Aspect-oriented design of sensor networks

Understanding Packet Delivery Performance In Dense Wireless Sensor Networks ∗ Computer Science Department University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0781 Jerry Zhao Computer Science Department University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0781 Ramesh Govindan zhaoy@usc.edu ABSTRACT Wireless sensor networks promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of environments. Many of these environ- ments (e.g., indoor environments or habitats) can be harsh for wireless communication. From a networking perspec- tive, the most basic aspect of wireless communication is the packet delivery performance: the spatio-temporal charac- teristics of packet loss, and its environmental dependence. These factors will deeply impact the performance of data acquisition from these networks. In this paper, we report on a systematic medium-scale (up to sixty nodes) measurement of packet delivery in three different environments: an indoor office building, a habitat with moderate foliage, and an open parking lot. Our findings have interesting implications for the design and evaluation of routing and medium-access protocols for sensor networks. ramesh@usc.edu spectrum under use, the particular modulation schemes un- der use, and possibly on the communicating devices them- selves. Communication quality can vary dramatically over time, and has been reputed to change with slight spatial displacements. All of these are true to a greater degree for ad-hoc (or infrastructure-less) communication than for wire- less communication to a base station. Given this, and the paucity of large-scale deployments, it is perhaps not surpris- ing that there have been no medium to large-scale measure- ments of ad-hoc wireless systems; one expects measurement studies to reveal high variability in performance, and one suspects that such studies will be non-representative. Wireless sensor networks [5, 7] are predicted on ad-hoc wireless communications. Perhaps more than other ad-hoc wireless systems, these networks can expect highly variable wireless communication. They will be deployed in harsh, inaccessible, environments which, almost by definition will exhibit significant multi-path communication. Many of the current sensor platforms use low-power radios which do not have enough frequency diversity to reject multi-path prop- agation. Finally, these networks will be fairly densely de- ployed (on the order of tens of nodes within communica- tion range). Given the potential impact of these networks, and despite the anecdotal evidence of variability in wireless communication, we argue that it is imperative that we get a quantitative understanding of wireless communication in sensor networks, however imperfect. Our paper is a first attempt at this. Using up to 60 Mica motes, we systematically evaluate the most basic aspect of wireless communication in a sensor network: packet delivery. Particularly for energy-constrained networks, packet de- livery performance is important, since that translates to net- work lifetime. Sensor networks are predicated using low- power RF transceivers in a multi-hop fashion. Multiple short hops can be more energy-efficient than one single hop over a long range link. Poor cumulative packet delivery per- formance across multiple hops may degrade performance of data transport and expend significant energy. Depending on the kind of application, it might significantly undermine application-level performance. Finally, understanding the dynamic range of packet delivery performance (and the ex- tent, and time-varying nature of this performance) is impor- tant for evaluating almost all sensor network communication protocols. We study packet delivery performance at two layers of the communication stack (Section 3). At the physical-layer and in the absence of interfering transmissions, packet de- Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Network Architecture and Design]: Wireless communication; C.4 [Performance of Systems]: Perfor- mance attributes, Measurement techniques General Terms Measurement, Experimentation Keywords Low power radio, Packet loss, Performance measurement 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless communication has the reputation of being no- toriously unpredictable. The quality of wireless communica- tion depends on the environment, the part of the frequency ∗ This work is supported in part by NSF grant CCR-0121778 for the Center for Embedded Systems. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. SenSys’03, November 5–7, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA. Copyright 2003 ACM 1-58113-707-9/03/0011 ... $ 5.00.

Error control coding improves reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems. This research delves into the latest advancements in error control coding schemes for wireless communication systems, with a specific focus on their application within the domain of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) such as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) systems, LoRa energy-efficient hardware design, random access control systems, and wireless sensor networks. In the context of LPWANs, particularly NB-IoT systems, we investigate the adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in NB-IoT systems, which adapts coding rates and modulation techniques to changing channel circumstances. Comprehensive analysis of the literature review shows that the proposed approaches are more energy efficient and less error-prone than fixed coding and modulation schemes. Using Cell Design Methodology (CDM), Single Error Correction (SEC) codes are optimized for energy efficiency. Power and energy efficiency have improved in standard CMOS and CDM logic systems. This impacts IoT devices, memory storage, and security systems. Next, Forward Error Correction (FEC) is examined for ALOHA-based random-access control systems wherein packet loss rate and spectral efficiency metrics are mathematically calculated. FEC is beneficial, especially when time and frequency synchronization diverge. Monte Carlo simulations studied in the literature shows that FEC improves satellite communication systems. This review establishes benefits of FEC, notably in satellite communications systems. In addition, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) error control techniques and network reliability and performance are examined along with Convolutional, Turbo, Low density parity check codes(LDPC), and Polar error correction coding (ECC) methods. We learn about their benefits, drawbacks, and implementation challenges by assessing their efficacy, efficiency, and applicability in wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. This study further highlights advancements of energy-efficient error control coding when, integrated into network designs alongwith the trade-offs between efficacy and intricacy to help improve wireless communication networks. Finally, this study summarizes current error control coding approaches for wireless communication systems. We provide insights into improving reliability, energy conservation, and efficacy by examining ACM, CDM, FEC, and error correction coding (ECC) across varied domains including LPWAN and IoT technologies with earnest hope to facilitate researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of error control coding in wireless communication.

Problem statement: The Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) is a wireless network used for communication among sensor nodes operating on or inside the human body in order to monitor vital body parameters and movements. This study surveys the state-of-the-art on Wireless Body Area Networks, discussing the major components of research in this area including physiological sensing and preprocessing, WBASNs communication techniques and data fusion for gathering data from sensors. In addition, data analysis and feedback will be presented including feature extraction, detection and classification of human related phenomena. Approach: Comparative studies of the technologies and techniques used in such systems will be provided in this study, using qualitative comparisons and use case analysis to give insight on potential uses for different techniques. Results and Conclusion: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technologies are considered as one of the key of the research areas in computer science and healthcare application industries. Sensor supply chain and communication technologies used within the system and power consumption therein, depend largely on the use case and the characteristics of the application. Authors conclude that Life-saving applications and thorough studies and tests should be conducted before WBANs can be widely applied to humans, particularly to address the challenges related to robust techniques for detection and classification to increase the accuracy and hence the confidence of applying such techniques without physician intervention.

Wireless Sensor Networks have proven their capability to deal with problems where wide and hardly accessible areas need to be monitored. Among the other systems there are also sensor networks in wh...

Seaports and their terminals are growing and their role in transport of goods are undeniable. Nowadays as an essential part of the world economic system, the management of cargo shipping such as containers that their transportation is done through the sea are discussed. On the other hand, for optimal management of containers and reduce the time required for transportation, the use of infrastructure based on modern technologies is something inevitable. Wireless sensor networks that are displayed briefly with WSN, are actually infrastructures for sensing environmental parameters, computation and sending information. Using wireless sensor networks, containers which transport over 90 percent of the world's non-bulk goods can be monitored online on the ships and seaport areas. Therefore, in this paper, considering the importance of position coordinates of container terminals and ship decks, a novel method is provided for secure positioning of the containers using position based cryptography techniques. Transportation is a basic part of the economy. Transporting systems are associated with all sectors of the society and has made it the pillars of economy, trade and social life. The purpose of the development of transport in developed societies is an integrated collection and coordinated transportation such as Management of, cargo owners, production facilities and storage of goods to international investment goods as soon as possible to reach their destination. The purpose of transport development in developed societies, is a coherent collecting and coordination among factors such as transport management, owners of the goods, centers of production, consumption and storage of goods along with international investment so that the goods reach their destination as soon as possible. Hence, we could use modern technologies to optimize the management of the container terminals as an important part of transport chain. Wireless sensor networks have recently gotten the researchers and industry owners' attention as an efficient instrument to perform necessary operations in port terminals. WSNs consist of so many sensor nodes with limited hardware in order to perceive and record the phenomenon and even the reactions to them. Sensors which are being distributed in the environment could estimate conditions as temperature, pressure, sound, vibration, movement and pollution with the help of each other. The used sensors in WSNs share with each other the received data from the environment around, so that they can make a general view of the environment under control. These sensors are in fact the results of mixing the latest progresses in the fields of electro mechanic, digital and electronic wireless communications that make the observation possible-through having characteristics such as power consumption and low cost, small size and limited radio range, the environments that their permanent presence in there is hard or impossible (1). All the disasters could be predictable via using the wireless sensor networks. Since using ordinary and standardized telecommunication protocols and computers costs a lot in doing so, WSNs with low cost is being used in these fields. The widespread use of wireless networks, technology in the field of electronic such as antenna designing, wireless circuits and the ability to create speedy processors having significant memory are of the factors causing daily improvement of using WSNs. Recently, companies producing sensor networks components have designed unique hardware to use in managing container terminals. There are more than hundred kinds of containers in the world. This variety consists of the most common ones i.e. dry containers rather than those being designed for the special kinds of the goods. They are of different kinds: dry container, open type container, open side platform containers, refrigerated containers, platform containers, live animal shipping containers, and tank containers. Due to the large number of containers settling in containers' terminals, their coordinate situating is of special importance. Control, monitoring, and real time tracking of the containers, in addition to speeding up the performance of the port operations, can also stop goods' smuggling and theft. So, in this paper, a new approach has been presented for the secure positioning of the containers. It is clear that in wireless sensor networks just as any other networks; we should get the use of algorithms and methods to reach the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity verification. Although accessing the security goals according to comprehensive restrictions in WSN is not easy. These networks, according to their characteristics such as other network types are always under the exposure of different attacks from the invaders in order to infiltrate and disrupt the system. The invaders manipulate user data (hearing, changing, embedding and deleting). The nature of wireless communication, the incontrollable environment and infrastructure weakness, increases the invaders abilities in sensor networks. Wireless communications help the invaders to

A wireless sensor network (WSN) (singular and plural of acronyms are spelled the same) is a distributed system composed of autonomous sensor nodes wireless connected and randomly scattered into a geographical area to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Adequate techniques and strategies are required to manage a WSN so that it works properly, observing specific quantities and metrics to evaluate the WSN operational conditions. Among them, one of the most important is the reliability. Considering a WSN as a system composed of sensor nodes the system reliability approach can be applied, thus expressing the WSN reliability in terms of its nodes' reliability. More specifically, since often standby power management policies are applied at node level and interferences among nodes may arise, a WSN can be considered as a dynamic system. In this article we therefore consider the WSN reliability evaluation problem from the dynamic system reliability perspective. Static–structural interactions are specified by the WSN topology. Sleep/wake-up standby policies and interferences due to wireless communications can be instead considered as dynamic aspects. Thus, in order to represent and to evaluate the WSN reliability, we use dynamic reliability block diagrams and Petri nets. The proposed technique allows to overcome the limits of Markov models when considering non-linear discharge processes, since they cannot adequately represent the aging processes. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique, we investigate some specific WSN network topologies, providing guidelines for their representation and evaluation.

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN'05), held in conjunction with the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'05), November 7, 2005, in Alexandria, Virginia.This year we received a total of 39 submissions on various aspects of ad-hoc and sensor network security. The program committee selected 6 as regular papers that cover a variety of topics, including trust establishment in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), security of vehicular ad-hoc networks, secure group communication, key pre-distribution for sensor networks, jamming attacks against sensor network MAC protocols, and defense against Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. This year we continue the tradition of SASN'03 and SASN'04 to encourage the presentation and discussion of work-in-progress on ad-hoc and sensor network security. Among the 39 submissions, the program committee selected 7 papers to present in work-in-progress sessions, covering topics on anonymous routing for MANETs, key distribution for inter-group multicast in ad-hoc networks, improved topology assumptions for threshold cryptography in MANETs, RFID security, tracing in mobile wireless sensor networks, time synchronization attacks in sensor networks, and coordinated deployment for improving secure communications and sensing coverage in wireless sensor networks. In addition, the program includes a panel on Advances in Sensor and Ad-hoc Network Security and an invited keynote talk by Radha Poovandran (University of Washington) on Information Assurance in MANETs and Wireless Sensor Networks. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for security researchers and developers.

Using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in delay and reliability critical environments is highly desired due to their unique advantages such as low cost, ease of deployment, and redundancy. However, successful deployment of resource-limited WSNs in such applications requires strict quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning techniques to meet the desired latency and reliability targets of those applications. Implementation of QoS techniques in WSNs is significantly challenging since WSNs have been initially devised for low-data-rate non-real-time applications. Therefore, WSN designers and developers resort to different cross-layer interaction and optimization techniques to provision QoS in WSNs. In this paper, we present a survey on the state of the art of cross-layer QoS approaches in wireless terrestrial sensor networks to achieve delay and reliability bounds in critical applications. Our paper provides a unique classification of cross-layer QoS approaches in WSNs that allows surveying a large amount of studies with utmost clarity. Furthermore, we highlight the main challenges of implementing QoS protocols in WSNs and present an overview of QoS-aware WSN applications.

Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a crucial application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in which maximizing network lifetime is a key challenge. Previous research into the performance of a network in a building environment has been concerned with radio propagation within a single floor. We investigate the link quality distribution to obtain full coverage of signal strength in a four-storey building environment, experimentally. Our results indicate that the transitional region is of particular concern in wireless sensor network since it accommodates high variance unreliable links. The transitional region in a multi-storey building is mainly due to the presence of reinforced concrete slabs at each storey and the fac┬©ade which obstructs the radio signal and introduces an additional absorption term to the path loss.

Residuals-based fault diagnosis of industrial automation systems using timed and untimed Interpreted Petri nets

We present a case study that considers the application of runtime verification technology to a wireless sensor application. The case study is performed using the SURGE TinyOS application for multi-hop routing, which executes on the Avrora TinyOS simulator. We discuss the problems we have encountered in the course of case study. The problems include unclear correctness properties for wireless network applications (indicating ad hoc development process) and inadequate tool support. A wireless sensor network usually comprises of a collection of tiny devices with built-in processors that can gather physical and environment information such as temperature, light, sound, etc., and communicate with one another over radio. Many wireless sensor network applications sit on top of an operating system called TinyOS and are mostly written in nesC, an extension of C that provides a component-based programming paradigm. Most of wireless sensor network applications are developed and tested on a simulator before they are deployed in the environment because testing and debugging directly on physical devices are very difficult, especially when the network consists of many nodes, and may not provide enough information for debugging. A simulator usually produces detailed execution information and can help find errors. However, even with the simulator and nesC, the current state of development tools for wireless sensor network still requires very low-level programming, which makes it hard for the developers to maintain a high-level view of the system operation. During the validation stage, lack of sophisticated debugging tools for sensor networks makes it difficult to make the connection between a high-level functional or performance requirement and a particular aspect of system implementation. This paper investigates a high-level approach to examine execution data from a simulator and analyze it using runtime verification. The technique 1) identifies and formally specifies high-level requirements for the system under development, 2) monitors a distributed wireless sensor network application using data provided by the simulator, and 3) checks for timing and dynamic properties to gain understanding of the relevant behaviors of wireless sensor nodes and to provide a systematic approach in finding bugs and errors. A particular runtime verification used inthis paper is MaC. MaC provides specification languages capable of expressing functional, timing, and probabilistic properties to specify requirements or patterns of errors. Properties can, for example, examine periodic behaviors or identify a faulty node. MaC then monitors and checks a wireless sensor network application against its specification by observing data produced by a simulator. The motivation for applying the monitoring and checking technique to check wireless sensor network applications is threefold: 1) raise the development level for wireless sensor network, 2) provide a mechanism for understanding high-level behaviors of the system in terms of low-level observation, and 3) provide a tool based on the acceptance of the state of the art development tool for sensor networks.

Wireless industrial sensor networks are wireless sensor networks which have been adapted to industrial applications. Most techniques for wireless sensor networks can be applied to wireless industrial sensor networks. However, for industrial applications of wireless industrial sensor networks, new requirements such as real-time, reliable delivery need to be considered. In this paper, we propose EARQ, which is a novel routing protocol for wireless industrial sensor networks. It provides real-time, reliable delivery of a packet, while considering energy awareness. In EARQ, a node estimates the energy cost, delay and reliability of a path to the sink node, based only on information from neighboring nodes. Then, it calculates the probability of selecting a path, using the estimates. When packet forwarding is required, it randomly selects the next node. A path with lower energy cost is likely to be selected, because the probability is inversely proportional to the energy cost to the sink node. To achieve real-time delivery, only paths that may deliver a packet in time are selected. To achieve reliability, it may send a redundant packet via an alternate path, but only if it is a source of a packet. Experimental results show that EARQ is suitable for industrial applications, due to its capability for energy efficient, real-time, reliable communications.

Power minimization is a serious issue in wireless sensor networks to extend the lifetime and minimize costs. However, in order to gain an accurate understanding of issues regarding power minimization, modeling techniques capable of accurately predicting energy consumptionare needed. This paper demonstrates that Petri nets are a viable option of modeling a processor. In fact, this paper shows that the Petri nets' accuracy surpasses a Markov model utilizing supplementary variables to account for constant delays.

In recent years, there has been intense research and considerable progress in solving numerous wireless sensor networking challenges. However, the key problem of enabling real-time quality-aware multimedia transmission over wireless sensor networks is largely unexplored. The large amount of data generated by most multimedia applications (compared to traditional scalar sensor networks), along with the higher QoS requirements make it difficult to meet the low energy use requirements of practical sensor networks. We explore the use of compressed sensing (aka “compressive sampling”) to reduce the energy required to encode and transmit high quality video in a severely resource-constrained environment. In this chapter, we will examine some of the major challenges of wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) implementation. Specifically, we examine what it would take to develop a WMSN that has similar performance (and restrictions) as a traditional scalar wireless sensor network (WSN). We then examine how we can use the new paradigm of compressed sensing (CS) to solve many of these problems.KeywordsSensor NodeWireless Sensor NetworkDiscrete Cosine TransformVideo QualityCompress SenseThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.