Assessing networked coastal zone management programs

Coastal management in the Persian Gulf region within the framework of the ROPME programme of action

Coastal management in Australia has been through a period of unprecedented change during the past 3 years. All six state governments have undergone major reforms of their coastal management programs during this time. These reforms have been promoted by numerous changes in the political complexion of state governments, periodic reviews as state systems have become stale, and outcomes of federal government inquiries. Greater involvement in coastal management has been demanded by interest groups and the community resulting from a range of coastal inquiries and some significant coastal issues, like sewage disposal and subdivisions. These changes are set to continue as Australian jurisdictions attempt to come to grips with recent changes due to the recognition of native title. The recent evolution of coastal zone management in Australia is described and analyzed, focusing on possible future directions of Australian coastal zone management at both state and national levels. Evaluating the success of these programs is stressed, especially given the recent overhaul of coastal management systems in Australia.

Federal-state coordination in coastal management. An assessment of the federal consistency provision of the Coastal Zone Management Act

The demographic trends show that people of color, black, yellow, and brown, will make up the majority of the U.S. population in the next century, and even earlier in coastal states such as California. Dialogue between the environmental movement and people in these communities on a common agenda, has been limited. Such dialogue is needed for three reasons: (1) minorities often have a higher exposure to environmental hazards and impacts, (2) minorities have a stake in environmental decisions, and (3) minorities are a growing constituency, and without our allegiance, the environmental movement will be at a significant disadvantage in the future. The conflict over port dredging in the San Francisco Bay Area potentially pitting thousands of minority‐held jobs against the preservation of the winter‐run chinook salmon and other habitat issues illustrates the urgency for developing the dialogue between minorities and environmental communities. Coastal management programs will increasingly face these issues, and should be leaders in fostering a productive interaction between these communities by aggressively opening opportunities for minority participation or decision making, reaching out to minority communities through education, and recruiting minority individuals into the profession and practice of coastal zone management.

Attempts by the federal government, notably the Department of the Interior, to accelerate development of hydrocarbon resources on the Outer Continental Shelf have resulted in litigation between coastal states and the federal government. A principal issue involved has been whether federal consistency provisions contained in the Coastal Zone Management Act apply to federal lease sale decisions. Language contained in this statute (Section 307(c)(l)) requires federal activities directly affecting the coastal zone to be conducted in a manner consistent, to the maximum extent practicable, with state coastal zone management programs. This paper reviews the evolution of this controversy in intergovernmental relations since its inception, and describes various proposals which have been made to define the term “directly affecting.”; Events involved in OCS Lease Sales Nos. 48, 53, and 68, offshore California, are described to illustrate the varying state/federal perspectives on federal consistency requirements. This assessment concludes that voluntary consistency determinations by federal agencies would best promote harmonious state/federal relations in developing hydrocarbon resources on the Outer Continental Shelf.

The CoastView project: Developing video-derived Coastal State Indicators in support of coastal zone management

Managing natural resources sustainably is essential in this contemporary era of land use planning system. This includes managing and planning theinvaluable of coastal areas. In this regards, coastal management programmes have been regarded as a key approach in delivering the coastal strategies and objectives towards achieving a sustainable coastal development worldwide. This is supported by the good governance to ensure that the implementation of coastal development is successful. As such, this paper suggests that the aspect of good governance as one essential element of coastal management that can and should make a substantial contribution to planning and managing coastal land uses in Malaysia. It has many positive implications to the environmental, social and economic sectors. The experience of Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS) in managing the coastal areas via the implementation of good governance indicates the requirement of good governance in ensuring a successful coastal management. In addition, financial element has become a significant attribute in implementing coastal management initiatives. This study offers input in planning literatures by addressing the integration of coastal management, good local governance, land use planning and financial elements which are very relevant with today‘s current global changes on environment as a whole.

The experience in coastal management in the tropics that is presented in this special issue is considered in light of other coastal management initiatives worldwide. The major challenges confronting those working to promote cross-sectoral, participatory approaches to the management of coastal areas are discussed. Emerging conceptual frameworks are considered. Several factors critical to the design of coastal management projects and programs are identified. The article concludes with a reflection on priorities for furthering the practice of coastal management in the next decade.

Coastal zone management plans need to consider scenarios of coastline evolution and associated uncertainties. In this paper, the main causes of shoreline retreat and coastal erosion (natural and anthropogenic) in the north coast of Portugal are discussed. The importance of increasing knowledge on coastal dynamics to improve long-term predictions of coastline changes is highlighted since it is essential to establish proper management tools. It is also shown that the Portuguese coastal ecosystems are not resilient enough to extreme events and that the Portuguese coastal zone, like very many others worldwide, and will be severely affected by the effects of climate change. It is concluded that extreme events need to be properly characterized and their impacts assessed since they have important implications in terms of uses of either the coastal zone or the coastal waters. Without that analysis, coastal management plans will be lacking technical and scientific information and data that could help decision-makers define the best strategies to control erosion levels and the impact of extreme events related to climate change effects. Finally, a detailed assessment of the coastline evolution was performed for the new Caminha-Espinho coastal management program, for the time horizons 2050 and 2100, based on historical data. The methodology used for the evaluation of the rates of shoreline change, hazard mapping and definition of set-back lines is presented. Selected examples are given to demonstrate the potential of this methodology in supporting the development of coastal zone management plans, but also to highlight the limitations and uncertainties linked to the complexity of the phenomena under analysis.

Mastering the spatial distribution of water retention capacity and scientifically delineating the ecological space for water conservation are of great significance to the management of regional land and water resources. In this paper, a water conservation ecological spatial delimitation framework suitable for water-deficient areas was put forward. The water retention capacity of the study area in 1983, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016 was evaluated by using the InVEST Water Yield model and water balance method, respectively. On this basis, a flexible inflection point model based on the contribution degree of functional units was established. Then the ecological space for water conservation was delimited. The framework was applied to the delimitation of the key water conservation areas in Jilin province, China. The results showed that: (1) the spatial distribution pattern of water conservation in Jilin province gradually decreased from east to west. The spatial difference was significant. The maximum value of water conservation in Jilin province was 730 mm. From 1983 to 2016, water conservation, which accounted for 75.71% of the area, showed an upward trend. The overall water retention capacity showed the characteristics of the overall increase and the local decline. (2) From the absolute amount of the effect of unit area change on water conservation, the intensity from the high to the low was forestland, cultivated land, grassland, unused land, buildings, and water. (3) The area of water conservation less than 474 mm accounted for more than 80% of the total study area. The overall water retention capacity was low. High importance ecological space area of water conservation was comprehensively defined as 36.97%, which was mainly distributed in the natural forest area of Changbai Mountain in the east and the south of Song Liao Plain. Therefore, this study provided a basic layout of relatively concentrated ecological spatial distribution for water conservation types at different levels in Jilin province. The study results and conclusions of this paper will provide a reference for water conservation assessment and the regional land’s natural resources management.

Financing Coastal Land Use Planning: A Case Study of LUAS, Malaysia

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Introduction. Management Goals and Purposes: Sustainable Use of Resources. Biological Diversity. Protection Against Natural Hazards. Pollution Control. Economic Development Management and Planning. Enhancement of Social Welfare of Coastal Communities. Optimum Mix of Uses. Development Impacts: General Issues. Agriculture. Aquaculture. Forest Industries. Heavy Industry. Infrastructure. Mining. National Security. Petroleum Industry. Ports and Marinas. Tourism. Settlements. Shore Protection Works. Waste Disposal. Water Supply Projects. Marine Excavation. Solutions Through Management: The Integrated Approach. The Search for Sustainable Yield. Biodiversity Conservation. Natural Hazards. Hinterlands. Management Functions. Designing an ICZM Program. Joint Management of Land and Sea. Non-Integrated Option. Strategy Planning: The Process. Objectives. Policy Formulation. Issues Analysis. Dimensions of Coastal Zone. Seastorms and Other Hazards. Hinterlands. Pollution. Biological Diversity. Multiple Use. Integration. Institutional Mechanisms. Legislation. Project Review, Permits, and Environmental Assessment. Setbacks. Incremental Approach. Participation. Motivation. Addressing Socio-Economic Concerns. Alternative Livelihoods. Information. Comparable Planning. Program Development: Orientation of a Program. Master Plan. Jurisdiction. Land Use. Regulatory Program - Permits and Reviews. Environmental Assessment. Protected Areas. Situation Management. Information Services. Technical Services. Restoration and Rehabilitation. Operational Format. Program Evaluation. MANAGEMENT METHODS Aquaculture Management. Awareness. Baseline and Monitoring. Beach Management. Boundaries. Construction Management. Coral Reef Management. Coral Reef Survey Methods. Ecologically Critical Areas Identification. Database Development. Dredging Management. Dune Management. Economic Impact Assessment. Environmental Assessment. Environmental Management Plan. Floodlands. Historical-Archeological Sites Impact Assessment. Institutional Analysis. Issues Analysis. Management Plan. Mangrove Forest Management. Mapping. Master Plan. Mitigation. Monitoring and Baseline. Nutrients Management. Ocean Outfall Placement. Oxygen: BOD/COD Measurement. Project Review and Permits. Protected Natural Areas. Public Participation in Planning. Rehabilitation. Retreat. Septic Tanks Placement. Setbacks. Sewage Management. Shoreline Construction Management. Situation Management. Social Impact Assessment. Strategy Plan. Tiers for Management. Traditional Use Arrangements. Turbidity Measurement. Urban Runoff Management. Water Quality Management: Coastal Waters. Water Quality Management: Coral Reefs. Zoning. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION Agricultural. Airfields. Alternative Livelihoods. Aquaculture. Artificial Reefs. Barrier Islands. Beach Erosion. Beach Fill. Beach Resources. Biological Diversity. Biosphere Reserves. Biotoxins. Carrying Capacity. Ciguatera. CITES. The Commons. Conflict Resolution. Coral Reef Resources. Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Typhoons. Decentralized Management. Diversity Index. Dredging Techniques. Dynamite Fishing. Ecodevelopment. Economic Benefits of Protected Areas. Economic Valuation. Ecosystems. Ecotourism. Education. Electric Power Generation. Endangered Species. Environmental Audit. Eutrophication. Exclusive Economic Zone. Exotics. Explosives. Fisheries. Genetic Diversity. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Global Warming. Greenbelt. Impact Types. Indicator Species. Industrial Pollution. Information Needs. Inlets. International Assistance Agencies. Kelp Beds. Lagoons, Estuaries, and Embayments. Littoral Drift. Mangrove Forest Resources. Marinas. Marshlands. Mining. Multiple Use of Resources. Multiple-Use Management Authorities. Natural Hazards. Nature Synchronous Design. Noise and Disturbance. Nurture Areas. Oxygen. Participation. Pathogens. Performance Standards. Petroleum Industries. Political Motivation. Pollution. Ports and Harbors. Principles and Premises. Ramsar Convention. Rapid Rural Appraisal. Red Tide. Regional Development Planning. Remote Sensing. Research Needs. Restoration and Rehabilitation. Risk Assessment. Roadways, Causeways, and Bridges. Salinity. Salt Water Intrusion. Sand Mining. Seagrass Meadows. Sea Level Rise. Sediments and Soils. Settlements. Sewage Treatment. Shellfish Pollution. Site Management and Housekeeping. Social Equity. Socio-Economic Factors. Solid Wastes. Storm Surge. Subsidence. Suspended Particulate Matter. Sustainable Use. Terms of Reference. Tideflats. Tides. Tourism. Toxic Substances. Traditional Uses. Training. Transparency of Water. Tsunamis. Turtles. Underwater Fishing. Watersheds and Upland Effects. Waves. Wetlands. Zona Publica. CASE HISTORIES Australia. Barbados. Bermuda. Bonaire. Canada. China. Costa Rica. Ecuador. Egypt. Grenada. India. Indonesia. Italy. Malaysia. Maldives. Mexico. Netherlands. Oman. Philippines. St. Lucia. Solomon Islands. South Pacific. Sri Lanka. Tanzania. Thailand. Trinidad and Tobago. Turks and Caicos. United States. Vietnam. West Indies. REFERENCES GLOSSARY APPENDICES Countries with Coastal Zone Management Programs. Conversion Data INDEX

This review shares lessons learned from the establishment of early marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Philippines about the need to establish baseline information, do systematic monitoring of the status of the marine environment, and to progress towards more integrated forms of management that involve key stakeholders in coastal areas. The tendency for human society to change its perception of what is “normal” through the phenomena of “shifting baselines” is pointed to as a reason why more concerted action is not taken to stop the downward trends of Philippine coastal resources and environment. The small MPAs of Apo, Sumilon and Olango Islands as well as the large Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, are cited as examples of how the establishment of baselines and the implementation of effective monitoring over time for both biophysical and governance parameters, has been instrumental in maintaining and improving the quality of the marine environment and bringing benefits to people. The development of integrated coastal management and coastal resource management programs within local government units is explained as a way of harnessing local institutions to lead the way towards improved management and stewardship of coastal resources and provide tangible benefits to coastal communities. And, the role of national government is highlighted as a facilitator and a source of technical support to local governments in the implementation of marine conservation and coastal resources management. Finally, the significant influence of Dr. Angel Alcala in marine conservation in the Philippines is noted through his research and related conservation efforts for small-island and fisheries management and his mode of sharing results with local communities and governments so that they could learn from their own mistakes and successes and become better stewards of their resources. KEYWORDS: Apo, community, coral reefs, Sumilon, tourism, Tubbataha

Anthropogenic activity has a negative impact on many coastal ecosystems, compromis- ing the significant direct and indirect socio-economic benefits provided in these areas. Maintaining activities that depend on coastal zones while preserving the ecological state of the ecosystems repre- sents a management challenge. Management of coastal zones requires scientifically based knowl- edge, due to the complexity of the ecological processes which occur in these ecosystems and because of interaction with the socio-economic system. The effectiveness of coastal management instruments and programmes needs to be evaluated to determine the success of adopted measures and to estab- lish improved goals. Some of the research areas that can support coastal management include marine spatial planning, ecological modelling, development of tools to communicate science to managers, and interaction between coastal ecosystems and socio-economics. This paper reviews management instruments to address coastal zone problems and of some research areas to support management.

To enhance the environmental values of Tokyo Bay – a proposition for integrated coastal zone management