Essay: Ethnic diversity—essential but missing in coastal/ocean management programs

Coastal management in the Persian Gulf region within the framework of the ROPME programme of action

During the early development of the national coastal zone management program there was no federal prescription with regard to how coastal states should proceed in establishing their programs institutionally. At one end of the spectrum was the California model—a new coastal ‘'superagency'’ with power not only to plan, but to regulate development. At the other end of the spectrum was an approach which relied on existing agencies and authorities and improved policy development and coordination; this approach was described as “networking.”; Many coastal advocacy groups, academics, and bureaucrats viewed the networked model with skepticism. With more than a decade of experience, we here review and critique the efficacy of this approach to coastal management. Lessons learned from experimentation with networked coastal management programs may provide important lessons for other regional land and water resources management efforts.

The experience in coastal management in the tropics that is presented in this special issue is considered in light of other coastal management initiatives worldwide. The major challenges confronting those working to promote cross-sectoral, participatory approaches to the management of coastal areas are discussed. Emerging conceptual frameworks are considered. Several factors critical to the design of coastal management projects and programs are identified. The article concludes with a reflection on priorities for furthering the practice of coastal management in the next decade.

The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal

Coastal management in Australia has been through a period of unprecedented change during the past 3 years. All six state governments have undergone major reforms of their coastal management programs during this time. These reforms have been promoted by numerous changes in the political complexion of state governments, periodic reviews as state systems have become stale, and outcomes of federal government inquiries. Greater involvement in coastal management has been demanded by interest groups and the community resulting from a range of coastal inquiries and some significant coastal issues, like sewage disposal and subdivisions. These changes are set to continue as Australian jurisdictions attempt to come to grips with recent changes due to the recognition of native title. The recent evolution of coastal zone management in Australia is described and analyzed, focusing on possible future directions of Australian coastal zone management at both state and national levels. Evaluating the success of these programs is stressed, especially given the recent overhaul of coastal management systems in Australia.

Federal-state coordination in coastal management. An assessment of the federal consistency provision of the Coastal Zone Management Act

Attempts by the federal government, notably the Department of the Interior, to accelerate development of hydrocarbon resources on the Outer Continental Shelf have resulted in litigation between coastal states and the federal government. A principal issue involved has been whether federal consistency provisions contained in the Coastal Zone Management Act apply to federal lease sale decisions. Language contained in this statute (Section 307(c)(l)) requires federal activities directly affecting the coastal zone to be conducted in a manner consistent, to the maximum extent practicable, with state coastal zone management programs. This paper reviews the evolution of this controversy in intergovernmental relations since its inception, and describes various proposals which have been made to define the term “directly affecting.”; Events involved in OCS Lease Sales Nos. 48, 53, and 68, offshore California, are described to illustrate the varying state/federal perspectives on federal consistency requirements. This assessment concludes that voluntary consistency determinations by federal agencies would best promote harmonious state/federal relations in developing hydrocarbon resources on the Outer Continental Shelf.

Managing natural resources sustainably is essential in this contemporary era of land use planning system. This includes managing and planning theinvaluable of coastal areas. In this regards, coastal management programmes have been regarded as a key approach in delivering the coastal strategies and objectives towards achieving a sustainable coastal development worldwide. This is supported by the good governance to ensure that the implementation of coastal development is successful. As such, this paper suggests that the aspect of good governance as one essential element of coastal management that can and should make a substantial contribution to planning and managing coastal land uses in Malaysia. It has many positive implications to the environmental, social and economic sectors. The experience of Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS) in managing the coastal areas via the implementation of good governance indicates the requirement of good governance in ensuring a successful coastal management. In addition, financial element has become a significant attribute in implementing coastal management initiatives. This study offers input in planning literatures by addressing the integration of coastal management, good local governance, land use planning and financial elements which are very relevant with today‘s current global changes on environment as a whole.

The first chapter of this book examined some of the global imperatives for coastal management, pointing out that (1) most people live on or close to the world's coast, (2) the global population has a high dependency on coastal resources, and (3) human impact on the coast is already at significant levels and is increasing. The second chapter used a number of Australian coastal examples to stress the need to understand coastal processes in order to formulate effective coastal management strategies. The third chapter then illustrated various forms of human impact on the Australian coast, and noted that many of our coastal problems related to either increased human pressure, a poor understanding of coastal processes and/or inadequate planning and management. This chapter turns to coastal management principles and practices, and examines how these operate within the complexity of the different roles of Australian governments and interactions with different community and interest groups. This is further complicated by the range of different legislative mechanisms and instruments for dealing with coastal management in each jurisdiction. The need for management Given that there is clearly a need for effective coastal management in Australia, how do we go about it? What is coastal management, and what is the difference between that and coastal planning? Are there well-defined methodologies or guidelines for coastal management, and what is considered ‘best practice’ in coastal management? The answers to these questions are not simple, since coastal management is not just about dealing with coastal impacts from identified coastal resource uses.

Policy Options for Coastal Protection: Integrating Inland Water Management with Coastal Management for Greater Community Resilience

Anthropogenic activity has a negative impact on many coastal ecosystems, compromis- ing the significant direct and indirect socio-economic benefits provided in these areas. Maintaining activities that depend on coastal zones while preserving the ecological state of the ecosystems repre- sents a management challenge. Management of coastal zones requires scientifically based knowl- edge, due to the complexity of the ecological processes which occur in these ecosystems and because of interaction with the socio-economic system. The effectiveness of coastal management instruments and programmes needs to be evaluated to determine the success of adopted measures and to estab- lish improved goals. Some of the research areas that can support coastal management include marine spatial planning, ecological modelling, development of tools to communicate science to managers, and interaction between coastal ecosystems and socio-economics. This paper reviews management instruments to address coastal zone problems and of some research areas to support management.

Financing Coastal Land Use Planning: A Case Study of LUAS, Malaysia

Coastal Zone is the most vulnerable area which is often attacked by cyclones, storm surges, floods, erosion and affected by climate change impacts like prolonged drought, salinity intrusion & greater temperature extremes. These realities are true both for the developed nations and a developing country like Bangladesh. This review study aims to explore the coastal management approaches in the UK & EU and the prevailing coastal management scenarios of Bangladesh. Based on the existing coastal management situations of Bangladesh, this study suggests that Bangladesh needs a holistic coastal management mechanism that should be supported by legislation, run by administrative and institutional frameworks, staffed by multidisciplinary experienced professionals under a Coastal Zone Management Authority (CZMA) for sustainable coastal zone management.

Development of an estuarine climate change monitoring program

Understanding the biophysical foundations of coastal systems is essential for sustainable coastal management and rests on the principle of preserving natural capital in at least an intact state. This study applied emergy analysis (expressed in solar emergy joule - sej) to assess the natural capital (NC) and environmental support flows (ENFL) associated with planktonic communities within the three main gulfs (Gaeta, Naples and Salerno) along the coast of the Campania Region (central Tyrrhenian Sea, NW Mediterranean), during two seasonal time-snapshots (autumn 2020 and summer 2021). The results revealed seasonal differences in distinct patterns in system organization and resource dependency. Higher NC stocks (6.26×1010sejm-2) and a more complex food web structure were observed in summer 2021, with increased self-organization and decreased reliance on external input. In contrast, autumn 2020 showed lower natural capital stock (NC: 2.39×1010sejm-2) and a greater demand for environmental support flows (ENFL: 3.88×1010sejm-2day-1), driven by increased rainfall and geothermal heat, which emerged as key drivers of ecosystem dynamics. Furthermore, the NC and ENFL were also translated into monetary equivalents (em€), facilitating interpretation in socio-economic contexts without altering the ecological meaning of the analysis. The results highlight the potential of emergy analysis as a decision-support tool for policymakers for the development of environmentally sound coastal zone management practices and policies.