRC is built, which has improved anti-disturbance ability and dynamic response performance. The stability of grid-connected inverter system is proved by Lyapunov theory. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can effectively suppress the disturbance and has better tracking performance.

It is unquestionably difficult to achieve precise path-following control for a parafoil system while taking sideslip angle effect into account. To address this challenge and enhance the robustness and flexibility of tracking control, this study presents an improved active disturbance rejection control (IADRC) strategy for parafoil path following based on the surge-guided line-of-sight (SGLOS) guidance law and the multi-strategy marine predator algorithm (MSMPA) optimization. Firstly, a guidance law is designed that simultaneously utilizes surge speed and heading angle for guidance. Then, IADRC is devised to enhance stability by mitigating observational errors from the extended state observer using fal function filters and phase predictions for pre-smoothing sideslip angles as well as abrupt yaw angle fluctuations. Additionally, a controller parameter tuning approach based on the improved MSMPA is proposed. Finally, the simulation results show that this strategy could effectively overcome the influence of wind field disturbances and achieve accurate path following control. Compared with the traditional PID control and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), this method has a higher tracking accuracy and better robustness.

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems with the grid connected four-leg voltage source inverters (4LVSI) offers more efficient power conversion and distribution. However, the complexity of these higher-order systems presents significant control challenges due to the sensitive nature of both DC bus voltage and 4LVSI output currents, which introduce complex dynamic interactions within the 4LVSI control system and limit its overall control performance, particularly under system uncertainties and disturbances such as variations in irradiance, PV cell temperature, and grid voltage. To address these challenges, an enhanced active disturbance rejection control (EADRC) scheme based on a super-twisting sliding mode observer (STSMO) is designed for the outer DC bus voltage control loop. The STSMO is incorporated in the ADRC method for its fast uncertainties and external disturbances estimations, high resilience against uncertainties, and good immunity to measurement noise. The proposed STSMO-based ADRC approach effectively estimates and compensates for system uncertainties and external disturbances, thereby enhancing DC bus voltage dynamics and stability, improving resilience against uncertainties, increasing immunity to measurement noise, ensuring better steady-state accuracy of the DC bus voltage, and increasing system reliability while reducing cost and size. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method for the PV grid-connected 4LVSI system are validated through both simulation and real-time studies using the OPAL-RT simulator. The results demonstrate robust performance under parameter uncertainties and disturbances, including variations in irradiance, PV cell temperature, DC bus capacitor value, and grid voltage sags.

Neural network-based active disturbance rejection control and its application in quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle trajectory tracking.

Although the structure of PI controller is simple, there are some flaws. In order to overcome the contradictions between the rapid response and overshoot for speed, the model of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) was established in the paper. The transition process for a given speed was got by tracking - differentiator (TD). The sum of internal and external disturbance is estimated by the extended state observer (ESO). The capability of resisting disturbance is improved for the disturbance compensated timely. Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) direct torque control based on ADRC scheme is realized. The simulation results have shown its availability.