Artificial Intelligence-Supported and App-Aided Cephalometric Analysis: Which One Can We Trust?

Cephalometry can be measured with traditionally conventional analysing methods (hand tracing), as well as using computers. Many dental softwares have been developed for this purpose. The reliability of these programs are often compared with the conventional method. The aim of the present study was to compare the conventional method of manual cephalometric analysis with a computerized one, OnyxCeph ™ (Image Instruments, Chemnitz, Germany) dental software. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 150 patients (75 males and 75 females) age range 12-34 were traced by two methods. Conventional method and computerized (OnyxCeph) cephalometric analysis method. 2 maxillar, 3 mandibular, 2 maxillo-mandibular, 3 vertical, 7 dental and 1 soft tissue parameters; 10 angular, 8 linear totally 18 cephalometric parameters were measured. Intra-class correlation coefficients were performed for both methods to assess the reliability of the measurements. The results 9 of 18 parameters were found statistically significant. They were Cd-A distance, Cd-Gn distance, Go-Me distance, GoGnSN angle, ANS-Me distance, upper incisor-NA distance, lower incisor-NB distance, lower incisor-NB angle, overbite distance. Despite some discrepancies in measured values between hand-tracing cephalometric analysis method and the OnyxCeph cephalometric analysis method, statistical differences were minimal and only Cd-A, Cd-Gn, Go-Me, ANS-Me, GoGnSN° were clinically important for cephalometric analysis OnyxCeph was evaluated as an efficient method to replace conventional method.

Purpose: This study aims to reveal research trends by revealing the evaluation in this field by making a holistic analysis of academic studies that have examined the concepts of innovation and productivity in the last five decades. This analysis aims to reveal the general structure of academic studies that deal with the concepts of innovation and productivity. Methodology: Articles searched in the ‘‘Social Science Citation Index (SSCI)’’, ‘‘Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)’’ and ‘‘Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)’’ in the ‘‘Web of Science (WoS)’’ database, researching innovation and productivity together between 1980-2023. It was analysed and mapped using the VOSviewer 1.6.19 software and manual methods. Co-occurrence Keyword Analysis, Document Co-citation Analysis and manual analysis methods were used in the mapping. Findings: This study reveals how research in innovation and productivity has developed over the last five decades and what trends it has. It has been determined that the most published areas are Economy, Management and Business. The most frequently used keywords were found to be "innovation", "productivity", "research-and-development", "growth", "performance" and "impact". The most published topics on a cluster basis are "impact", "innovation and productivity", "growth", "research and development" and "performance", respectively. In the document co-citation analysis, it was determined that the publication in which all publications were linked included the study titled "Research, Innovation and Productivity: an econometric analysis at the firm level", published by Crépon et al. (1998). This information can be a valuable resource for future research and policy-making and can be used to drive innovation and productivity progress. Originality: While the study is the first and only content analysis to reveal the combined trends in this field by examining the "innovation and productivity" studies together, it is thought that the results obtained can guide researchers and professionals.

Accurate islet quantification has proven difficult to standardize in a good manufacturing practices (GMP) approved manner. The influence of assessment variables from both manual and computer-assisted digital image analysis (DIA) methods were compared using calibrated, standardized microspheres or islets alone. Additionally, a mixture of microspheres and exocrine tissue was used to evaluate the variability of both the current, internationally recognized, manual method and a novel GMP-friendly purity- and volume-based method (PV) evaluated by DIA in a semiclosed, culture bag system. Computer-assisted DIA recorded known microsphere size distribution and quantities accurately. By using DIA to evaluate islets, the interindividual manually evaluated percent coefficients of variation (CV%; n=14) were reduced by almost half for both islet equivalents (IEs; 31% vs. 17%, P=0.002) and purity (20% vs. 13%, P=0.033). The microsphere pool mixed with exocrine tissue did not differ from expected IE with either method. However, manual IE resulted in a total CV% of 44.3% and a range spanning 258 k IE, whereas PV resulted in CV% of 10.7% and range of 60 k IE. Purity CV% for each method were similar approximating 10.5% and differed from expected by +7% for the manual method and +3% for PV. The variability of standard counting methods for islet samples and clinical quantities of microspheres mixed with exocrine tissue were reduced with DIA. They were reduced even further by use of a semiclosed bag system compared with standard manual counting, thereby facilitating the standardization of islet evaluation according to GMP standards.

Stereological methods, using the principle of point counting and unbiased counting frames, for the estimation of muscle area, total fibre area, number of muscle fibres and mean fibre area are described in detail. Their practical application is demonstrated on cross-sections of the rat soleus muscles. It is shown that the efficiency of these methods is high and their results are comparable with those achieved by the conventional manual and image analysis methods. The main advantages of two-dimensional stereological methods in muscle morphometry are pointed out: measurements are made directly on specimens under the microscope and in the simplest implementation do not require sophisticated and expensive technical equipment. Furthermore, unbiased results are obtained, no segmentation and edge effect problems arise and the quantity of work invested in stereological estimation is reasonable. Based upon the study of the efficiency of used stereological methods, a suitable test system for muscle morphometry is proposed.

Diagnostic significance of radiologic measurements in posterior heel pain

A geographical information system (GIS) was used to develop a regression model designed to predict flood magnitudes in the Sandy and Clackamas river basins in Oregon. Manual methods of data assembly, input, storage, manipulation and analysis traditionally used to estimate basin characteristics were replaced with automated techniques using GIS-based computer hardware and software components. Separate GIS data layers representing (1) stream gage locations, (2) drainage basin boundaries, (3) hydrography, (4) water bodies, (5) precipitation, (6) landuse/land cover, (7) elevation and (8) soils were created and stored in a GIS data base. Several GIS computer programs were written to automate the spatial analysis process needed in the estimation of basin characteristic values using the various GIS data layers. Twelve basin characteristic data parameters were computed and used as independent variables in the regression model. Streamflow data from 19 gaged sites in the Sandy and Clackamas basins were used in a log Pearson Type III analysis to define flood magnitudes at 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year recurrence intervals. Flood magnitudes were used as dependent variables and regressed against different sets of basin characteristics (independent variables) to determine the most significant independent variables used to explain peak discharge. Drainage area, average annual precipitation and percent area above 5000 feet proved to be the most significant explanatory variables for defining peak discharge characteristics in the Sandy and Clackamas river basins. The study demonstrated that a GIS can be successfully applied in the development of basin characteristics for a flood frequency analysis and can achieve the same level of accuracy as manual methods. Use of GIS technology reduced the time and cost associated with manual methods and allowed for more in-depth development and calibration of the regression model. With the development of GIS data layers and the use of GIS-based computer programs to automate the calculation of explanatory variables, regression equations can be developed and applied more quickly and easily. GIS proved to be ideally suited for flood frequency modeling applications by providing advanced computerized techniques for spatial analysis and data base management.

Aim:The guidelines for planning an improvement in the facial appearance till recently existed in the form of evaluation of linear and angular parameters and ratios related to the hard tissues in the various cephalometric analyses. The present study aimed at establishing Arnett et al.'s norms of the upper and lower lip for the local population and assessing the extent by which these differ from the original norms proposed by Arnett et al.Materials and Methods:Forty pretreatment lateral cephalograms (20 males and 20 females) with normal occlusion and well-balanced face were chosen for this study. Upper and lower lip lengths, thicknesses, and chin thickness were all measured according to soft tissue cephalometric analysis by Arnett et al.Results:The obtained data were statistically analyzed and compared with other studies.Conclusion:Males had thicker and longer upper and lower lips when compared to females, but they were comparatively thinner than the results of Arnett et al. Females had more interlabial gap than males. The difference in soft tissue parameters in different ethnic groups shows the importance of defining what is optimal for a particular group.

Aim Snoring, which falls within the spectrum of sleep-related breathing disorders, is considered to be one of the common symptoms of airway obstruction. Lateral cephalometric analysis is an effective way of diagnosing airway obstruction by evaluating skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The present study was planned to analyze the pharyngeal space among snorers and nonsnorers in the retroglossal region and in the region of hypopharynx at the level of epiglottis.Materials and Methods The present cross-sectional study included a total of 60 individuals who were grouped into snorers and nonsnorers based on their answers for the study questionnaire related to snoring. Digital lateral cephalograms were taken for all maintaining the exposure parameters while Digora software was used for measurements related to the soft tissue parameters. The two significant soft tissue parameters analyzed were the distance of epiglottis from the tip of the soft palate, the retroglossal length, and the distance of posterior pharynx from the tip of the epiglottis, the pharyngeal space.Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States) while pairedt-test was used for intergroup analysis. Ap-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The mean retroglossal length was found to be 25.52 mm among the snorers and 23.70 mm among the nonsnorers. In case of pharyngeal space, a mean of 8.54 mm was recorded among the snorers whereas among the nonsnorers, the respective mean value of 10.16 mm was observed.Conclusion In the present study, pharyngeal space was found to be less at the level of the tip of epiglottis among the snorers compared with nonsnorers which can be attributed to be one of the significant reasons behind snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the outcome of immediate single-tooth implant placement and provisionalisation in the aesthetic zone regarding hard and soft peri-implant tissue parameters and patient-related outcome measures in a private practice. All consecutively treated patients with single-tooth immediate implant placement and provisionalisation between the period 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2013 in a referral practice in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, were included in the study. Fifty-one patients of a total of 64 could be examined at follow-up (Tfollow-up ). Radiographs were present from implant placement (Tplacement ), after definitive crown placement (Tdefinitive ), and new radiographs were taken at the follow-up appointment (Tfollow-up ). Next to this, soft tissue parameters, patients' satisfaction and professionals' aesthetic scores were measured at Tfollow-up . Implant survival was 96·9% after a mean follow-up period of 4 years following implant placement. At definitive crown placement, mean marginal bone-level loss was 0·25 mm (SD 0·19). Mean marginal bone-level loss following definitive crown placement was 0·06 mm (SD 0·10) (Tdefinitive to Tfollow-up ) after a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Plaque index, bleeding index and gingival index scores were low. Patients' satisfaction was rated very high: 9·0 (SD 0·7). Professionals aesthetic score was 16·49 (SD 1·86). From this study can be concluded that immediate placement of implants followed by immediate provisionalisation resulted in a high survival rate, minimum peri-implant bone loss, very good aesthetics and satisfied patients after a mean follow-up period of 4 years.

It is unclear whether an intact buccal bony plate is a prerequisite for immediate implant placement in postextraction sockets. The aim of this 10-year randomized controlled trial was to compare peri-implant soft and hard tissue parameters, esthetic ratings of, and patient-reported satisfaction with immediate implant placement in postextraction sockets with buccal bony defects ≥5mm in the esthetic zone versus delayed implant placement after alveolar ridge preservation. Patients presenting a failing tooth in the esthetic region and a buccal bony defect ≥5mm after an extraction were randomly assigned to immediate (Immediate Group, n=20) or delayed (Delayed Group, n=20) implant placement. The second-stage surgery and provisional restoration placement occurred 3months after implant placement in both groups, followed by definitive restorations 3months thereafter. During a 10-year follow-up period, marginal bone levels (primary outcome), buccal bone thickness, soft tissue parameters, esthetics, and patient-reported satisfaction were recorded. The mean marginal bone level change was -0.71±0.59mm and -0.36±0.39mm in the Immediate Group and the Delayed Group after 10years (p=0.063), respectively. The secondary outcomes were not significantly different between both groups. Marginal bone level changes, buccal bone thickness, clinical outcomes, esthetics, and patients' satisfaction following immediate implant placement, in combination with bone augmentation in postextraction sockets with buccal bony defects ≥5mm, were not statistically different to those following delayed implant placement after ridge preservation in the esthetic zone. Immediate implant placement in case of a failing tooth is a favorable treatment option for patients because it considerably shortens treatment time and the number of surgical treatments. The question is if an intact buccal bone wall is necessary for immediate implant placement. A 10-year study was performed in which 20 patients with a failing tooth in the frontal region of the upper jaw were treated with immediate implant placement and were compared with 20 patients in whom a more conventional treatment strategy was followed in which the failing tooth was first removed and the bone gap restored and the implant placed in a second step. After a 10-year follow-up period, it appeared that the bone around the implant was very stable, gums were healthy, and patients were very satisfied with the result. There was no difference between the two treatment procedures. Such results mean that professionals can discuss the procedure with the patient and apply the individual's preference.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different surgical procedures on soft tissue and skeletal changes. Pre- and postoperative lateral cephalograms of 191 class III patients aged 16-58 years were retrospectively analyzed and divided into three groups according to the surgical therapy they had undergone. Group I had undergone maxillary advancement (n=51), group II a bimaxillary (n=102) procedure, and group III mandibular setback (n=38). Cephalometric assessments were made at the beginning of orthodontic treatment (T1) and at least 8 weeks after surgical correction of the class III malocclusion (T2). Nasolabial angle and the distance between the lower lip and the esthetic line were evaluated as soft-tissue parameters, while the skeletal parameters included the SNA and SNB angles, Wits value, gonial angle, and relative position of the maxilla to mandible. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated and any significant difference between soft and hard tissue in association with surgery methods was determined applying the Wilcoxon test using SAS statistical software. Compared to mandible setback, the number of bimaxillary procedures and maxilla advancements has increased significantly in recent years (0.04). SNA values measured at T2 were an average of 84° in group I, 83° in group II, and 82° in group III, thus, revealing a tendency to return to the normal range. SNB values measured at T2 averaged 81° in group I, 80° in group II, and 81° in group III. We observed significant changes in the nasolabial angle according to the surgical approach taken (p=0.018). Changes in the distance between the lower lip and the esthetic line were only slightly significant (p=0.050). No significant differences were noted among the surgical approaches in terms of SNA and SNB angles. The two groups that underwent advancement of the maxilla (groups I and II) revealed marked improvements in soft-tissue esthetics.

Abstract:&#x0D; Introduction: The evaluation of the facial profile is an important factor in any current orthodontic diagnosis and accurate treatment planning is dependent on it.&#x0D; Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study is to find out differences in angular measurements between photographic and cephalometric measurements whether photographic measurements can be used in place of cephalometric measurements.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: The study comprised 100 volunteers (50 males and 50 females) ranging in age from 12 to 16 years. The respondents were chosen at random throughout the sampling process. Cephalometric and photographic profile analysis was used, with angular measurements based on standard cephalometric and photographic records taken in natural head position in lateral view. Lateral cephalogram was used for cephalometric analysis and photograph taken in lateral view was used for evaluation. The study included four factors in total.&#x0D; Results: There was no significant difference in facial angular measurements between the cephalometric and photographic analysis.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that photographic measurements can be used in place of lateral cephalogram as there are negligible differences between them&#x0D; Keywords: Photographic analysis, Cephalometric analysis, Naso-labial angle, Naso-mental angle, Naso-frontal angle, Naso-facial angle

The manual method of semen analysis is vital in andrology laboratories. To solve the labor-intensive, time-consuming, and subjective problem, computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) systems have been developed. However, it is unclear whether the consistency of semen analysis results especially in male infertility diagnoses can be achieved. A total of 326 individuals were recruited from January 14, 2020, to October 22, 2020. The manual method was used as the gold standard. Pairwise comparisons were conducted between CASAs (Hamilton-Thorne CEROS II Clinical, LensHooke X1 Pro, and SQA-V Gold Sperm Quality Analyzer) and manual method. LensHooke had the best performance in concentration, while the others showed moderate performances (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: CEROS-0.723, LensHooke-0.842, SQA-V-0.631). CEROS II had moderate performances in motility, and the others only had poor agreements (ICC: CEROS-0.634, LensHooke-0.417, SQA-V-0.451). Morphology analyses were not consistent with manual results (ICC: LensHooke-0.160, SQA-V-0.261). In Bland–Altman plots, CEROS II (P = .379) and SQA-V Gold (P = .218) showed consistent measurements in concentrations and total sperm count with the manual method, while the others were inconsistent. LensHooke X1 Pro (κ=0.701) and CEROS II (κ = 0.664) showed substantial performances in oligozoospermia, and SQA-V Gold had moderate agreements (κ = 0.588). In asthenozoospermia, LensHooke X1 Pro had moderate performances (κ = 0.405) and CEROS II had fair agreement (κ = 0.249), while low agreement using SQA-V Gold (κ = 0.157). In teratozoospermia, LensHooke X1 Pro (κ = 0.177) and SQA-V Gold (κ = 0.008) could not have consistent results either. When choosing treatment based on morphology, the ratio of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) approximates 0.5 in our unit. However, the ratios were around 0.31 and 0.15 using LensHooke X1 Pro and SQA-V Gold, indicating the reduction of ICSI work in routine treatment. CASA results were not consistent with manual results, and the deviations might result in skewed in vitro fertilization/ICSI allocation in subsequent treatment. Interestingly, tested CASA systems tend to skew to conventional in vitro fertilization instead of ICSI. Although CASA technologies have been improving recently, the manual method cannot be replaced by the tested CASA systems at present and the results should be treated with caution. CASA algorithms should be improved, especially in morphology. Future strict studies should be designed to evaluate the CASA systems with both internal and external validations.

Background: Preoperative grade 3 pivot shift has been reported to be associated with higher rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) failure, persistent instability, and inferior patient-reported outcomes. The etiology of a high-grade pivot shift is multifactorial, and numerous factors have been suggested to be responsible. More attention has recently been focused on injury to the anterolateral structures (ALS) as a risk factor for a grade 3 pivot shift. Purpose: To determine risk factors for grade 3 pivot shift, including soft tissue and osseous parameters. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A prospective evaluation was undertaken of 200 consecutive patients undergoing acute ACL reconstruction (within 10 days of injury). An open exploration of the lateral side of the injured knee was performed at the time of the index procedure. Details regarding patient and injury characteristics were recorded, as were details of soft tissue injuries, including meniscal tears, ALS lesions, medial collateral ligament tears, and chondral injuries. Osseous parameters (tibial slope and condylar ratios) were determined per established magnetic resonance imaging protocols. A multivariate logistic regression with penalized maximum likelihood was used to identify risk factors associated with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade 3 pivot shift. Results: The mean ± SD age of the population was 28.3 ± 9.8 years; 67.5% of patients were male. Among patients, 35 (17.5%) had a high-grade pivot shift (IKDC grade 3), and 165 (82.5%) had a low-grade pivot shift (IKDC grades 1 and 2). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that injury to the ALS was the only significant risk factor for grade 3 pivot shift (odds ratio, 13.49; 95% CI, 1.80-1725.53). Conclusion: This comprehensive evaluation of soft tissue and osseous factors has identified that injury to the ALS is the most important risk factor for grade 3 pivot shift in acute ACL-injured knees.

Aim: To compare and evaluate soft tissue linear and angular measurements reliability between Digital and Manual Tracing method Objectives: The objective of the study is to conclude that digital and manual tracing method for soft tissue measurements are reliable and comparable to each other Materials &amp; methods: Lateral Cephalograms of 35 patients who reported for Orthodontic Treatment irrespective of the type of malocclusion were taken. A total of 24 measurements were taken with 17 Linear Soft Tissue Measurements and 7 Angular Soft Tissue Measurements respectively. The digital images of each cephalogram was directly imported to Nemoceph Software for digital tracing whereas for manual tracing compatible printed images were used. Results: Soft Tissue Chin Thickness, Lower Lip Thickness, A’- B’, Sn’-Pog’, Upper Lip Length, Upper Lip Protrusion, Upper Lip Anterior - Lower Lip Anterior showed statistically significant difference between the two techniques among linear measurements but were clinically acceptable (difference between the digital and manual technique were less than 2 units ie 1 unit = 1mm for linear measurement and 1 degree for angular measurements). Throat Length also showed statistically significant difference between the two techniques for linear measurement but was not clinically acceptable as it exceeded 2mm difference. Amongst the Angular measurement only Z-Angle Upper Lip showed statistically significant difference between the two techniques but was clinically acceptable. Conclusion: Digital measurements were found to be reliable and comparable to manual tracing method for all soft tissue linear and angular measurements except Throat Length.