Application of Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Testing Methods in Art Conservation

Eddy Current Array Inspection of Zlin 142 Fuselage Riveted Joints

The subject of the study is sacred water sources, which can be recognized as objects of cultural and natural heritage. Sacred water sources are important objects of religious worship and places of pilgrimage, of particular importance to various cultures and religions. They are often accompanied by legends, which makes them unique and valuable objects of cultural and natural heritage. However, despite their importance, many sacred sources remain unidentified and unprotected, which can lead to their loss and disappearance. The authors, based on the results of expeditionary research conducted by scientists and graduate students of the Altai State Pedagogical University, hypothesized that sacred water sources can be identified as objects of cultural and natural heritage. In order to identify sacred water sources as objects of cultural and natural heritage, their study and typologization is necessary. The article analyzes various approaches to the typologization and classification of sources, including territorial, infrastructural, historical, ethnographic and anthropological. Particular attention is paid to the various levels of clericalization and infrastructural security of sources. The author examines various factors influencing the classification, such as the layering of meaning, local traditions and the variability of the status of sacred sites. The study also highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach to typologization in order to take into account all aspects of their essence. Among other things, the authors focus on the term "sacred water source", which is insufficiently defined in the legislative framework and modern dictionaries. In general, the study highlights the need for a deeper and more systematic approach to the study and protection of sacred sites, which is important for preserving the cultural identity and spiritual heritage of the peoples of the country.

The search of a durable and low cost fiber reinforced cement concrete for construction works is an empirical challenge in developing countries. Economic scarcity have confined the use of carbon fibers in cementitious composites on a commercial level. Jute fiber has the potential to be used in reinforcement to surpass the inherent deficiencies in cementitious materials. In this research, jute fiber reinforced concrete is used to find out which test method is more reliable among destructive and non-destructive test methods. In recent years, one of the most challenging scientific method is intelligent defect detection. Non Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques are the most useful and the easiest methods due to their efficiency and low cost. The experimental process using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Schmidt Rebound Hammer as Non-destructive Tests (NDT) are used in this paper to set up a correlation between the compressive strengths of compression tests and NDT values. These two tests have been used to find out the concrete quality by applying regression analysis models between compressive strength of jute fiber reinforced concrete and tests values. The relationship between compression strength of concrete collected from destructive test method and estimated results from NDT’s records using regression analysis are compared together to assess their reliability of prediction of concrete strength. The test results show that destructive test methods are the most reliable way to find out the original strength of test specimens. After destructive test methods, the rebound number method is more efficient in predicting the strength of concrete under certain conditions. Schmidt Hammer rebound tests is recommended to estimate the strength of concrete to reduce the number of cores taken from the structures in practical cases.

Flux density measurement in ferromagnetic tubular product: 37159 Spierer E.D. Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Vol. 3, pp. 161–173. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985)

Basic principles of magnetic flux leakage inspection systems for the evaluation of oil country tubular goods 37157 Stanley, R.K. Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Vol. 3, pp. 97–149. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985)

Basic principles of magnetic flux leakage inspection systems for the evaluation of oil country tubular goods: 37157 Stanley, R.K. Electromagnetic Methods of Nondestructive Testing. Edited by William Lord. Nondestructive Testing Monographs and Tracts, Vol. 3, pp. 97–149. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1985)

This paper reviews the most common non-destructive testing (NDT) methods of concrete structures as utilized by the structural engineering industry. The fundamentals of NDT methods are explored in regards to their potential, limitations, inspection techniques and interpretations. The factors that influence the success of NDT methods are discussed and ways to mediate their influence are recommended. Reference is made to standard guidelines for the application and interpretation of the discussed NDT methods. NDT of concrete was found to be gaining increasing acceptance as a means of evaluating the strength, uniformity, durability and other properties of existing concrete structures. Perceptions of NDT inadequacy were attributable to lack of understanding construction materials and NDT methods themselves. The intent of this paper is to address these concerns by identifying and describing the most common successful methods of NDT as applied to concrete structures.

Review of NDT methods in the assessment of concrete and masonry structures

Nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods provide scientists a way to understand the properties of samples without causing them damage. For an electrochemical device, it is crucial to investigate the behavior of it before, during, and after its operation. Therefore, NDT methods are indispensable for studying such devices.Literature highlights the effectiveness of elastic-wave-based testing methods in the evaluation of electrochemical devices. The Acoustic Emission (AE) method was applied to respectively study the behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Ni-MH batteries, while the Ultrasonic Testing (UT) method was applied to study Li-ion batteries. In our previous research, the signals representing cracking and delamination in SOFCs were successfully distinguished by their peak amplitude, wave shape, and AE energy [1]. The same technique was further used for the evaluation of mechanical damages in SOFCs during the operation [2]. In another study, similarly, the pulverization of the Ni-MH battery electrodes was observed by the AE technique, and frequency peak property was included in the discussion to classify the signals [3]. The UT method was employed to study the relationship between the state of charge of Li-ion batteries and the profiles of ultrasonic waves at different frequencies. The evolution of wave velocity, attenuation, and amplitude were discussed [4]. Based on these researches, elastic-wave-based testing methods are adopted by us.In our present study, the multi-frequencies in-situ ultrasonic monitoring technique was employed to analyze the behavior of the commercial Ni-MH batteries during the operation. Continuous ultrasonic waves at three different frequencies were separately sent into the specimens during charge cycles, and their waveforms were recorded and compared. Specific wave patterns were found near the end of the charge and discharge state, especially from the wave profiles at 750 KHz. The result showed that the evolution of waveform is frequency-dependent, which was also suggested in the literature [4]. Potential explanations for these wave patterns were inferred, including phenomena such as crystal structure evolution, internal pressure shift, and reverse of electrodes.Based on this finding, a new ultrasonic testing/monitoring method considering frequency analysis is also designed. In this new method, signals consisting of elastic waves at a wide range of frequencies with equal intensities are designed to be applied to various electrochemical devices. The application of this method will be included, while the frequency-dependent property of the testing of electrochemical devices will be assessed in combination with the present findings in this study.

Asphalt pavement density measurement using non-destructive testing methods: current practices, challenges, and future vision

In the article the authors consider the most common methods of extending the service life of wagons, namely: control tests and methods of non-destructive testing. The task of control tests is an experimental verification of the conformity of the parameters of the strength of the design of the wagon to the requirements of normative documents. The control tests include: static vertical strength tests, dropping from wedges, typical collision strength tests. Performing non-destructive testing of properties and indicators of the object of control should not lead to its destruction or violation of the suitability of the object for use and operation. Methods of non-destructive testing are classified according to the following features: the nature of the interaction of physical fields or substances with the controlled object, primary informative indicators, methods of obtaining primary information. In the study of the technical condition of knots and parts of wagons, only 4 methods of non-destructive control are most widely used: visual, capillary, magnіtopowder, ultrasonic (ultrasonic thickness gauging). According to the results of the analysis in the article, one can highlight the disadvantages and advantages of control tests. The main advantage should include the possibility of distributing the results to a batch of wagons of one model and the year of construction, the main drawback - it is quite lengthy to conduct control tests (1-2 months) and decryption of the results (2-3 months). Having analyzed the methods of non-destructive testing, it has been shown that they enable to instantly determine the technical condition of the wagon and extend the service life or eliminate it from operation. The most effective and unpretentious non-destructive control method is MT because it, unlike the PT method, detects sub surface defects (up to 2 mm from the surface) and does not have the requirements for the surface roughness of the object of control, which in turn does not require the operator Conduct control of the definition of false defects.

Aim of study: Analyze the behavior and predictive capacity of different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods—ultrasound, longitudinal and transverse vibrations, and static bending— for estimating the MOEGTO in two species of great forestry interest in Europe: Pinus sylvestris and Populus × euramericana. Additionally, this study focuses on developing global prediction models for MOEGTO using the NDT modulus of elasticity from both species, and on improving the reliability of prediction through the cross-validation process. Area of study: Provenance Region 8 (Northern Iberian System, Spain) and Ribera del Carrión (Palencia, Spain). Material and methods: A total 75 sawn lumber samples (45 of Pinus sylvestris and 30 of Populus x euramericana) with dimensions of 60 × 40 × 1200 mm were analyzed using ultrasonic testing, longitudinal and transverse vibration methods, and both destructive and non-destructive static bending tests performed with a universal testing machine. Regression models were developed to predict the static modulus of elasticity (MOEGTO). Main results: The prediction model using the NDT method of longitudinal vibrations with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) software for Pinus sylvestris showed the highest coefficient of determination with R2= 0.56, while for Populus × euramericana, the ultrasound method with the Sylvatest 4 device yielded R2= 0.67. For both species, the best-fit global prediction model was obtained with the ultrasound method using the Sylvatest Trio device, achieving R2= 0.60. Additionally, the application of cross-validation improved the predictive performance of the global models, particularly for the three ultrasound methods and the longitudinal vibration method, all of which attained R2 values above 0.6. Research highlights: This study confirms the reliability of ultrasound and longitudinal vibration techniques for estimating MOEGTO and contributes new insights by comparing multiple NDT methods across two species and developing robust cross-validated global prediction models.

Bridge deck condition assessments in Indiana are primarily reliant on visual inspection. The condition of bridge decks, however, is highly dependent on deterioration under the surface, which includes the corrosion of steel reinforcement and concrete delamination. The implementation of reliable nondestructive testing (NDT) methods can provide information about such internal deterioration, but considering the multiple NDT methods currently available, guidance is needed to find the best approach for assessing bridge decks in the state’s bridge inventory. A research program was conducted to examine various NDT methods with the objective of recommending an effective NDT strategy for network-level and project-level bridge inspections in Indiana that will complement information from traditional bridge inspections and provide asset engineers with improved information for long-term programming decisions. For the study, several consultants used various NDT methods to inspect a set of bridge decks that represented a range of desired test variables. Based on the test results, it was determined that aerial infrared thermography (IRT) is a good network-level method that is capable of scanning a large number of bridges and providing an initial assessment of bridge deck conditions. If significant delamination activity is detected, then follow-up network-level scanning limited to the problematic bridge decks should be performed using vehicle-mounted IRT. For project-level scanning of individual bridge decks, impact echo was found to be reliable and repeatable. For bridges with high-traffic volume for which project-level scanning is needed, a pole-mounted IRT system was found to be effective for evaluating the deck condition.

Currently, objects of cultural heritage on the territory of Ukraine are protected by the state, and their preservation is one of the priority tasks of state power and local self-government. The developed classifications of low-rise buildings and high-rise buildings that currently exist do not fully reflect the features of buildings that are objects of cultural heritage, therefore, they need to be supplemented and refined, taking into account their specifics. Classification of buildings and structures of objects of cultural heritage and its main features are presented. Specifics of application of technologies and materials in different time period are considered. The tendencies of development on the territory of the city of Kyiv are revealed. On the basis of collected archival data, which include: architectural drawings, surveys, laboratory researches of strength of materials and engineering-geological surveys, the main structural features of such buildings are highlighted. Ground conditions and geological processes prevailing on the territory of the city of Kyiv are considered. It is determined that during the inspection and drafting of monuments strengthening, which are objects of cultural heritage, the main task is to identify such factors as: - definition of the historical past of the territory of a building, a building or a building (initial appointment, change of mode of operation, completion, redevelopment, etc.); - definition of constructive decisions, which determine the distribution of stresses in the soil array and supporting elements; - determination of materials from which the main bearing elements and their real physical and mechanical properties are made; - research of technologies and local experience of construction, which is characteristic for a specific territory; - determination of initial ground conditions and their change during exploitation.

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Nondestructive tests are those tests which detect factors related to the serviceability or quality of a part or material without limiting its usefulness. Material defects such as surface cracks, laps, pits, internal inclusions, bursts, shrink, seam, hot tears, and composition analysis can be detected. Sometimes their dimensions and exact location can be determined. Such tests can usually be made rapidly. Processing results such as hardness, case depth, wall thickness, ductility, decarburization, cracks, apparent tensile strength, grain size, and lack of weld penetration or fusion may be detectable and measurable. Service results such as corrosion and fatigue cracking may be detected and measured by nondestructive test methods. In many cases, imperfections can be automatically detected so that parts or materials can be classified.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The SAE Handbook describes the following nondestructive test methods:</div> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J359—Infrared</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J420—Magnetic Particle</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J425—Eddy Current</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J426—Liquid Penetrant</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J427—Penetrating Radiation</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J428—Ultrasonic</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J1242—Acoustic Emission</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SAE J1267—Leakage Testing</div></li></ol> <div class="htmlview paragraph"><span class="xref">Table 1</span> summarizes the principal features of most of these tests. In addition to the tests described, other nondestructive tests exist which are less well established, but whose use is expanding. Among these are microwave tests, holography, and sonic tests. Microwaves are used to locate defects in nonmetallic substances and to determine some physical characteristics of those materials. Optical holography uses coherent light from a laser beam to detect strains and defects in materials by means of three-dimensional imaging and interferometry techniques. Acoustical holography uses ultrasonic waves to image discontinuities in the interior of solids. Recent refinements in sonic testing permit more objective determination of the physical properties of cast iron. Complete information concerning each nondestructive test can be obtained from books listed in the bibliographies of the aforementioned reports.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Increasing consumer demand for product quality at reasonable cost has resulted in development of nondestructive tests which can be applied to materials and manufactured parts. Although a variety of complementary nondestructive methods is available, development time is generally required for application to specific materials or products. The effect of part contour, surface condition, heat treatment, composition variation, and other variables may limit the ability of certain tests to detect imperfections with desired accuracy.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Nondestructive tests properly applied to basic material can add greater assurance of performance to design strengths, thereby affecting material and manufacturing economy. In addition, parts can be tested after each basic operation which is critical to service performance of the finished part. In-process nondestructive tests can also serve as basic components of feedback process control systems since all tests are based upon measurements which do not damage the material or part being inspected.</div></div>