Assessing Parental Engagement's Influence on Elementary Students' Language Proficiency Development

The instructional-educational process in learning to swim plays a crucial role in children's development. Approaching methods and use in training practices of all ages and performance levels have been the subject of ever deeper research, so that the effectiveness of training in this area is increasingly visible. The issue of motivation in sports is a topical issue because it is essential for athletes' involvement and performance. Although material stimulation can be considered an important factor in motivating athletes, it is not necessarily enough to commit them to an extremely difficult and risky path, such as that of performance sports. Athletes' motivation stems from a complex combination of factors, including passion for sport, the desire to demonstrate their skills and talents, the aspiration to achieve personal and collective goals, and the desire to achieve recognition and satisfaction through sporting success. The purpose of the research is to identify the level of motivation for swimming and performance of children aged 9-10 years. Research method: the test Motivation for swimming of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation after N. Luskanova) The test was applied by the researcher in October 2022 to a number of 30 children aged 9-10 who practice swimming in the Tirgoviște Swimming Complex and CSȘ Tirgoviște Swimming Pool. Depending on age, we have, within the experimental group, 7 children aged 9 and 8 children aged 10. Within the control group, we identify 6 children aged 9 years and 9 children aged 10 years. We observe that the two groups are homogeneous, referring to the age variable. Regarding the gender of the subjects who are part of the group subjected to the experiment, we observe homogeneity in terms of gender, in each group there are 5 girls and 10 boys. The distribution according to the residential environment from which they come is as follows: from the experimental group 3 subjects come from the rural environment and 12 from the urban environment, and in the control group 1 subject comes from the rural environment and 14 from the urban environment The test results can be seen in Table 1. The difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not significant from a statistical point of view, since the values of the statistical indicators are close, we observe small differences between them.Table 1. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group (n=20 boys)tabelThe differences between the two groups in the statistical indicators are variable, the difference between the averages is small, 0.6 points, in the standard deviation the difference between the groups is 0.77 points, the minimums recorded are equal to 15 points, and the difference between the maximums of the groups is 1 point. These results show homogeneity regarding the level of motivation between the experimental group and that of the control group. Table 2. Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, boystabelWe find that the level of motivation for swimming of the interviewed subjects is good. On the first level are ranked 2 subjects from the experimental group SC with 26 points and CR with 25 points, and from the control group subject MR with 25 points. These subjects have a very good motivation to practice swimming. On the second level, a number of 3 subjects from experimental group II are ranked with 24 points, AN with 23 points, AT with 20 points and six control subjects BM with 24 points, NA and RN with 23 points each, CI, AI and VE with 21 points each. The motivation of these subjects is characterized as good. Level III, respectively of relatively good motivation, has 5 subjects from the experimental group in the ranking: DF with 19 points, MG with 18 points, BL and IA with 17 points, GI with 15 points. In the control group, three subjects were registered on this level: BG with 19 points, RO with 18 points and DC with 15 points. None of the subjects was ranked on level IV-weak motivation and on level 5-very weak motivation. Overall, the motivation of 9-10 year olds for swimming is good and relatively good. In the following we will analyze the results recorded by the girls' teams. Table 3. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group, (n= 5 girls)tabelThe difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not statistically significant as the values of the statistical indicators are close in value. The difference between the averages of the two groups is 1.04 points, the standard deviation being 2.82 points in the case of the experimental group and 1.49 in the case of the control group. The difference between the minimum values is 1 point, and between the maximum values is 4 points in favor of the experimental group. The results obtained by the girls from the two groups subjected to the experiment, in the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years, are as follows: on the first level, with a very good motivation, only GM ranked with 26 points, from the experimental group , on level II, with good motivation, the subjects AF with 22 points and BM with 20 points from the experimental group and DV with 22 points, AN and IF with 20 points each from the control group are highlighted. On level III, relatively good motivation, there are EL with 19 points and MT with 18 points from the experimental group and BP and NO with 18 points each from the control group. Table 4 Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, girlstabelConclusions The analysis of the obtained data shows us that both groups subjected to the experiment, both in the case of boys and girls, have a good motivation for swimming, but there is a need to increase the level of motivation to maintain interest in this sport and to register performance, through specific activities. We believe that an increased level of motivation among children between the ages of 9 and 10 in swimming practice can have a significant impact on their development both in sports and personally. In correlation with the research results, we propose the following recommendations: - For each group of children, by age level, a psychological training program targeting the motivational component will be developed, which will be integrated into the training process. This program will be adapted to the specific needs of the group and will aim to adapt motivation and, implicitly, sports performance. - The psychological training program will include strategies and techniques to support the development of children's motivation for swimming, promoting commitment, the desire to excel and perseverance in training and competitions. This could include, among other things, visualization sessions, stability of personal goals, working with thoughts and emotions to maintain a positive mindset and focus on success.

Background Cooperative learning is an active learning approach in which students work together in small groups to complete an assigned task. Students commonly find the subject of ‘physical and chemical changes’ difficult and abstract, and thus they generally have many misconceptions about it. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of jigsaw cooperative learning activities developed by the researchers on sixth grade students’ understanding of physical and chemical changes. Sample Participants in the study were 61 sixth grade students in a public elementary school in Izmir, Turkey. Design and methods A pre-test and post-test experimental design with a control group was used, and students were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Instruction of the subject was conducted via jigsaw cooperative learning in the experimental group and via teacher-centered instruction in the control group. During the jigsaw process, experimental group students studied the subjects of changes of state, changes in shape and molecular solubility from physical changes, and acid–base reactions, combustion reactions and changes depending on heating from chemical changes in their jigsaw groups. Results The concept test results showed that jigsaw cooperative learning instruction yielded significantly better acquisition of scientific concepts related to physical and chemical changes, compared to traditional learning. Students in the experimental group had a lower proportion of misconceptions than those in the control group, and some misconceptions in the control group were identified for the first time in this study. Conclusions Jigsaw cooperative learning is an effective teaching technique for challenging sixth grade students’ misconceptions in the context of physical and chemical changes, and enhancing their motivation, learning achievements, self-confidence and willingness in the science and technology lesson. This technique could be applied to other chemistry subjects and other grade levels.

This study sought to investigate the impact of using Cambly, a computer-mediated communication tool, on the speaking proficiency of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. Further, it aimed to explore the participants’ perceptions of using Cambly. The study employed an experimental design featuring a mixed-methods approach to data collection that involved pre- and post-testing of the participants’ speaking proficiency as well as semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The study sample consisted of 28 EFL university students who were divided into the control and experimental groups. The participants in the experimental group used Cambly to conduct audio calls with native speakers of English over a period of 4 weeks. The quantitative analysis of the participants’ speaking proficiency tests revealed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups’ post-test scores. Moreover, no significant differences were found between the experimental group’s pre- and post-test scores. The qualitative analysis of the participants’ interviews revealed that the use of Cambly had a positive influence on their speaking proficiency, motivation, anxiety level, speaking opportunities, autonomy, social relationships, and cultural awareness.

The purposes of the study were 1) to compare the mean scores of health practices on personal health according to Thai National Health Recommendation before and after experiment using self- regulation concept on the experimental and control groups 2) to compare the mean scores of health practices on personal health according to Thai National Health Recommendation before and after experiment using self-regulation concept between the experimental and control groups 3) to compare the mean scores of health practices on personal health according to Thai National Health Recommendation before experiment, after experiment and one month follow-up using self- regulation concept on the experimental group. This study was a quasi-experimental research, 30 students were classified as the experimental group and the other 30 students were the control group. Students in class 3A and 3B which were in grade three of Pi Thnou Primary School were selected as the experimental and control groups by purposive selection. Two instruments were used in this study. The first one was the 14 learning activity plans, which implemented within seven weeks. The learning activity management was conducted half and hour every Wednesday and Thursday. The second one was the practice questionnaires on personal health. The content validity (IOC) of the learning activity plans equaled to 0.90 and the reliability of the questionaire was 0.70. The mean scores, standard deviation and t-test were used for data analysis. F-test (one way ANOVA) was also used to compare the mean scores of pre-test, post-test and one month follow-up test of the experimental group. Finally, Scheffé was employed to test the differences of pair wise comparisons with the statistically significant at the .05 level. This study had been approved by National Ethic Committee for Health Research in Cambodia. The study findings were as follows: 1. After experiment, the mean scores of health practices of the experimental group (2.62) were found statistically higher significances than before experiment (2.48) at the .05 level. However the mean scores of health practices of the control group were found no statistically significant differences between before and after experiment. 2. Before experiment, the mean scores of health practices between the experimental group (2.48) and control group (2.46) were found no statistically significant differences at the .05 level. On the other hand, after experiment, the mean scores of health practices on personal health between the experimental group (2.62) and control group (2.50) were found statistically significant differences at the .05 level. 3. The mean scores of the health practices on personal health in the experimental group after experiment and one month follow-up were found statistically higher significances than before experiment. On the other hand, the mean scores between one month follow- up and after experiment were found no statistically significant differences at the .05 level.

A study of two 100-person groups of juvenile delinquents born in 1959 was conducted in the years 1981‒1985 at the Department of Criminology, Institute of Legal Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. The first (experimental) group consisted of boys randomly selected from the total of 225 juveniles born in 1959 who had committed at least on offence while intoxicated. The other (control) group were 100 randomly juveniles selected from the entire population of 8196 juvenile delinquents born in 1959. None of the juveniles selected for the experimental group happened to find themselves in the control group as well. As shown by the findings, the juveniles who had committed at least one offence while intoxicated were much more demoralized as a group than the whole of juvenile delinquents. It seemed interesting, therefore, to follow the further fates of both groups as adults. The follow-up period was 7 years; until that time, all of the examined persons reached the age of 25 when the average Polish man be- comes stabilized to some extent, having graduated from university, worked for several or a dozen years (upon completion of secondary or elementary education respectively), and frequently having also established a family. Data on the life situation of the young men from both examined groups on their 25th birthday were obtained from the following four sources: ‒ the Central Register of Convicted Persons kept by the Ministry of Justice, and the Register of Convicted and Detained Persons where criminal records of the entire sample were checked; ‒ files of criminal cases of all men with criminal records (47.0% of the experimental and 35.0% of the control group); the files concerned criminal proceedings before common courts for offences committed after coming of age; ‒ questionnaire survey of 63.0% of the experimental and 66.0% of the control group; ‒ inquiry submitted to the sobering-up stations concerning the entire sample. As shown by the findings, 24.0% of the experimental and 13.0% of the control group established their own families before the age of 25. The proportions are high, as regards the experimental group in particular: erly in the 1980s, the newly married constituted about 10% of the total male population aged 20‒24 in Poland. The mean educational level was higher in the control compared to the experimental group; this concerns first and foremost cases of education higher than the elmementary technical (of which there were two in the experimental compared to ten in the control group). Moreover, no cases of illiteracy could be found in the control group, compared to one such case in the experimental group. Of all the men of the experimental group concerning whom data could be obtained, 80.4% had a regular job, and 19.6% stayed out of job or worked casually. Of the control group, 80.0% had a regular job (33% combining job with school), 18.3% stayed out of job or worked casually, and one person had entered university. The number of convicted persons in the experimental group (47) was larger compared to the control group (35) by 12.0%, the difference being significant. Also relapse into crime was higher in the expenmental group (l5 vs. 11 cases). The first offence committed by those convicted as young adults was mainly one against property: 35 cases in the experimental group (66.0% of all those convicted) and 28 cases in the control group (80.0%). The second most frequent offence of members of the experimental group was an aggressive act: against life and health, freedom, personal dignity and inviolability (10 persons, i.e. 18.8% of all those convicted). The offences of this type included: bodily injury (Art. 156 of the penal code – 3 persons, i.e. 6.4%); participation in a brawl or beating (Art. 158 and 159 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%); infringement of bodily inviolability (Art. 182 – 3 persons, i.e. 6.4%); assault against a public functionary (Art. 233 and 234 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%); insult against a public functionary (Art. 236 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%). In the control group, 6 cases of such offences could be found (9.1% of all those convicted); yet the only offence under Art. 148 1 of the penal code, that is homicide, had been committed by a member of that goup.The other discussed figures and proportions were respectively: Art. l58, 159 – 3 persons, i.e. 8.6%; Art. 182 – 1 person (2.9%); Art. 233, 234 – 1 person (2.9%); and Art. 236 – 1 person (29%). Beside offences, the two groups manifested also other synptoms of social maladjustment. The symptoms found most often in both groups were: “contacts with persons known to the police as delinquent” and stays at the sobering-up station. As regards the experimental group, the third frequent symptom were brawls in the place of residence followed by bad opinion with neighbors, hooliganism, and avoidance of work. In the control group, avoidance of work ranked third, followed by bad opinion with neighbors, hooliganism, and brawls at the place of residence. This ranking of frequency of the symptoms of social maladjustment points to a greater aggressiveness of the young men from the experimental group. On the 63 young men from the experimental group concerning whom data could be obtained, 62 (98.0%) drank alcohol. In the control group 59 (89.0%) of the 66 concerning whom data could be obtained were drinkers. The group of drinkers included all those who had drunk several times a week already as juveniles, and 70% of those who had drunk once a week. In the control group, drinkers included 91.7% of those who had drunk as juvoniles (11 of 12 cases). Of those who had drunk as juveniles in the control group, 66.7% (8 cases) were convicted as adults. As shown by the discussed data, young men from the experimental group – those who committed as juveniles at least one offence while intoxicated prove much inferior in terms of the social situation to other men who also committed offences as juveniles but did not drink alcohol. Therefore, early alcohol consumption among juvenile delinquents is an important factor of a negative prognosis as to the further fates of such persons. A number of postulates have been formulated, addressed at the prosecuting agencies, criminal justice, and institutions designed to assist persons in extraordinary situation. With respect to the present sample, all such postulates acquire special importance and must be met without fail. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi kontynuację opracowania: Nieletni sprawcy przestępstw popełnionych pod wpływem alkoholu, „Archiwum Kryminologii” 1991, t. XVIII.

This research aims to assess the importance of Extensive Reading (ER) in developing reading comprehension, vocabulary development, and speaking fluency among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at King Khalid University (KKU). Most EFL students appear to be under pressure and confront anxiety while acquiring English language competency in basic language skills. According to MacIntyre and Gardner (1994, p. 284), language anxiety is the "feeling of tension and apprehension" with language learning, including listening, speaking, and language comprehension. One thought of making language learning an enjoyable activity is to make language acquisition a natural process instead of a forced and external one. According to Day & Bamford (2002), the goal of ER is to help students become fluent, independent, and confident readers. ER encourages L2 learners to explore the English language independently, especially in an EFL environment. ER inherently encourages language acquisition by allowing students to read extensively in a relaxed and natural environment, thus developing the basic nuances of the language effortlessly. This approach is also referred as uninterrupted sustained silent reading (USSR). Two distinct groups of students, namely experimental and control groups, will participate in this study. The results will help measure the effect of ER on students’ reading comprehension and speaking fluency. The experimental group will practice effortless ER for almost 12 weeks. Students' performance in the assigned reading task, vocabulary development, and speaking proficiency will be analyzed using SPSS. Finally, the researchers will suggest efficient measures to implement ER as a teaching methodology at the English department, and will also encourage implementation of an ER club at the faculty of languages and translation, KKU. 

Background and Aim: The research examines how specific physical fitness training improves tennis skills in primary school students in Guangzhou, focusing on strength and flexibility components. The research objectives were (1) to compare the effects of a specific fitness training program on improving tennis skills in primary school students between experimental and control groups. (2) to compare the effects of a specific physical fitness training program within the experimental group, pretest, midtest, and posttest. (3) to develop a specific physical fitness training program to improve primary school students' tennis skills. Materials and Methods: This study was quasi-experimental research that used simple random sampling of subjects, who were 60 tennis students from the tennis club at Guangzhou Zhenguang Primary School. They were divided into the control and experimental groups with systematic sampling based on tennis skills score, each group with 30 people. They were pretested with tennis skills and specific fitness, and then the specific physical fitness training was conducted for the experimental group for an 8-week training duration, 3 days each week, and 120 minutes each session, and the normal training was conducted in the control group. Then posttest after training for week 4, 8. The mean and standard deviation, t-test, independent, one-way ANOVA repeated measurement, and Bonferroni post hoc were conducted for data analysis with the computer statistic package. Results: The results found that (1) the mean comparison of tennis skills and specific fitness between experimental and control groups was significantly different (* p <.05). (2) Mean comparison within the experimental group on tennis skills and specific fitness, all variables pairwise with pretest, midtest, and posttest showed a significant difference (*P<.05). (3) The specific physical fitness training was highly effective, content validity was 89, and exercise drill, training load, and recovery time were appropriate for training. Conclusion: The specific fitness training program significantly improved tennis skills and fitness levels in primary school students. The experimental group showed notable improvements in forehand/backhand skills, stroke speed, and specific physical fitness measures (push-ups, sit-ups, wall squats, sit-and-reach) compared to the control group, confirming the program's effectiveness.

Introduction Pregnancy and birthing are two supernatural processes that form the creation of life. Many pregnant women prefer caesarean section due to labour pain. To reduce the complications and enhance the early recovery of mother, early ambulation is very effective. Caesarean section mothers still lie straight in bed for minimum 24 hours. Through the research study, I would like to encourage the post-partum mothers for early ambulation and check the effects of early ambulation on involution of uterus. Objective: To assess the involution of uterus in control and interventional group among post-natal caesarean mothers in pre-test. To evaluate the effectiveness of selected intervention in experimental group on involution of uterus after early ambulation. To find the association between pre-test intervention score with selected socio demographic variables. Method: The study design was quasi experimental research design in which total 70 samples were selected through purposive sampling technique, 35 samples were in control group and 35 samples were in experimental group. In this study, researcher assessed fundal height just after 6 hours of caesarean section delivery and initiated early ambulation which involves Assist patient in sitting position, assist in standing position and walking, breathing exercises, kegal exercises and leg sliding exercises. fundal height is monitored in experimental group after intervention and in control group also, to measure the differences between the fundal height. Results: The findings showed that the pretest mean score of control group was 17.23 with SD 0.899 similarily in experimental group was 17.10 with SD 0.778. The post-test mean score for control group was12.986 with SD 0.660 similarly in experimental group 10.083 with SD 1.376. P value in pretest was 0.5338 which was no significant showed that no significance difference between experimental and control group before intervention and p value of post test in control and experimental group is 0.0001 which was significant showed that there was significant difference in post test level of uterine involution among post natal caesarean mothers in control and experimental group. The mean difference between pretest & posttest of control group was 4.249 and in experimental group means difference was 7.026 this showed that there was significant effect of early ambulation in involution of uterus among post natal caesarean mothers. There was significant mean difference between post test of control and experimental group showed significant reduction in fundal height after early ambulation in experimental group. Conclusion: Therefore early ambulation was effective in reducing fundal height after caesarean section in post natal mothers.

Purpose. To develop and scientifically substantiate the methodology of special physical and technical-tactical training of boys aged 14-15 years who are engaged in mixed martial arts. Material and methods. The following research methods were used to solve the tasks: theoretical analysis and synthesis of literary sources on the problem under study, pedagogical testing, pedagogical observations, the method of expert assessments, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. The study was conducted at the mixed martial arts club «Ludus» in Cherkasy. Cherkasy from September 2023 to October 2024. 30 sportsmen (16 in the experimental and 14 in the control group) aged 14-15 years old who had experience of training 5-6 years took part in the research. The athletes of the control group trained according to the generally accepted methodology, and the young men of the experimental group according to the developed methodology, which included the use of learned technical actions in various combat situations with active opposition from the enemy. For this purpose, the training process included competitive (sparring) exercises with a specific task for each athlete, acting as the «first» or «second» number, respectively. To improve the technique of kicking, exercises on a coordination ladder, exercises with a rubber expander and stuffed balls were used. Auxiliary exercises for increasing the power of kicks included exercises with weighting for the legs. Results. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that the experimental methodology significantly improves the quality and level of assimilation of the program material by athletes. As a result, the level of indicators of specially physical and technical and tactical preparedness has significantly increased. So, during the experiment the force of a blow by a hand of sportsmen of the control group increased by 2 kg, and at sportsmen of the experimental group by 23 kg. The force of a kick in the control group increased by 10 kg, and in the experimental group by 26 kg. The result of a long jump from a place in sportsmen of the control group increased by 15,3 cm, and in the experimental group by 26,1 cm. At the beginning of the experiment the results of shuttle running of sportsmen of the control and experimental groups practically did not differ (the difference was 0,1s), at the end of the experiment this difference is 0,4 s. These differences are statistically significant (p<0,05). During the experiment, the number of jumps over a rope in 1 minute increased in the control group by 10 times, and in the experimental group by 19,5 times. In both cases the differences are statistically significant (p<0,05). At the beginning of the pedagogical experiment the level of technical and tactical preparedness of sportsmen of the experimental and control groups according to the results of experts' assessment practically did not differ. The number of sportsmen with a high level in the experimental group was 12,5 %, and in the control group 14,3 %. During the experiment period, this number increased in the experimental group by 25,0 %, and in the control group only by 7,1 %. The number of sportsmen with an average level of fitness in the experimental group increased significantly by 12,5 %, in the control group - by 7,2 %. Accordingly, the number of young sportsmen with a low level of technical and tactical fitness decreased during the experiment. Their number decreased by 37,5 % in the experimental group and by 14,3 % in the control group. Such significant changes in the level of technical and tactical fitness of sportsmen during the experiment are significant. All this confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approaches to the organization and content of the educational and training process for 14-15 years old who are engaged in mixed martial arts. Conclusions. The approbation of the experimental methodology of training of young sportsmen showed its high efficiency in the increase of indicators of specially physical and technical-tactical preparedness. As a result of the pedagogical experiment there is an increase of all studied indicators in both groups. However, this increase is statistically significant in the experimental group.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the application of Value Clarification Technique (VCT) on the democratic attitudes of fourth grade students at SDN Kertajaya IV Surabaya. The method used in this research is Quasi Experimental with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This study involved two groups of students, namely the experimental group treated using VCT and the control group treated using conventional learning. The research instrument used was a questionnaire to measure students' democratic attitudes before and after treatment. The validity of the instrument was tested through expert judgment and empirical tests, while data analysis was carried out using an independent t test after normality and homogeneity tests were met. The results showed that there was a significant difference in democratic attitudes between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group using VCT showed greater improvement in democratic attitudes than the control group. The average pre-test score of the experimental group was 66.06, which increased to 73.72 in the post-test. While in the control group the average pre-test score was 67.00 and increased slightly to 68.25 in the post-test. Data analysis using the t test showed that the t value was 2.166 with a significance of 0.035 (<0.05), indicating that the use of VCT was significantly more effective in improving students' democratic attitudes than conventional methods. This study concludes that the use of VCT in Civics learning is effective in improving the democratic attitudes of elementary school students. The implementation of VCT can help students understand and internalize democratic values better than conventional learning. Research recommendations include wider application of VCT in Civics education, training for teachers, as well as further research to examine the effectiveness of VCT in various educational contexts.

The study investigated Computer Assisted Instructional Media (CAIM) as an interactive instructional technique using computer to present instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. It uses the combination of text and graphics, sound and video in the learning process. This program helps the students’ progress at their own pace, assisting them in learning and application of the material. It was designed to see the effect of Computer Assisted Instructional Media as a supplementing strategy on the academic performance of secondary school students in the subject of Fine Arts. Some of the objectives of the study include to: find out the relative effect of Computer Assisted Instructional Media (CAIM) as a supplementing and important strategy on the academic performance of students in Fine Arts, explore the difference between treatment effect in students with natural creative ability and those without and find out the influence of gender on their performance and enrollment in Fine Arts when exposed to computer assisted instructional media. The secondary school students studying Fine Arts drawn from SS11 class at Ebonyi State College of Education secondary School constitute the population of the study and equally selected as a sample of the study. The sample students were assigned into two groups (experimental and control group). They were equated on the basis of their performance score in previous semesters in the subject of Fine Arts and they comprised of forty (40) students. One group was randomly sampled by teaching them a chosen topic in Fine Arts without using computer to stand as a sample of the study while the other group was taught using CAIM. Both the groups were taught through practical method and Computer Assisted Instructional Media (CAIM) being used as a supplementary strategy for the experimental group. The experiment lasted for three weeks and data were collected from 80 students of the two groups. After obtaining the scores, the lists were prepared for each group and the means, standard deviations, differences between mean were computed with significance between the mean scores of both the groups on the variable of previous performance that was tested at 0.5 levels by applying t-test. At the end, it was found that Computer Assisted Instructional Media (CAIM) was effective for both male and female students which led to the recommendations made. Areas of further research like, conducting similar research in other subjects like biology, English language etc, was suggested.

Background and Aim: Cognitive ability was indeed a key component for elite badminton athletes, as evidenced by multiple studies highlighting various cognitive skills essential for high-level performance in the sport. The research objective of this study was to study the effect of the cognitive training program on badminton skills and to compare the mean values of badminton skills between and within the experimental group. Materials and Methods: This study was quasi-experimental research, and the participants on 24 badminton players in Zhixin secondary School in Guangzhou who were purposively sampled and systematically with badminton skills ranging to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was conducted for eight weeks, three days/week, and 120 minutes/day of a cognitive training program. In addition, the experimental group also conducted a badminton training program, with badminton skills such as pace, serve, smash, drop shot, drive, and clear. The cognitive ability and badminton skills were examined on the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test. Data analysis was calculated on mean and standard deviation, t-test independent, one-way ANOVA repeated measurement, Bonferroni post hoc, significance difference set at p<.05. Results: The results found that (1) In comparing the experimental and control groups, all variables related to badminton skills showed significant differences (*p<.05). (2) When comparing experimental and control groups, the cognitive ability test showed a significant difference (*p<.05); however, the mental rotation test did not. (3) There were significant differences (*P<.05) in badminton skills and cognitive ability across experimental groups at the pretest, mid-test, and post-test. (4) The cognitive training program was strong in content validity (IOC =.80). Conclusion: The effectiveness of the cognitive training program was demonstrated by the study's conclusion, which showed that it significantly enhanced the experimental group's cognitive and badminton skills. The program also demonstrated strong content validity, even though mental rotation skills were unaffected.

<p>目的 ：本研究探討透過藥球訓練的介入，對青少年棒球選手投球時肩髖分離程度以及投球的球速的差異。方法：以18位青少年棒球選手作為研究參與者，分為實驗組與控制組，實驗組進行為期8週、每週2次的藥球介入訓練，在訓練前後對投擲動作進行分析，利用陀螺儀及測速槍分析肩平面 角速度變化、肩平面 角位移、髖平面 角速度變化、髖平面 角位移、肩髖角度差、肩部旋轉角速度峰值、肩部旋轉峰值時機、髖部旋轉角速度峰值、髖部旋轉峰值時機、投球動作時間及球速。以混合 設計 二因子變異數分析比較實驗組與控制組在藥球訓練介入前後的差異。結果：本研究結果發現，實驗組經過8週藥球介入訓練後，球速顯著大於控制組 (F=18.2, p=.009*)；實驗組與控制組在肩平 面 角位移皆為後測顯著大於前測 (F=405, p<.001*; F=53.2, p<.001*)，且實驗組於後測顯著大於控制組 (F=26.9, p<.001*)；實驗組經由介入訓練後，髖平面角位移顯著變小 (F=12.9, p=.002*)，而控制組則是顯著變大 (F=24.28, p<.001*)，但兩者間並無差異；肩髖角度差為實驗組後測顯著大於前測 (F=432, p<.001*)，且藉由訓練後顯著大於控制組後測 (F=82.1, p<.001*)；投球動作時間在兩組經由介入訓練後，顯示無顯著差異；肩部旋轉角速度峰值為實驗組後測顯著大於前測 (F=33.034, p<.001*)，且訓練後顯著大於控制組後測 (F=17.062, p=.001*)；肩部旋轉時機為實驗組後測顯著大於前測 (F=34.067, p<.001*)，且訓練後顯著大於控制組後測 (F=18.512, p<.001*)；髖部旋轉角速度峰值經過介入訓練後並無顯著差異；髖部旋轉峰值時機為實驗組後測顯著小於前測 (F=323.039, p<.001*)，且訓練後顯著小於控制組後測 (F=281.339, p<.001*)。結論：本研究結果顯示藥球介入訓練對於青少年棒球選手投球時提高肩髖分離程度有顯著的影響，並對於球速的提升皆有正向效益。</p> <p> </p><p>Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether an intervention using medicine ball training would lead to differences in shoulder-hip separation and ball velocity in adolescent baseball players. Methods: Eighteen adolescent baseball players were recruited and randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups. The experimental group underwent an eight-week, twice-weekly medicine ball training intervention. Angular velocity of shoulder plane, angular of shoulder plane displacement, angular velocity of hip plane, angular displacement of hip plane, shoulder-hip separation angle, peak angular velocity of shoulder plane, peak rotation timing of shoulder plane, peak angular velocity of hip plane, peak rotation timing of hip plane, pitching motion time ,and ball velocity were analyzed using a gyroscope and a speed gun before and after the training intervention. A two-factor mixed-design analysis of variance was used to compare differences between the experimental and control groups before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher ball velocity than the control group after the eight-week medicine ball training intervention (F=18.2, p=.009*); Both groups had significantly greater angular displacement of shoulder plane in the post-test than in the pre-test (F=405, p<.001*; F=53.2, p<.001*), and the experimental group had significantly greater angular displacement of shoulder plane than the control group in the post-test (F=26.9, p<.001*); The experimental group had significantly smaller angular displacement hip plane after the intervention (F=12.9, p=.002*), while the control group had significantly larger angular displacement of hip plane (F=24.28, p<.001*), but there was no difference between the two groups; The difference of shoulder-hip angle was significantly greater in the post-test than in the pre-test for the experimental group (F=432, p<.001*), and was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group after the intervention (F=82.1, p<.001*); The pitching motion time showed no significant difference between two groups; The peak angular velocity of shoulder plane was significantly higher in the post-test than in the pre-test for the experimental group (F=33.034, p<.001*), and significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group after the intervention (F=17.062, p=.001*); The experimental group had significantly higher peak rotation timing of shoulder plane after the intervention (F=34.067, p<.001*), and significantly higher than the control group in the post-test (f=18.512, 100 Journal of Sports Performance Volume 12 Issue 1, March 2025 p<.001*); There was no significant difference in peak angular velocity of hip plane after intervention training ;The peak rotation timing of hip plane in the experimental group was significantly smaller in the post test than in the pre test (F=323.039, p<.001*), and significantly smaller than the control group in the post-test (F=281.339, p<.001*). Conclusion: The results of this study show that medicine ball intervention training significantly improves the degree of shoulder-hip separation when adolescent baseball players pitch, and has a positive effect on the improvement of ball speed.</p> <p> </p>

“A Study was conducted to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Hand and Foot Massage on Pain among Post caesarean mothers at Selected Hospitals, Salem”. Quasi experimental pre test post test control group design was adopted. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 post caesarean mothers among which 30 were assigned to experimental group and 30 were assigned to control group. The data was collected using structured interview schedule. Pre test was done for both experimental and control group by using Numerical pain intensity scale. Hand and Foot Massage was given for the experimental group for 20 minutes two times a day at 4hrs for first two days (morning and evening) and withheld for control group. Post test was done for both experimental and control group by using the same scale. The study findings showed that in experimental group, 14 (46.67%) of the post caesarean mothers belong to the age group of 26-30 and 12 (40%) of them belong to the age group of 21-25 years in control group 14 (46.66%) of them belong to the age group of 21-25 years. In experimental group, 15 (50%) had completed higher secondary education and in control group 12 (40%) had higher secondary education. In experimental group, 23 (76.67%) of them were unemployed, whereas in control group 20 (66.67%) of them were unemployed. In experimental group 24 (80%) were multi gravid, whereas in control group 17 (56.67%) were multi gravid. In experimental group 24 (80%) had previous history of caesarean section and in control group 15 (50%) had history of both. The mean pre test score in experimental group was 6.4±0.56 and mean post test score was 3.5±0.79. The ‘t’ value was 33.72 which is significant at p≤0.05 level. Hence H1 was retained at p≤0.05 level. The mean score in experimental group was 3.5±0.79 and mean score in control group was 6.1±0.65. The ‘t’ value was 15.66 which was significant at p≤0.05 level. Hence H2 was retained at p≤0.05 level. There was a significant association between educational status and pain among post caesarean mothers in experimental group. Hence H3 was retained at p≤0.05 level. There was no significant association between demographic variables and pain among post caesarean mothers in control group. Hence H3 was rejected at p≥0.05 level. Hence Hand and Foot Massage is one of the alternative and complementary therapies, which is simple, safe and cost effective and found to be effective in reducing pain after caesarean section and also promotes psychological wellbeing of the mother.

Introduction: Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) clinically manifests as a sensorimotor disturbance that leads to complications in gait alteration and balance impairment. Balance and locomotion are the most critical aspects of an individual’s independence. Aim: To assess the effect of Retro walking with Lagos Neuropathy Protocol (LNP) on balance and spatiotemporal parameters of gait among patients with Diabetic neuropathy. Materials and Methods: The present prospective interventional Study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD), Krupanidhi College of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, from October 2022 to June 2023. The sample size was 60 individuals, 30 in each group (experimental and control group). Group 1, the control group, received the conventional LNP. Group 2, the experimental group, received the LNP combined with backward walking. The interventions were given to the patients four times/week for eight weeks. Subjects were assessed at the initial stage and following the end of the intervention. The parameters assessed were balance and spatiotemporal parameters of gait, in which balance was assessed by using the Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) and gait speed using a 10 m walk test; other gait parameters cadence, step length, and stride length were measured individually using a stopwatch and inch tape. The statistical software used was Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 29.0, and the tests included were paired t-tests and independent t-tests for data analysis. Result: The mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age of the experimental group participants was 51±3.24 years, and the control group was 50.87±3.12 years. A significant improvement was seen in cadence, step length, stride length, gait speed, and balance in the control and experimental group (p-value<0.001) Greater improvement was found in the experimental group when compared with the control group in all the outcome measures. Significant improvement was seen in all parameters in the experimental group when compared to the control group at post-test (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that the LNP combined with backward walking had a significant positive effect on balance and spatiotemporal determinants of gait than the LNP alone among DPN patients.