Application of GNU Octave in Simulating Dynamic Electrical Physics Concepts on BLDC Electric Motor Trainer Kits

Based on the theory of psycho-genetics that shows the existence of a parallel between affective and cognitive aspects of behavior, the objective of this research is to verify the relationship between these aspects in children with and without learning disabilities. Twelve boys and girls with ages ranging from 9 years and 1 month to 10 years and 10 months were chosen to be observed. The children were attending 3 rd grade in a public primary school in a suburban town in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Based on the assessment by their teacher, half of the children showed gaps in learning and the other half had no learning disabilities. The test group was observed with other students in a classroom environment, performing teacher directed learning activities and playing activities such as rule games. In order to get further information about the children's behavior in school and in their family environment, both the teacher and family members were interviewed. Classical operational Piaget tests and the game Find the Animal were applied individually to all twelve participants engaged in the research. By analyzing the data obtained from observation and interviews some affective and cognitive categories were set. The affective aspects of the behavior were compared between the two groups and then were related to operational index, performance in school content and cognitive performance in the game. Comparing the affective aspects occurring in school work and in playful activities, it was shown that there were some differences between the groups. Children with no learning disabilities displayed more positive affective aspects concerning school work whereas the children with learning disabilities showed a lack of positive affection. It was clear that in both groups the positive affect was predominant in regard to playful activities. Regarding the relationship between analyzed affective and cognitive aspects the results showed that there was correlation between the aspects observed in the school work of both groups. However, with the group that exhibits learning disabilities, the relationship did not exist with the playful activities because these kinds of activities seem to require positive affective behavior, which guarantees interest without modifying cognitive aspects. Because this was an empirical study it contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between affection and cognition in children with and without learning disabilities as well as an understanding that affective and cognitive aspects are complementary, inseparable and irreducible.

In recent years, electric and hybrid vehicles have taken more and more attention due to their apparent advantages in saving fuel resources and reducing harmful emissions into the environment. Even though electric vehicles can solve the ecological problem, their operation is faced with a number of inconveniences associated with a limited driving distance from a single charge due to limited storage of energy from an independent power source and a lack of the required service and repair infrastructure. In hybrid and electric vehicles one of the main parameters is the curb weight, which affects energy consumption, vehicle speed, stability, controllability and maneuverability. In this regard, leading car manufacturers use parts with a low specific weight (non-metallic, aluminum alloys, etc.) in the design and also exclude some units from the design. Due to these technical solutions, the vehicle's operating is improved. One of the groups of parameters to be defined when designing a new electric vehicle is the parameters relating to the electric motor. The purpose of the article is determination of the mechanical characteristics of a two-rotor electric motor during magnetic flux control and assessment of the possibility of organizing the drive of the drive wheels of the vehicle. The electric motor has two mechanically independent outputs. For the study, an electrical equivalent diagram has been developed for the given two-rotor electric motor. A simulation model of the equivalent diagram has been built. Simulating the interaction processes of the rotors with the stator made it possible to obtain data for building the mechanical characteristics for each output of the electric motor. Analysis and processing of the mechanical characteristics data of the electric motors showed the conformity and the range of changes in the torque on each of the rotors when changing their slip and revolution, which are required when building algorithms for the operation of electric motor control systems as part of drives for various purposes. Analysis of the simulation results made it possible to assess the possibility of using the considered two-rotor electric motor for the drive of drive wheels in an electric and hybrid wheeled vehicle.

PurposeExpressions of pride may elicit others’ envy. In the consumer context, prior research has repeatedly demonstrated that such envy significantly affects consumers’ attitudinal and behavioural responses towards the object of envy. This paper aims to investigate whether this pride-envy relationship is bi-directional. Does being envied by others affect consumers’ self-directed feelings of pride, as well as their subsequent attitude towards a product (i.e. the object of envy)?Design/methodology/approachThree experiments examined how emotional reactions of envy from others may influence consumers’ subsequent affective and attitudinal responses towards their own product or purchase. The first experimental study (n = 129) examined whether exposure to benign envy from others evokes higher levels of authentic pride and positively influences product attitude. The second experiment (n = 159) investigated whether exposure to malicious envy from others evokes high levels of hubristic pride, and therefore, negatively influences product attitude. The third study (n = 80) was a quasi-field experiment seeking to provide further empirical support for the relationship between benign (vs malicious) envy and authentic (vs hubristic) pride and their effects on attitude.FindingsThe first experiment showed that when participants observed expressions of benign envy towards them, they expressed authentic pride, which ultimately increased positive attitudes towards the product. The second experiment showed that when participants observed expressions of malicious envy towards them, they expressed hubristic pride, which, in turn, reduced positive attitudes towards the product. The effect of malicious envy was further moderated by susceptibility to social influence, whereby the indirect effect of malicious envy on product attitudes was only significant among participants with high susceptibility. The third experiment demonstrated the relationship between benign (vs malicious) envy and authentic (vs hubristic) pride and the effects on attitude in a quasi-field study.Research limitations/implicationsThe present paper aims to fill a research gap by showing how being the recipient of others’ malicious or benign envy affects consumers’ self-directed feelings of pride, as well as their attitude towards a product that is the object of envy.Practical implicationsThe current research is among the first to show that the emotional expressions of other consumers can influence existing consumers’ affective responses and attitudes towards a product. These findings highlight the importance of building a positive culture and community around brands and products, whereby other consumers’ consumption of the brand or product is perceived positively.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first empirical evidence demonstrating that others’ expression of benign (malicious) envy may lead to the self-feeling of authentic (hubristic) pride, which has a downstream effect on attitude towards the product.

Current legislation in European countries, as well as in other parts of the world, is putting stricter limits on pollutant emissions from road vehicles. This issue, in conjunction with the increase awareness of consumer for the environmental problems, will require the development of new clean propulsion systems in disruption with the current mobility solutions based on internal combustion engine. Electric, hybrid and fuel-cells vehicles (Chan, 2007) are now recognized as an indispensable mean to meet the challenges associated with sustainable mobility of people and goods. In this paradigm shift, the electric motor (EM) will assume a key role in the propulsion of future vehicles and, unlike vehicles based on internal combustion engines, the high energy and power densities will facilitate the development of new powertrains configurations. In particular, multi-motor configurations, where several EMs are allocated to each driven wheel of the vehicle, represent an attractive configuration for electric vehicles (EVs), due to the independent wheel torque control and the elimination of somemechanical systems, like the differential. These features, allied with the fast dynamics of EMs, are being explored to increase the vehicle maneuverability and safety (Geng et al., 2009) and improve the performance of the EV traction system (Hori, 2004). To cope with this rise in functional and computational complexity that current (and future) EVs require, in this work we explore the new Field-programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform to address the powertrain control, i.e. involving the electric motor and the power converters control, of multi-motor EVs. In the past two decades, motor control applications have been dominated by software based solutions implemented in DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), due to the low cost and ease of programming (Cecati, 1999). However, these DSP solutions are facing increasing difficulties to respond to the ever-increasing computational, functional and timing specifications that modern industrial and vehicular applications require (Monmasson & Cirstea, 2007). For instance, when single-coreDSP based solutions needs to incorporate complex and time-critical functions, e.g. multi-motor control, the sequential processing of this approach decrease the controller bandwidth (see Fig. 1), which may compromise the application timing specification. Multi-core DSPs are a possible alternative to address this concern, but they also add costs and interconnection complexity. Consequently, in the last years, FPGAs received an increased interest by the academy and industry as an option to offload time-critical tasks from the DSPs (Lopez et al., 2008; Rahul et al., 2007; Ying-Yu & Hau-Jean, 1997), or even replace the DSPs control platform by a System on Chip (SOC) based on FPGAs (Idkhajine et al., 2009). 7

Learning activities are often faced with challenges that interfere with teachers and students in achieving educational goals, such as difficulties in providing effective feedback and improving student learning skills. This can result in learning difficulties for students due to the application of less applicable methods. Various teaching methods are needed in order to increase students' enthusiasm and motivation to learn. The Quantum Teaching method is believed to be able to create a pleasant learning environment by utilizing students' natural potential, including their curiosity. This method is implemented through the TANDUR stages: Grow, Experience, Name, Demonstrate, Repeat and Celebrate. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a type of library research that refers to various sources to understand the use of the Quantum Teaching Method in classroom learning activities. The results show that this approach has great potential to improve the effectiveness of learning in the educational environment. This research shows that the Quantum Teaching Method is effective in improving student achievement which includes cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. Cognitive aspects are improved through six levels of learning: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Affective aspects can be improved through five levels of activities: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization. Meanwhile, psychomotor aspects can be improved through seven activity steps: perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, and origination.

Developing cars is a major factor that has determined the increasing of the civilization degree and the continuous stimulation of the society progress. Currently, in Europe, one in five active people and in the US, one in four, directly work in the automotive industry (research, design, manufacture, maintenance) or in related domains (fuel, trade, traffic safety, roads, environmental protection). On our planet the number of the cars increases continuously and he nearly doubled in the last 10 years. With increasing number of cars entered in circulation every year, is held and increasing fuel consumption, increased environmental pollution due to emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE), used to their propulsion. Reducing oil consumption takes into account the limited availability of petroleum reserves and reducing emissions that affect the health of population in large urban agglomerations. The car needs a propulsion source to develop a maximum torque at zero speed. This can not be achieved with the classic ICE. For ICE power conversion efficiency is weak at low speeds and it has the highest values close to the rated speed. Pollution reduction can be achieved by using electric vehicles (EV), whose number is still significant. The idea of an electrical powered vehicle (EV) has been around for almost 200 years. The first electric vehicle was built by Thomas Davenport in 1834 [Westbrook, 2005]] But over time, the batteries used for energy storage could provide the amount of electricity needed to fully electric propulsion vehicles. Electric vehicles are powered by electric batteries which are charged at stations from sources supplied by electrical network with electricity produced in power plants. Currently, a lot of researches are focused on the possibility of using fuel cells for producing energy from hydrogen. EV with fuel cell can be a competitive alternative to the standard ICE that is used in today’s cars. If performance is assessed overall thrust of the effort wheel and crude oil consumed for the two solutions: classic car with ICE and car with electric motor powered by electric batteries, the difference between their yields is not spectacular. In terms of exhaust emissions is the net advantage for electric vehicles. Pollutant emissions due to energy that is produced in power plants (plant property, located) are much easier to control than those produced by internal combustion engines of vehicles that are individual and scattered. Power plants are usually located outside urban areas, their emissions affects fewer people living in these cities. By using electric motors and controllers efficient, electric vehicles provide the means to achieve a clean and efficient urban transport system and a friendly environment. Electric vehicles are zero emission vehicles, called ZEV type vehicles (Zero-Emissions Vehicles).

Future electric vehicles (EVs) will be linked to the electric power system infrastructure; the vehicles will operate through frequent electric charging, as is the case with electric trains. Conventional batteries require a long recharging time; therefore, supercapacitors, rather than batteries, will play an important role in the future for charging of EVs. Recently, we manufactured small EVs powered only by supercapacitors. Supercapacitors have a long operating life, large current density, and environmentally friendly composition. Further, their energy level can be estimated from their terminal voltage. Because EVs powered by supercapacitors can operate for more than 20 min after being charged for only 30 s, the requirement for constant recharging of EVs is reduced substantially, thereby increasing the efficiency of these EVs. Wireless power transfer based on magnetic resonance is an extremely important technique that needs to be considered for enhancing the efficiency of EVs. In a laboratory experiment, this technique enabled approximately 50 W power transfer with more than 95% efficiency at a distance of more than 50 cm. In order to improve energy efficiency and safety of future EVs, the implementation of novel motion control techniques for EVs is required. Since EVs are powered by electric motors, they have three major advantages: motor torque generation is quick and accurate, a motor can be attached to each wheel, and motor torque can be estimated precisely. These advantages enable the realization of highperformance antilock braking and traction control systems, control of two-dimensional chassis motion, and estimation of road surface condition. In summary, we can achieve a large-scale development of future vehicles that employ three techniques: Electric Motors, Supercapacitors, and Wireless Power Transfer. This eliminates the requirement for engines, high performance Li-ion batteries, and large charging stations.

Electric motor performance directly affects the overall performance of an electric vehicle (EV). The electric motor windings heats up when operated under extreme load and hence, reducing the efficiency of the vehicle. As such, EV propulsion system requires cooling systems, not only to the electric motor but also to the battery banks in order to ensure efficient operation and maximizing the electric components and vehicle lifetime. The project focuses on the design and development of a liquid cooling system for an electric vehicle propulsion system to determine the optimum size and cooling capacity by thermodynamic analysis. This paper described the analysis of energy transfer (heat removal) by using thermal resistance network approach in determining the suitable design for the cooling system of an AC-50 induction electric motor. The CAD drawing was generated to suit the dimension constrain and the cooling system was completed using CATIA software. The results showed that the optimal design for the water jacket for the maximum heat removal of 5500 W from the electric motor, should have a wall thickness of 0.5 cm with an annular thickness of 2.4 cm. Both copper and aluminium exhibited similar cooling capabilities with the latter having lower cost and ease of manufacturing.

Background: Whilst relatively new in physiotherapy, simulation has been used in various medical and nursing programs to develop manual and communication skills and clinical reasoning. The primary aim of this study was to develop and introduce simulation activities into the physiotherapy curricula at an Australian University and evaluate students’ motivation to learn. The secondary aim was to evaluate differences in perceived value between first and second year students. Methods: During 2014, first and second year physiotherapy students at Curtin University, Western Australia enrolled in three units had the opportunity to participate in newly developed simulated scenarios as part of their program. On completion of these novel learning activities, students were invited to undertake the Instructional Materials Motivation Scale (IMMS) questionnaire. Results: Total IMMS scores for the three units (147, 137 and 156) indicated that overall, students found the simulation based learning activities motivating. First year students found that simulation gained their attention and was more enjoyable than second year students. Conclusions: As motivation entices people to learn and to complete activities, there may be great potential for improved learning outcomes using this modality in physiotherapy curricula, especially in the first year of the program.

Dyspnoea and the brain

Attitudinal and affective response toward accented English

Technology-based learning strategies offer innovative solutions to improve students' achievement in fiqh subjects in the digital era. This study aims to describe the implementation of technology-based fiqh learning strategies and to analyze their impact on students' learning outcomes at SQ Abu Bakar As Shidiq Bandar Lampung. The research employed a qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and learning outcome tests. The findings reveal that the integration of technology, such as interactive learning applications, e-learning platforms, and audiovisual media, significantly enhances students’ learning motivation, clarifies fiqh concepts, and accelerates understanding. Furthermore, student engagement in learning activities becomes more active and collaborative. This strategy also supports the realization of more effective, efficient, and contextually relevant learning. These results indicate that integrating technology into fiqh education is a strategic step that should continue to be developed to improve the quality of Islamic education at the elementary school level.

Simulation-based learning (SBL) activities in the health sciences provide students with opportunities to interact with realistic patients and environments. This study aimed to develop and then implement a novel activity using simulation for a large group of mostly millennial physiotherapy students, to enhance their ability to communicate with a challenging patient and to assess their motivation to learn. Students enrolled in asecond-year communicationunit were invited to participate in a non-compulsory uniqueSBL activity in groups offour for 40minutes, undertaking two 5-minute simulation scenarios and twodebriefing sessions. On completion of the activity, 140 students scored their motivation to learn during the activity using the Instructional Materials Motivation Scale (IMMS) questionnaire. Of the physiotherapy students enrolled in the unit, 83percent took part in the SBL and 100percent of the participants completed the follow-up survey. Mean scores for each subscale ranged from 3.8 to 4.0, reflecting that students agreed more than moderately with the statements made in the scale. The median total IMMS score for all students was 149, well above the published median total score of the scale (108). Simulation-based learning activities provide students with opportunities to interact withrealistic patients and environments DISCUSSION: The SBL activity model was successfully implemented and received positively by the students in terms of their motivation to learn. It gained the attention of participants by providing an opportunity to practise the non-technical skill of 'communicating with patients', previously learned in the classroom, in a simulated realistic environment and by using a design that seemed to consider the needs of the millennial generation.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Electric vehicles (EVs) present a distinct set of challenges in noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) compared to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. As EVs operate with significantly reduced engine noise, other sources of noise, such as motor whine, power electronics, and road and wind noise, become more noticeable. This review paper explores the key NVH issues faced by EVs, including high-frequency tonal noise from electric motors, gear meshing, and vibrations. Additionally, it examines recent advancements and trends in NVH mitigation techniques, such as active noise control, improved material insulation, and advanced vibration isolation systems. Furthermore, this paper discusses the role of computational tools, simulation technologies, and testing methodologies in predicting and addressing NVH concerns in EVs. By providing an in-depth analysis of the challenges and the latest innovations, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing development of quieter and more refined EVs.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">EVs pose unique challenges in the realm of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) that differ from those encountered in traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. With the significant reduction in engine noise in EVs, other noise sources—such as motor whine, power electronics, and road and wind noise—become more prominent. This review paper delves into the primary NVH challenges associated with EVs, including the high-frequency tonal noise produced by electric motors, gear meshing, and vibration issues. It also explores the latest advancements and trends in NVH mitigation techniques, such as active noise control, enhanced material insulation, and advanced vibration isolation systems. Additionally, the paper highlights the role of computational tools, simulation technologies, and testing methodologies in predicting and addressing NVH challenges in EVs. Through a comprehensive analysis of these challenges and innovations, this review aims to support the ongoing efforts to develop quieter and more refined EVs</div></div>

The electric vehicle (EV) market has grown over the last few years and even though electric vehicles do not currently possess a high market segment, it is projected that they will do so by 2030. Currently, the electric vehicle industry is looking to resolve the issue of vehicle range, using higher battery capacities and fast charging. Energy consumption is a key issue which heavily effects charging frequency and infrastructure and, therefore, the widespread use of EVs. Although several factors that influence energy consumption of EVs have been identified, a key technology that can make electric vehicles more energy efficient is drivetrain design and development. Based on electric motors’ high torque capabilities, single-speed transmissions are preferred on many light and urban vehicles. In the context of this paper, a prototype electric vehicle is used as a test bed to evaluate energy consumption related to different gear ratio usage on single-speed transmission. For this purpose, real-time data are recorded from experimental road tests and a dynamic model of the vehicle is created and fine-tuned using dedicated software. Dynamic simulations are performed to compare and evaluate different gear ratio set-ups, providing valuable insights into their effect on energy consumption. The correlation of experimental and simulation data is used for the validation of the dynamic model and the evaluation of the results towards the selection of the optimal gear ratio. Based on the aforementioned data, we provide useful information from numerous experimental and simulation results that can be used to evaluate gear ratio effects on electric vehicles’ energy consumption and, at the same time, help to formulate evolving concepts of smart grid and EV integration.